GURUKUL INTERNATIONAL
SCHOOL
PROJECT – TRANSFORMERS
SUBMITTED BY: PIYUSH GOSWAMI
SUBMITTED TO: MR MANISH NAINWAL
CLASS: XII ‘C’
ROLL NO. : 46
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special
gratitude to my teacher Mr. Manish
Nainwal who gave me the golden
opportunity to make this wonderful
project on the topic “Transformers”
which also helped me in doing a lot of
research and I came to know about so
many new things. I am really thankful
to him.
Secondly, I would also like to thank my
parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the
limited time frame.
-PIYUSH GOSWAMI
Index
Certificate
Introduction
Principle and Construction
Types of Transformers
Mathematical Derivation
Efficiency and Energy Loss
Bibliography
CERTIFICATE
It is hereby certified that PIYUSH
GOSWAMI of Class XII has completed
the project titled “Transformers” in the
subject of Physics to the satisfaction of
Gurukul International School. The
project was developed under the
guidance of Mr. Manish Nainwal during
the academic year 2024-25.
The student demonstrated significant
effort, attention to detail, and
adherence to the project timeline,
making this work suitable for
evaluation.
Teacher’s Signature
INTRODUCTION
The transformer is an electrical device
used for converting a low alternating
voltage to a high alternating voltage or
vice versa. Transformers range in size from
a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer
hidden inside a stage microphone to huge
units weighing hundreds of tons used in
powerplant substations. Transformers are
essential for high voltage electric power
transmission, which makes long-distance
transmission economically practical. A
transformer is most widely used device in
both low and high current circuit. In a
transformer, the electrical energy transfer
from one circuit to another circuit takes
place without the use of moving parts.
PRINCIPLE AND
CONSTRUCTION
PRINCIPLE :
Transformer works on Faraday's law of
mutual induction. Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction states that,
when a change takes place in the
magnetic flux which is linked with a circuit,
an electromotive force current will induce
in the circuit.
CONSTRUCTION :
COILS - A transformer consist of two
coils primary and secondary which are
insulated from each other.
[Link] COIL – The coil connected to
Input voltage source.
[Link] COIL – The coil connected
to output source.
CORE - They are wounded over a soft
iron laminated core. The core is of any
shape. It provides a low reluctance
path for magnetic flux and enhances
induction between the coils.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
There are two types of transformers :
STEP–UP TRANSFORMERS : They
increase the voltage and have more
number of turns in secondary coil as
compared to primary coil.
STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERS : They
decrease the voltage and have more
number of turns in primary coil as
compared to secondary coil.
MATHEMATICAL DERIVATION
Let the number of turns in primary wire
be Np and secondary wire be Ns.
Vp and Vs are the input AC voltage
across the primary output and the
secondary output respectively.
Assuming that the transformer is ideal ,
hence there is no flux loss and no
power loss.
dϕp = dϕs
dt dt
By Faraday Lenz law
For Primary
Ep or Vp= Np dϕp
dt (equation 1)
For Secondary
Es or Vs= Ns dϕs
dt ( equation 2)
Dividing eq2 by eq1
Vs = Ns
Vp Np (equation 3)
Similarly in case of power
Vp Ip = Vs Is
Vs = Ip
Vp Is (equation 4)
From eq3 and eq4
Vs = Ns = Ip
Vp Np Is
EFFICIENCY AND ENERGY
LOSS
EFFICIENCY : It is defined as the ratio of
output power to input power.
η=(Output Power/Input Power)×100
Energy Loss:
1. Copper loss- Loss in energy in the
form of heat due to resistance of
copper wire. This loss can be reduced
by using a thick copper wire and very
close wounding.
2. Eddy current loss- Loss in energy in
the form of heat due to formation of
eddy current. This loss can be reduced
by using laminated core.
3. Hysteresis loss- Loss in the form of
heat due to magnetisation and
demagnetistion of atoms present in
transformer core. To reduce this loss
use soft iron laminated core.
4. Flux loss- This loss is due to
difference of flux in primary and
secondary coil. It can be reduced by
using thick wire with close winding.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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