Introduction to AI and Applications

Module 2: Trends in AI and

Applications of AI

By

Dr. Tarakeswar Shaw

Assistant Professor
Dept. of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering
Dayananda Sagar College of Engineering
 Module 2: Trends in AI and Applications of AI

Syllabus-
Trends in AI: AI and Ethical Concerns, Moral
Issues, Data Privacy, AI Bias, Recent trends in
AI.

Applications of AI: Applications of AI, Robotics – an Application of AI, Drones

using AI, The Future of AI, No Code AI, Low Code AI.

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AI and Ethical Concerns

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 AI and Ethical Concerns
The ethical use of AI involves ensuring that AI systems are developed and deployed in ways that are
fair, transparent, and accountable.

What’s in the syllabus:

Ethical Use of AI → ensuring fairness, transparency, accountability in AI systems. Fairness ensures AI does
not discriminate, transparency makes its decisions understandable, and accountability means someone is
responsible for its outcomes.

Is AI Dangerous? Will Robots Take Over? → myths vs reality, AI as a tool vs fear of superintelligence.

Ethics in AI → principles: right, fair, just outcomes (Microsoft Tay bot failure).

AI and Bias → biased training data → biased results → unfair outcomes.

Towards Ethical & Trustworthy AI → unbiased datasets, explainable AI, human oversight.

Why is Ethical AI Important? → prevents harm, builds public trust, supports long-term adoption.

Impact of AI on Jobs → automation replacing repetitive jobs but creating new opportunities (AI
maintenance, data roles).
 Myth and Reality about AI

Myth: AI will replace all human jobs.

Reality: AI is designed to assist humans, automate repetitive tasks, and create new roles, not
replace everyone.

Myth: AI always makes unbiased decisions.

Reality: AI can inherit biases from the data it is trained on, so ethical checks are essential.

Myth: AI understands like humans.

Reality: AI processes patterns in data; it does not have human-like reasoning or emotions.

Myth: AI is 100% accurate.

Reality: AI can make mistakes and requires human oversight.
 Microsoft Tay (2016) – Case Study

What it was:

Tay (“Thinking About You”) was a Twitter-based chatbot launched by Microsoft in March 2016.
It was designed to mimic the language patterns of a teenage girl and learn from conversations with
users.

What happened:
Within 16 hours of launch, Tay began tweeting highly offensive, racist, and inappropriate content.
This happened because trolls deliberately flooded it with toxic language and Tay “learned” to mimic
them without safeguards.

Why it failed:
Lack of content filtering – No strong moderation against offensive inputs.
Reinforcement from bad data – It learned from malicious users.
Unclear guardrails – No ethical boundaries or role constraints were set.
Aftermath:
Microsoft took Tay offline within a day and later issued an apology.
The case became a classic lesson in AI ethics, safety, and bias control.
AI and Ethical Concerns Continued…
Trusted AI principle
Ethical Use of AI
Risk of AI
 The ethical dilemmas of AI
Ethical issues related to artificial intelligence are a complex and evolving field of
concern. As AI technology continues to advance, it raises various ethical dilemmas and
challenges. Here are some of the key ethical issues associated with AI:

•Bias and Fairness: AI systems can inherit and even amplify biases present in their
training data. This can result in unfair or discriminatory outcomes, particularly in hiring,
lending, and law enforcement applications. Addressing bias and ensuring fairness in AI
algorithms is a critical ethical concern.
•Privacy: AI systems often require access to large amounts of data, including sensitive
personal information. The ethical challenge lies in collecting, using, and protecting this
data to prevent privacy violations.
•Transparency and Accountability: Many AI algorithms, particularly deep learning
models, are often considered “black boxes” because they are difficult to understand or
interpret. Ensuring transparency and accountability in AI decision-making is crucial for
user trust and ethical use of AI.
 The ethical dilemmas of AI Continued…

•Autonomy and Control: As AI systems become more autonomous, concerns about the
potential loss of human control exist. This is especially relevant in applications like
autonomous vehicles and military drones, where AI systems make critical decisions.
•Job Displacement: Automation through AI can lead to job displacement and economic
inequality. Ensuring a just transition for workers and addressing the societal impact of
automation is an ethical issue.
•Security and Misuse: AI can be used for malicious purposes, such as cyberattacks,
deepfake creation, and surveillance. Ensuring the security of AI systems and preventing their
misuse is an ongoing challenge.
•Accountability and Liability: Determining who is responsible when an AI system makes a
mistake or causes harm can be difficult. Establishing clear lines of accountability and liability
is essential for addressing AI-related issues.
•Ethical AI in Healthcare: The use of AI in healthcare, such as diagnostic tools and
treatment recommendations, raises ethical concerns related to patient privacy, data security,
and the potential for AI to replace human expertise.
 AI and Ethical Concerns Continued…
•AI in Criminal Justice: The use for predictive policing, risk assessment, and sentencing
decisions can perpetuate biases and raise questions about due process and fairness.

•Environmental Impact: The computational resources required to train and run AI models
can have a significant environmental impact. Ethical considerations include minimizing
AI’s carbon footprint and promoting sustainable AI development.

•AI in Warfare: The development and use of autonomous weapons raise ethical concerns
about the potential for AI to make life-and-death decisions in armed conflicts.

•Bias in Content Recommendation: AI-driven content recommendation systems can

reinforce existing biases and filter bubbles, influencing people’s views and opinions.

•AI in Education: The use of AI in education, such as automated grading and personalized
learning, raises concerns about data privacy, the quality of education, and the role of human
educators.
 Is AI Dangerous? Will Robots Take Over the World?

❖ One of the most common concerns about AI is its potential

danger to humanity.
❖ While science fiction often portrays AI as a threat that
could lead to robots taking over the world, the reality is
more nuanced.
❖ Current AI systems are narrow in their capabilities and
cannot pose an existential threat.
❖ However, as AI technology advances, it is important to
consider the potential risks and implement safeguards to
prevent harmful outcomes.
The ethical implications of AI in warfare
 Towards Ethical and Trustworthy AI
Creating ethical and trustworthy AI involves multiple approaches:

❖Developing clear ethical guidelines for AI development and deployment.

❖Ensuring transparency in AI decision-making processes

❖Implementing robust testing and validation procedures

❖Establishing accountability mechanisms for AI systems

❖Promoting diversity and inclusion in AI development

teams
 Why is Ethical AI Important?

Ethical AI is important because:

❖ It helps build trust between users and AI systems

❖ It ensures that AI benefits all members of society

equitably

❖ It mitigates potential harms from AI applications

❖ It aligns AI development with human values and

societal norms

❖ It addresses regulatory and legal requirements

Recent Trends in AI

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 Recent Trends in AI

“Earlier, machines replaced humans. Now, machines are starting to collaborate with us.”

What’s in the syllabus:

Collaborative Systems

Machines Assisting Humans

Algorithmic Game Theory & Computational Social Choice

Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL)

Neuromorphic Computing
Recent Trends in AI Continued…
 Trends in AI Continued…

Current trends in Artificial Intelligence

include the increasing use of Generative
AI for text, images, and code,
advancements in Computer Vision and
Natural Language Processing (NLP),
edge computing to process data near its
source, the growing demand for
intelligent automation and agentic AI
systems, and a focus on explainability
and governance. Industries are also
leveraging AI for healthcare
breakthroughs, travel planning, and
personalized customer experiences.
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 Recent Trends in AI Continued…
1. Collaborative Systems → AI systems that work with humans (co-bots,
decision-support systems).

• Modern AI is increasingly focused on collaborative

systems, where humans and AI work together.

• These systems leverage the strengths of both human

intelligence (creativity, empathy, common sense) and
artificial intelligence (speed, scalability, data
processing).

• Collaborative AI enhances human capabilities rather

than replacing them, leading to better outcomes in fields
like healthcare, education, and business.
 Recent Trends in AI Continued…
2. Machines Assisting Humans → AI helping in surgery, disaster management,
education, etc.

AI systems are increasingly being designed to assist humans in

various tasks:

• Virtual assistants that help with scheduling, information

retrieval, and communication

• Decision support systems that provide insights and

recommendations

• Automation tools that handle repetitive tasks, freeing

humans for more complex work

• Accessibility tools that help people with disabilities

navigate the digital world
 Recent Trends in AI Continued…
3. Algorithmic Game Theory & Computational Social Choice → AI for fair decision-
making, voting systems, resource allocation.

This emerging field combines AI with game theory and social choice theory to understand and design systems where
multiple AI agents interact. Applications include:

• Designing fair and efficient resource allocation mechanisms

• Developing voting systems that resist manipulation

• Creating markets that function optimally with AI participants

• Understanding strategic behavior in multi-agent systems

 Recent Trends in AI Continued…

4. Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (MARL) → multiple AI agents learning and

interacting in shared environments (self-driving cars coordination, swarm robotics).

MARL involves multiple AI agents learning to interact with each other and their environment.
This approach is particularly useful for:

• Complex systems where multiple entities must

coordinate (e.g., traffic management)

• Competitive scenarios where agents must

adapt to each other's strategies

• Distributed problem-solving across multiple

agents

• Simulating social and economic systems

 Recent Trends in AI Continued…

5. Neuromorphic Computing → brain-inspired chips that process info like neurons,

more efficient than traditional processors.
Neuromorphic computing is an approach to AI that mimics the
structure and function of the human brain. Key features include:

• Hardware designed to emulate neural

networks
• Energy-efficient computing that
consumes less power than traditional
systems
• Ability to process sensory data in real-
time
• Potential for more natural and adaptive
AI systems
Application of AI

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 Application of AI

• Healthcare – diagnosis,
drug discovery, robotic
surgery.
• Finance – fraud detection,
algorithmic trading.
• Agriculture – crop
monitoring, predictive
analytics.
• Robotics
• Defence
• Education
• Transportation
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 Application of AI Continued…

1. Healthcare

Diagnosis: AI analyses medical

images, lab results, and patient
data to detect diseases early.

Drug Discovery: Machine

learning models predict
potential drug candidates faster
and more accurately.

Robotic Surgery: AI-assisted

robots enhance precision and
reduce recovery time.

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 Application of AI Continued…

2. Finance

Fraud Detection: AI monitors

transactions to detect anomalies
and prevent fraud.

Algorithmic Trading: AI models

analyze market data to make fast
and informed trading decisions.

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 Application of AI Continued…

3. Agriculture

Crop Monitoring: AI uses

satellite imagery and sensors
to assess crop health.

Predictive Analytics: AI
forecasts yields, pest
infestations, and optimal
harvest times.

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 Application of AI Continued…

4. Robotics

Industrial Automation: AI
controls robots for manufacturing,
assembly, and logistics.

Service Robots: AI powers

cleaning, delivery, and healthcare-
assistant robots.

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 Application of AI Continued…

5. Defence

Surveillance & Reconnaissance:

AI analyzes satellite or drone data
for threat detection.

Autonomous Vehicles & Weapons

Systems: AI assists in navigation,
targeting, and decision-making.

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 Application of AI Continued…

6. Education

Personalized Learning: AI tailors

content to individual students’ needs
and learning pace.

Administrative Automation: AI
handles grading, scheduling, and
resource management.

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 Application of AI Continued…

7. Transportation

Autonomous Vehicles: AI enables

self-driving cars, trucks, and drones.

Traffic Management: AI optimizes

traffic flow, reduces congestion, and
predicts accidents.

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 Application of AI
What AI can do?
Understand Language: AI can understand and respond
to what you say, like virtual assistants such as Siri or
Alexa.

Recognize Images: AI can look at pictures and

recognize what is in them, like identifying animals in
photos.

Make Predictions: AI can analyze data to make

predictions, like predicting the weather or suggesting
what movie you might like to watch next.

Play Games: AI can play games and learn to get better

at them, like playing chess or video games.

Drive Cars: AI can help cars drive themselves by

sensing the road and making decisions to stay safe.
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 Applications of AI
in Robotics and Drone

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Thank You…