Purposive Communication

Midterms Reviewer | First Semester

➔​ The languages you acquire as a

child are your mother tongues or
Principles of Language & first languages.
Processes of
Communication Second Languages
➔​ As we grow older, we may learn
other languages for work, study, or
Language
communication with others.
➔​ Humans communicate through
language. Language Learning
➔​ “Only human beings are truly
capable of producing language.” ➔​ You can learn a language by:
❖​ Studying it in school (formal
learning), or
What makes something a ❖​ Practicing it by yourself or
language? with others (informal
learning).
➔​ Grammar: A system of rules.
➔​ Phonology: A sound system.
➔​ Lexicon: A set of words or Communication
vocabulary.
➔​ Commun = something in common
➔​ Ication = understanding
Speech Community
➔​ Achieving a common
➔​ Is a group of people who share the understanding of something.
same set of rules in a language ➔​ Process of sending and receiving
system. messages through:
➔​ Example: ❖​ Verbal means (speech,
❖​ British and Americans writing), and
speak English, but they ❖​ Nonverbal means (signs,
belong to different speech signals, behavior).
communities because they
have different accents,
Types of Communication
slang, and expressions.

Verbal Communication
Language Acquisition
➔​ Communicating using words –
➔​ When people grow up, they
either spoken or written.
naturally acquire the languages
➔​ It uses words to represent ideas
spoken in their community.
and objects.
➔​ Forms:
 ❖​ Oral: speaking, Channel
conversation
❖​ Written: writing, texting, ➔​ The medium used to send the
emailing message (spoken, written, or
visual).
Nonverbal Communication
Receiver
➔​ Transferring meaningful
information without words – ➔​ The person or group who gets and
through gestures, facial interprets the message.
expressions, tone of voice, or ➔​ Also called decoder, listener, or
behavior. destination.
➔​ Over 90% of the meaning in
communication comes from Feedback
nonverbal cues.
➔​ Nonverbal communication is: ➔​ The response or reaction of the
❖​ Usually conveys more receiver.
meaning
❖​ More involuntary (we do it Noise
without realizing)
➔​ Anything that interferes with or
❖​ More ambiguous (open to
distorts the message during the
interpretation)
communication.
❖​ More credible
➔​ Forms:
❖​ Visual: body language,
Communication and
facial expressions, gestures
❖​ Tactile: touch Globalization
❖​ Vocal: tone, pitch, volume
❖​ Time, Space, and Image:
how you manage time,
Globalization
distance, and appearance ➔​ Is the growing interconnection of
the world’s economies, cultures,
Communication Process and populations.

Sender Communication in
➔​ The person or group who starts the Multicultural Settings
conversation/communication.
➔​ Also called encoder, source, or Cultural Challenges
speaker.
➔​ Nicaragua- people point with their
lips, not with their fingers.
Message
➔​ Greece- spitting is considered a
➔​ The idea, information, opinion, or good luck charm that drives away
emotion that is shared. evil.
➔​ Japan- slurping food shows you
Cultural Iceberg Model
enjoy it (but it’s rude in Western
countries). ➔​ The iceberg represents culture:
➔​ Yoruba Tribe, Nigeria- young ❖​ Only 10% of culture is
people kneel or lie down to greet visible (things we can see,
elders. like food, dress, or
➔​ Middle East, India, Sri Lanka, language).
Africa- using your left hand for ❖​ The remaining 90% is
eating or other activities is rude. hidden (beliefs, values,
attitudes, and thought
patterns).
Culture
➔​ This model was developed by
➔​ Includes values, beliefs, language, Edward Hall, the Father of
communication systems, and Intercultural Communication.
practices that people share.

Multicultural Communication
Characteristics of Culture
➔​ This means communication with
people from different cultural
Culture is Learned backgrounds.
➔​ It’s not inherited biologically. ➔​ It involves understanding
➔​ We learn it through a process differences in:
called enculturation. ❖​ Language
❖​ Nonverbal gestures
❖​ Personal space
Culture is Shared
❖​ Behavior
➔​ It guides how people behave and
helps us predict how others will Challenges in Multicultural
act.
Communication
Culture is based on Symbols
Ethnocentrism
➔​ Symbols (like words, gestures, or
objects) represent ideas. ➔​ Believing your culture is better or
➔​ They differ between cultures and superior to others.
are often arbitrary (their meanings
depend on context). Prejudice
➔​ Having a negative attitude toward
Culture is Integrated
a group of people for no valid
➔​ Every part of a culture is reason – judging them unfairly.
connected and affects others.
Stereotyping
Culture is Dynamic
➔​ Making general assumptions about
➔​ Cultures change over time to adapt a group, oversimplifying what
to new situations and they’re really like.
environments.
 Six Fundamental Patterns of Communicating Across
Cultural Differences Cultures

Different Communication Styles Cultural Overtones: Context

➔​ Words and phrases may mean
different things in other cultures. High-context Cultures
➔​ Examples: Mediterranean, Latin
Different Attitudes Toward Conflict American, African, Asian, Arab
➔​ Western countries (like the U.S.) ➔​ Messages rely on context,
deal with conflict directly. nonverbal cues, and unspoken
➔​ Eastern countries prefer to avoid meanings.
open conflict and handle issues ➔​ People understand “between the
quietly or in writing. lines.”

Different Approaches to Low-context Cultures

Completing Tasks ➔​ Examples: U.S., Germany, U.K.,
other English-speaking countries.
➔​ Differences in resources, rewards,
➔​ Messages are clear, direct, and
and time perception affect how
specific – words carry the main
people complete tasks.
meaning.

Different Decision-Making Styles

Perception of Time
➔​ Americans delegate tasks.
➔​ Southern Europeans and Latin
Americans prefer to keep Sequential Cultures
decision-making responsibilities
➔​ See time as linear – something to
themselves.
“save”, “spend”, or “waste”.
➔​ Focus on one task at a time.
Different Attitudes Toward ➔​ Examples: North America,
Disclosure Germany, Sweden, Netherlands.

➔​ Some cultures think it’s rude to talk

openly about emotions or personal Synchronic Cultures
matters.
➔​ View time as flowing and
interconnected – the past, present,
Different Approaches to Knowing and future are linked.
➔​ European cultures trust ➔​ Do many things at once.
measurable, logical knowledge ➔​ Examples: South America,
(counting, testing). Southern Europe, Asia.
➔​ Other cultures value experience
and intuition just as much.
 Perception of Emotion Varieties and Registers of
Spoken and Written English
Affective Cultures
➔​ People show emotions openly Varieties of English
(laughing, crying, smiling,
shouting).
➔​ Examples: Latin, Mediterranean,
World Englishes
and Arab cultures. ➔​ The Oxford English Dictionary
records words from all varieties of
Neutral Cultures English around the world — this
shows that English is used
➔​ People control their emotions amd
globally in many different forms.
act more reserved.
➔​ Examples: Japan, China, U.K., and ➔​ “English is the world’s most
Northern European countries. widely used language. It’s the
main tool for globalization and
multicultural communication.”
Enhancing Communication
Skills in Multicultural Settings Braj Kachru’s Three Concentric
➔​ To communicate effectively across Circles of English (1985)
cultures:
❖​ Avoid Stereotyping – ➔​ Inner Circle – Countries where
Don’t assume things about English is the native language
people based on their (e.g., U.S., U.K., Australia).
background. ➔​ Outer Circle – Countries where
❖​ Practice – The more you English is a second or official
interact with diverse language (e.g., Philippines, India,
groups, the better you Singapore).
understand them. ➔​ Expanding Circle – Countries that
❖​ Listen Actively and learn English as a foreign
Empathetically – Pay language (e.g., Japan, China,
attention to both words and Russia).
feelings.
❖​ Always Respect Others – Common Varieties of English
Treat all people with dignity.
❖​ Clarify – Ask questions if
something is unclear.
❖​ Remember: People are Varieties Description
Multidimensional – British English Used in the U.K.
Everyone has unique and the British
experiences that shape Isles.
who they are.
American Used mainly in
English the U.S.
 ❖​ American: color, center,
Australian Spoken
English traveled
throughout
Australia.
Pronunciation
New Zealand Similar to
English Australian ➔​ In Singapore, Philippines,
English but with Malaysia, final consonant clusters
unique are simplified:
pronunciation. ❖​ left → lef, picked → pik
➔​ In the Philippines, each vowel is
Black English African-American pronounced clearly, and words are
(AAVE) Vernacular said as written (syllable-timed).
English, spoken
❖​ street → istreet, ask →
by Black
communities in ass, that → dat
the U.S., U.K.,
Caribbean, and
Africa.
English as a Global Language

Singapore ➔​ English is no longer owned only by

English mixed
English with Malay, Inner Circle countries. It now
(Singlish) Chinese, and represents many cultures, creating
Tamil influences. a multicultural identity for English
users.
Philippine Based on
English American
English in The Legitimacy of Philippine
spelling and English
grammar but
localized for
Filipino culture. How It Started
➔​ The Americans established a
Differences Between Varieties of military government in Clark and
Subic.
English
➔​ They reformed education and
made English the language of the
Vocabulary classroom.
➔​ When Filipino teachers began
➔​ Each variety uses different words
teaching English to other Filipinos,
for the same thing.
Philippine English was born.
➔​ Example:
❖​ British: lift, flat, lorry
❖​ American: elevator, We Made It Our Own
apartment, truck
➔​ Filipinos don’t speak exactly like
Americans.
Spelling ➔​ We localized English, making it fit
➔​ Some spellings offer: our culture.
❖​ British: colour, centre,
travelled
➔​ Philippine English is legitimate with ➔​ Hybrid Terms – Mixing English
its own grammar, vocabulary, and and local words: sari-sari store,
sentence patterns. balikbayan box.

Standard Filipino English Philippine English in Oxford

➔​ The English used by educated Dictionary
Filipinos, considered acceptable in ➔​ The OED officially added many
academic and professional setting. Filipino-English words, proving
its global recognition.
Features of Philippine English

Registers of English
Phonological (Sound) Features
➔​ Pronouncing words as they are Language Register
spelled.
➔​ [t] replaces soft “th” and [d] ➔​ The degree of formality in how we
replaces hard “th.” communicate.
➔​ No “aspiration” (breath sound) ➔​ Different situations require
at the start of some words. different levels of formality.
➔​ Stress may shift to different
syllables (exciting pronounced
Formal vs. Informal Register
differently).
➔​ Sometimes final consonants are
omitted (pas for past).
Formal Register Informal Register
➔​ Adding vowels before
consonants (iskul for school). Impersonal, Personal and
➔​ /z/ sound not used in many factual, objective casual
words (because, always
Avoids slang and Uses slang and
pronounced with /s/). contractions shortened words

Lexical (Word) Features Uses complete Shorter and

sentences more relaxed
➔​ Expansion – Brand names
Used in Used with family
become general terms (Pampers
professional and friends
= diaper).
settings
➔​ Shift in Part of Speech – Noun
to verb: “He horned loud.”
➔​ Clipping – Shortened forms like Examples of Formal
aircon (air conditioner), sem Communication
(semester).
➔​ Business letters
➔​ New Creations – Promdi (from
➔​ Project proposals
the province), trapo (traditional
➔​ Research papers
politician). ➔​ Technical reports
 ➔​ Official speeches ❌ “Every worker must submit his
✅ “Every worker must submit their
➔​ Workplace communication report.”​

❌ “Each student must wear her I.D.”​

Guidelines for Formal Register report.”

➔​ Keep it Simple and Short

✅ “Each student must wear their I.D.”
❖​ Use: “Mexican general
Antonio Lopez de Santa
❌ “The foreman said they don’t build
✅ “The construction worker said they
weak buildings.”​
Ana introduced chewing
gum in the U.S.”
❖​ Not: “Chewing gum was don’t build weak buildings.”
originally brought to the
U.S. by Antonio Lopez de Informal Register (Casual
Santa Ana. He was a
Language)
Mexican general.”
➔​ Avoid Contractions ➔​ Used with people you know well –
❖​ Use: cannot, will not, friends and family.
could not ➔​ Examples:
❖​ Avoid: can’t, won’t, ❖​ Personal emails or texts
couldn’t ❖​ Notes and letters to friends
❖​ Social media posts or blogs
➔​ Use Third Person Point of
❖​ Journals and diaries
View
❖​ Formal: “The researchers
conducted a survey on Examples of Formal vs. Informal
English proficiency.”
Formal Informal
❖​ Informal: “We conducted
a survey…” ”I regret to inform ”Sorry, but I can’t”
➔​ Use Active Voice you.”
❖​ Formal: “The students “I am writing to ”Can you approve
completed the research.” request your this?”
❖​ Avoid: “The research approval.”
was completed by the
”We appreciate ”Thanks for the
students.” help!”
your
➔​ Avoid Slang, Clichés, and cooperation.”
Redundant Words
❖​ Slang: awesome, cool,
lit, bae Communication and
❖​ Clichés: time is gold,
beauty is only skin deep Technology
❖​ Redundancy: 3 p.m. in
the afternoon, free gift, Philippines and Social Media
actual experience
➔​ Avoid Gender-Based or ➔​ The Philippines is known as the
Sexist Language “Social Networking Capital of
the World.”
❖​ Examples:
➔​ Filipinos are among the most E-mail Addresses
active users of Facebook,
Instagram, and Twitter.. ➔​ Emails have three main parts
➔​ 47% of Filipinos are active that can reveal personal
social media users; 40% use information:
mobile social apps. ❖​ Username: your chosen
➔​ 87% of Filipino adults have name (e.g., 2Sexy4U is
mobile phones. not acceptable for work).
➔​ Most used apps: ❖​ Domain name: the
❖​ Facebook (26%) service or organization
❖​ Facebook Messenger (e.g., @[Link],
(23%) @[Link]).
❖​ Twitter (13%) ❖​ Top-level domain: the
❖​ Instagram (12%) last part of an address
➔​ The most active Facebook showing location or
users are aged 20–29 years organization type (e.g.,
old. .edu, .gov, .ph).
➔​ The Philippines ranks #1
worldwide in time spent daily on Online Content Creation and
social media.
➔​ Filipinos spend 4 hours and 15
Identity
minutes daily on social media. ➔​ The internet is a tool of
➔​ They use the internet for 10 self-expression, especially
hours and 56 minutes per among young people.
day.
➔​ The Philippines spends more
Personal Web Pages and Blogs
time online than any other
country. ➔​ You share only what you want
➔​ In a lifetime, Filipinos spend others to know.
102,054 hours (or 4,252 days) ➔​ These pages may show:
on social media. ❖​ Your hobbies,
relationships, and
interests.
How Technology Shapes
❖​ Different sides of your
Identity personality.

Screen Names Social Networking Sites

➔​ Many people are known online
➔​ Let people connect globally,
only by their usernames.
build new friendships, and
➔​ We create online identities through
express themselves freely.
gaming, videos, comments, or
selling.
 The 5C’s of Social Media 5 Ways Social Media Changed
Communication
Community
➔​ Brings people together with Created a Sense of Urgency and
shared goals and interests. Need to Share
➔​ Builds friendships and allows
➔​ People post everything: food, trips,
meaningful conversations, no
or daily life.
matter the distance.
➔​ Oversharing has become common

Conversation
Gave Us Inside Views of Distant
➔​ Everyone can share opinions or
Places
ideas online.
➔​ People are no longer just ➔​ We can now see how people live in
consumers of information — they other countries.
are producers too. ➔​ It helps us learn about other
cultures.
Collaboration
➔​ Social media allows people to Made Digital Messages More
work together, share ideas, and Personal
exchange information.
➔​ We use filters, doodles, GIFs,
➔​ Invites participation between
content creators and their
and emojis to express ourselves
audiences creatively.

Connection Made News More Engaging

➔​ The internet connects people ➔​ 40% of millennials get news
instantly with just one click. from online sources, 23% from
➔​ Social media thrives because it’s social media.
so easy to connect and ➔​ Hashtags (#) help spread
communicate. awareness about important
events.
Contribution
➔​ Users can post, comment, and Enabled Live Broadcasting
react — both positively and
➔​ 40% of millennials get news
negatively.
from online sources, 23% from
➔​ Every post leaves a digital
footprint that reflects one’s social media.
identity. ➔​ Hashtags (#) help spread
awareness about important
events.
 Communication Aids and Low-tech Media
Strategies Using Strategy ➔​ Simple, creative tools when
tech isn’t available:
Visual Communication Strategy ❖​ Chalkboards, flipcharts,
handouts, posters, props,
➔​ Uses billboards, posters, and craft paper.
websites, or illustrations.
➔​ Focuses on eye-catching design to
attract attention and communicate Creating an Effective Audiovisual
effectively. Presentation

Types of Communication Aids Know Your Audience

➔​ Who is your audience?
Unaided Communication ➔​ Consider their age, experience,
knowledge, and gender.
➔​ Uses no equipment.
➔​ Choose the right words, examples,
➔​ Relies on nonverbal
and tone.
communication (gestures, facial
expressions, body language).
Choose a Relevant Topic
Aided Communication ➔​ The topic must be interesting and
organized.
➔​ Uses tools or technology — from
➔​ Avoid giving too little or too much
simple to advanced methods.
information.
➔​ Includes illustrations, charts, or
symbols used alongside or
instead of words. Using Visual Aids Effectively

Kinds of Communication Aids Tips for Slides:

➔​ Keep them simple and easy to
Computer-Based Media read.
➔​ Uses tools like PowerPoint or ➔​ Show only one main idea per
Prezi. slide.
➔​ Flexible, creative, and visually ➔​ Use short and direct sentences.
engaging. ➔​ Check text size, spacing, and
color — make sure it’s
Audiovisual Media readable.
➔​ Don’t read straight from the
➔​ Combines sound and visuals, slides.
such as: ➔​ If a topic is long, divide it into
❖​ Videos, films, multiple slides.
documentaries, songs, or ➔​ Use the Rule of 7s:
sound clips.
 ❖​ Maximum of 7 lines per
slide
❖​ Maximum of 7 words
per line
❖​ Choose readable fonts
and good color
combinations.
❖​ Each slide should take
30 seconds to 2
minutes to discuss.
❖​ Keep videos short and
ensure clear audio.

Tips for Delivery

➔​ Practice before presenting.
➔​ Make eye contact — don’t rely
on notes or slides.
➔​ Speak clearly and pleasantly —
slightly slower than usual.
➔​ Avoid reading word for word —
it breaks connection with your
audience.
➔​ Use humor appropriately to
engage and connect.