Seismic Analysis of Building Structures
Uploaded by
David CombsSeismic Analysis of Building Structures
Uploaded by
David CombsLECTURE NOTES
Prepared by
Dr. Ashraf A El Damatty, Ph.D., P. Eng.
Professor
Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering
The University of Western Ontario
London, Ontario, Canada
Notes can not be copied or reproduced without approval of Dr. Ashraf El Damatty
Acknowledgement
The author would like to acknowledge the contribution of the following people in
preparing this set of notes.
Dr. Maged Youssef in developing the section describing the seismic requirements
of reinforced concrete structures, Mr. Mohamed Semelawy in preparing the
example for seismic design of RC moment resisting frames, Mr. Mahmoud Hassan
in preparing the example for seismic design of steel structures, Mr. Ahmed
Hamada in preparing the modeling section, and Mr. Mohamed Darwish and Mr.
Mohammad Siddique in typing the notes.
List of Proposed References
1) General, good coverage of code
Title: Elements of Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics
By: Andre Filiatrault
Publisher: Polytechnic international press
ISBN: 2-553-01021-4
2) Structural Dynamics
Author Chopra, Anil K.
Title Dynamics of structures: theory and applications to earthquake engineering / Anil
K. Chopra.
Publisher Englewood Cliffs, N.J. : Prentice Hall, 1995.
3) Steel Structures
Author Bruneau, Michel, Ph.D.
Title Ductile design of steel structures / Michel Bruneau, Chia-Ming Uang, Andrew
Whittaker.
Publisher New York : McGraw-Hill, 1998.
Author Canadian Institute of Steel Construction
Title Handbook of Steel Construction
Publisher Universal Offset Limited, 9th Edition, 2007.
4) Concrete and Masonry Structures
Authors Thomas Paulay, and M. J. N. Priestley
Title Seismic Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings/ Thomas Paulay,
and M. J. N. Priestley
Publisher Willey- Interscience, 1992
Author Cement Association of Canada
Title Concrete Design Handbook
Publisher Ottawa, 3rd Edition, 2006
CHAPTER 1
EARTHQUAKE GROUND MOTIONS CHARACTERISTICS
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-1
1- Causes and Effects of Earthquakes
The earth is divided to six major tectonic plates; these are the Eurasian,
Pacific, American, African, Indian, and Antarctic. The vast majorities of
damaging earthquakes originate at, or adjacent to, the boundaries of tectonic
plates, due to relative deformations at the boundaries. Because of the nature
of the rough interface between adjacent plates, a stick-slip phenomenon
generally occurs, rather than smooth continuous relative deformation, or
creep. The relative deformation of the adjacent plates is resisted at the rough
interface by friction. When the induced stresses exceed the frictional
capacity of the interface, slip occurs releasing the elastic energy stored in the
rock in the form of shock waves propagating through the medium at the
ground-wave velocity.
The inertial response of structures to the ground accelerations resulting from
the energy released during fault slip is the primary interest to structural
engineers.
2- Seismic Waves
The rupture point within the earth’s crust represents the source of
emission of energy. It is known as “hypocenter”, “focus”, or “source”
The “epicenter” is the point on the earth’s surface immediately above
the hypocenter.
The “Focal depth” is the depth of the hypocenter below the epicenter.
The “Focal distance” is the distance from the hypocenter to a given
reference point.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-2
The energy released by earthquakes is propagated by different types of
waves. The body waves, originate at the rupture zone and include P waves
(primary or dilatation waves) and “S” waves (secondary or shear waves).
The “P waves” involve particles moving parallel to the direction of
propagation of the wave.
The “S waves” involve particles moving perpendicular to the direction
of propagation of the wave.
“P” and “S” waves have different characteristic velocities Vp and Vs. The
velocities usually satisfy the following relation:
Vp
√3
Vs
As a consequence, the time interval ΔT between the arrival of P and S waves
at a given site is thus proportional to the focal distance Xf, hence:
Xf = Vp ΔT/(√3-1)
Recording the P-S time interval at three or more sites enables the epicentral
position to be estimated as shown in Fig. 1
X1
T1V p
3 1
T2V p X2
T3V p X1, X2, and X3 are
3 1
3 1 recording stations
X3
Hypocenter
Fig. 1 Determination of Epicenter
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-3
3-Characteristics of Earthquakes
The effect of earthquakes on buildings depends on the seismic ground
motion that the structure experiences.
In general, there are six components of seismic ground motions; three
translation and three rotational components. Current strong motion
measuring instruments only record three translation components. There is
no reliable measurement on the rotational components at present.
Seismic ground motion is very complex. There is a continuous effort to
understand what are the relevant parameters that denote the damage
potential of such motions to buildings. Factors that affect the damage
potential are:
Peak ground acceleration (PGA)
Peak ground velocity (PGV)
Peak ground displacement (PGD)
Duration of Strong Shaking
Frequency Content
The current opinion is that one needs at least two parameters to describe the
damage potential; one parameter denotes the intensity of shaking and
frequency content; and the other denotes the duration of shaking.
The combination of level of shaking and frequency content is reflected in a
single quantity called “Response Spectrum” which will be described later.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-4
a) Magnitude
The accepted measure of magnitude is the Richter scale which is related to
the maximum deformation of the surface-wave motion recorded by a
standard Wood-Anderson seismograph located at a distance of 100 km from
the epicenter.
The accepted relationship between energy released E, and Richter magnitude
M is:
log10E = 11.4 + 1.5M
It is clear that an increase in one Richter unit leads to about 30 times
increase in the energy released. Frequency content is not
represented in Magnitude
(b) Intensity
Earthquake intensity is a subjective estimate of the effects of an earthquake
and is dependent on peak acceleration, velocity, duration, and frequency
content.
The most widely used scale is the modified Mercalli, MM, scale which was
refined by Richter in 1958.
The effective range is from MM2, which is felt by persons at rest on upper
floor of building to MM12 where damage is nearly total. A listing of the
complete scale is given below:
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-5
Masonry A : Good workmanship, mortar, and design; reinforced, especially
laterally, and bound together by using steel, concrete, etc.; designed to resist
lateral forces.
Masonry B : Good workmanship and mortar; reinforced, but not designed
in detail to resist lateral forces.
Masonry C: Ordinary workmanship and mortar; no extreme weaknesses
like failing to tie in at corners, but neither reinforced nor designed against
horizontal forces.
Masonry D: Weak materials, such as adobe; poor mortar; low standards of
workmanship; weak horizontally.
Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931 (abridged and rewritten by C. F.
Richter)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-6
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-7
4- Characteristics of Earthquake Accelerograms
(a) Accelerograms
Accelerographs record ground accelerations in optical or digital forms as
time history records. Integration of the records enables velocities and
displacements to be estimated. Three different time history accelerations are
shown in Fig. 2
greatest PGA, >0.75G
Hight a/v, more rare,
deep, as a pulse
highest frequency
long duration, low frequency.
low a/v, more common
near the ground
surface
Fig. 2 Time History Earthquake Records
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-8
(b) Vertical Acceleration
Vertical accelerations recorded by accelerographs are generally lower than
corresponding horizontal components and frequently are richer in low-period
components. It is often assumed that peak vertical accelerations are
approximately two-thirds of peak horizontal values.
However, there is an increasing evidence that peak horizontal and vertical
components are similar for near-field records.
(C) Influence of Soil Stiffness
It is generally accepted that soft soils modifies the characteristics of strong
ground motion transmitted to the surface from the underlying bed rock. Soft
soils usually result in amplification of long-period components and reduction
of the short-period ones.
Fig. 3 Comparison of lake bed (1-3) and rock (4-6) Accelerographs, Mexico
City 1985, Paulay and Priestley (1992)
roughly speaking period of building
=0.1xnumber of stories.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-9
Fig. 3 shows accelerations recorded at adjacent sites on rock and on medium
depth lake deposits in the 1985 Mexico earthquake. The epicenter of this
earthquake was approximately 400 km from Mexico City and the peak
bedrock acceleration was about 0.05g. It can be noticed from Fig. 3 that this
acceleration was amplified about five times by the elastic characteristics of
the lake bed deposits. A modified ground motion, having predominant
energy in the period range of 2 to 5 sec was generated. As a consequence,
buildings with natural periods in this range were subjected to extremely
strong motions with many failures.
(d) Geographical Amplification
Geographic features may have a significant influence on local intensity of
ground motion. In particular, steep ridges may amplify the base rock
accelerations by resonance effects.
A structure built on top of ridge may thus be subjected to intensified
shaking.
Extensive damage
Buildings abandoned
No damage
50m
200 m 1000 m
Fig. 4
this factor not considered
in code.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-10
5- Attenuation Relationships
The attenuation relationship represents the reduction in peak ground
acceleration with distance from epicenter.
Three major factors contribute to the attenuation:
1) The energy released from an earthquake may consider to be radiated away
from the source as a combination of spherical and cylindrical waves. The
increase in surface area of the waves as they move away from the source
implies that accelerations will decrease with distance as the sum of a number
of terms proportional to Re-1/2, Re-1, Re-2 and ln Re ; where Re is the distance
to the point source or cylindrical axis.
2) The energy is reduced due to material attenuation or damping of the
transmitting medium.
3) Attenuation may result from wave scattering at interfaces between
different layers of material.
For small-to-moderate earthquakes, the source could reasonably be
considered as a point source, and spherically radiating waves would
characterize attenuation.
For large earthquakes, with fault movement over several kilometers,
cylindrical waves might seem more appropriate. Hence attenuation
relationships for small and large earthquakes might be expected to be
different.
Typical attenuation relationships taken the form:
a0 C1eC2 M ( Re C3 )C4
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-11
where: a0 is the peak ground acceleration
M is the Richter magnitude of the earthquake
Re is the epicentral distance
C1, C2, C3, and C4 are constants
Many relationships of the general form is given by above equations have
been proposed by various researchers.
6- Relation between Intensity and Ground Acceleration
Fig. 5 shows the relationship between MM intensity and peak acceleration
resulting from a number of studies.
Fig. 5 Relationship between Intensity and Peak Acceleration
(Paulay and Priestley (1992))
To some extent the scatter exhibited by Fig. 5 can be reduced by use of
effective ground acceleration (EPA) which is related to the peak response
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-12
acceleration of short period elastic oscillation rather than the actual
maximum ground acceleration.
Despite the wide scatter in Fig. 5, there is an approximate linear relationship
between the logarithm of PGA and MM intensity, I. An average relationship
may be written as:
(PGA)Ave = 10-2.4 + 0.34 I m/sec2
Meanwhile, a conservative estimate for (PGA) can be evaluated using the
relationship:
(PGA) = 10-1.95 + 0.32 I m/sec2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-13
7- Return Periods: Probability of Occurrence
To assess the seismic risk for a given site, it is necessary to know not
only the characteristics of strong ground motion that are feasible for the
site, but also frequency with which such events are expected. It is
common to express this by the return period of an earthquake of given
magnitude, which is the average recurrence interval for earthquakes of
equal or longer magnitude.
Generally, larger earthquakes occur less frequently than small ones.
The probability of occurrence (inverse of the return period) of
earthquakes of different magnitude M can be expressed by the following
distribution:
λ(M) = α Ve-βM
λ(M) is the probability of an earthquake of magnitude M or greater
occurring in a given volume V per unit time.
α and β are constants related to the location of a given volume V.
Fig. 6 shows data for different tectonic zones compared with predictions
of the above equation.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty .
Page: 1-14
Fig. 6 Magnitude-Probability Relationship (Paulay and Priestley (1992))
8- Design intensity
The intensity of ground motion adopted for design depends on the
seismicity of the area and also on the level of structural response
contemplated and the acceptable risk associated with that response.
Three levels of response are usually identified:
1) Serviceability limit state where building operations are not disrupted
by the level of ground shaking. for weak an moderate earthquakes
2) A damage control limit state where repairable damage to the building
may occur. strong earthquakes, inelastic effects,
building damaged but does not fall.
3) A survival limit state under an extreme event earthquake, where severe
and possible irrepairable damage might occur but collapse and loss of life
are avoided. strong earthquake, but building does not
collapse, focus of design codes. (capacity
design) Return period ~25,000 year,
0.25% recurrence per 50 years.
CHAPTER 2
RESPONSE OF A SINGLE DEGREE OF FREEDOM
SYSTEM
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-1
2-1 Equation of motion of a SDOF
Basic components of a dynamic problem:
1. Mass (m = W/g)
2. Applied load P(t)
3. Inertia force = FI
4. Damping force = FD
5. Elastic force = FS
Single Degree of Freedom Model:
C x(t)
P(t)
M
K
Using D’Alembert’s principle; a dynamic system can be
considered to be in equilibrium if the inertia force is included in
the free body diagram.
FD
FI P(t)
FS
FI + FD + FS = P(t)
Where: acceleraction
d 2x
FI = mass x acceleration m 2 mx
dt speed
FD = Dashpot constant x velocity = cx
FS = Spring stiffness x displacement = kx differential
Equation of motion: mx cx kx P(t )
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-2
Elastic Stiffness for Elements:
k = P/ → Force Required for Unit displacement
1) Springs in Series:
K1 K2
P,
P1 P2
P1 = P2 = P
P1 = K11 ; P2 = K22 ; =1 + 2
P P P KK
K 1 2
1 2 P1 P2 K1 K 2
K1 K 2
KK
K 1 2
K1 K 2
2) Springs in Parallel:
P1, 1, K1
P, , K
P2, 2, K2
1 = 2 =
P P1 P2 K11 K 2 2
K
K K1 K2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-3
3) Axial Stiffness of a Bar:
PL
P
EA
EA
L K
L
4) Torsion:
T TL
GJ
GJ
L K
L
5) Beams in Flexure:
a) Cantilever: P
PL3 3EI L
K 3
3EI L
b) Simple Beam:
P
PL3 48 EI L
K
48EI L3
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-4
c) P
PL3 12 EI L
K
12 EI L3
P
d)
PL3 3EI
K 3 L
3EI L
e)
no rotation at top of
columns.
K1 K2
12 EI 1 12 EI 2
K1 K2
L13 L32
K1 and K2 are two springs in parallel (have the same displacement)
K K1 K 2
12 E
I 1 I 2
L13
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-5
initial displacement or
Type of Dynamic Loading: velocity. no force on
structure.
0.1
X 0
a) Free Vibration:
0.08
0.06
X(t) X0
useful for analysis, or 0.04
after earthquake is 0.02
done.
X(t)
0
-0.02 0 2 4 6 Time 8
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
Time applied force
1
b) Forced Harmonic Vibration: 0.8
following sin wave.
P(t)
0.6
0.4
P0
P(t ) P0 sin t 0.2
P(t)
(Machine Vibration) -0.2 0 2 4 Time6 8
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
120 Time
c) Impulse Loading: 100
P(t) P0
80
(Driving of Piles)
P(t)
60
40
20
0
Time Time
d) Random Vibration: 15
10
P(t)
5
Time
P(t)
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000
-5
-10
-15
Time (s)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-6
2-2 Undamped Free Vibration Response of a SDOF
Equation of motion: mx kx 0
k
x 02 x 0 ; 02
m
Solution of the above D.E.:
X(t) = Asin(0t) + Bcos(0t)
Substituting with the initial conditions: X(0) = X0 and X (0) X 0
X 0
we obtain: X(t) = sin(t X 0cos(t
0
The above equation can be written in a compact form as:
2
X 0 X
X(t) = X 0 sin( t tan1 0
2
0 X 0 / 0
X 0
0.1
T = 2/0
X(t)0.08
0.06
0.04
X0
0.02
X(t)
0
-0.02 0 2 4 6 8
-0.04
-0.06
-0.08
-0.1
Time
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-7
2-3 Free Vibration of a Damped System
Equation of motion: mx cx kx 0
c k
x x x 0
m m
c
or "beta"
x x 02 x 0
m
c
Define: (damping ratio)
2m0
Equation of motion: x 20x 0 x 0
2
For 0 < < 1
The solution of the above equation becomes:
X(t) = e
0t
A1sin(Dt A2 cos(Dt
Where: D 1 0
2
damped frequency is essential
natural frequency.
(Frequency of vibration of a damped system)
X 0 0 X 0
A1 A2 X 0
D
The above equation can be written in a compact form as:
X(t) = Xe 0t sin( D t
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-8
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
X(t)
0
-0.2 0 5 10 15 20
-0.4
TD = 2/D
-0.6
-0.8
-1
Time
Response to Harmonic Motion
C x(t)
P(t) = P0cost or P0sint
M
structure
K loading
P0
Equation of motion: x 20x 0 x cost _____________(*)
2
m
The solution consists of a homogeneous solution and a particular
one:
Homogeneous: XC(t) = e 0t A1sin(D t A2 cos(D t
Try a particular solution in the form: same as damped free
vibration
XP(t) = Csin(t) + Dcos(t)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-9
Substituting for the particular solution into (*) and solving for the
constants C and D we obtain:
XP(t) = XP cos(t – )
Where:
P0
m02 Amplitude of
XP
2 forced response
2 2
1 2
0 0
2
The angle at which the
tan 1 0 2 response lags the applied load
1
0
Adding the complementary and particular solutions, the total
response is:
P0
cos(t
2
X (t ) e 0t A1sin( D t A2 cos( D t
m 0
2
2 2
1 2
THE STRUCTURE 0 0
with decay
= transient term + steady state term
Decays exponentially and Takes place at the forced
occurs at the damped frequency. Lags behind the
frequency of the structure force by phase angle .
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-10
Practically in design the steady state response is only considered.
Define DMF Dynamic Magnification Factor:
P0 1
XP
m 02 2
2 2
1 2
0 0
k
P0 P0
X
i.e. St K m 2 X P X St .DMF
0
depends on damping
1
DMF and
2
2 2
1 2
0 0
Dynamic Magnification Factor
12
11 5%
10
Dynamic Magnification Factor
9
8 .5
7
.1
6
5 .2
4
3
2
1
0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
/0
frequncy
resonance. magnatude
damping
->DMF
DMF x statis
displacement = actual
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-11
Example 2-1
A simply supported beam of length “L” carries an electric motor of
weight W = 12 KN at it mid – span.
The flexural rigidity “EI” of the beam is such that the static
deflection under the weight of the machine is 3 mm. The
equivalent viscous damping is such that after 10 cycles, the free
vibration amplitude due to initial displacement X0 is reduced to 60
% of X0. The motor operates at 600 RPM and causes a harmonic
force due to unbalance F0= 2.5 KN. Neglecting the mass of the
beam, determine:
a) The value of the undamped frequency 0.
damping ratio?
b) The value of the damped frequency D.
c) The magnitude of the maximum dynamic displacement “X”
for the given values of the parameters due to the operation of
the machine.
d) The maximum total deflection including gravity and dynamic
loading.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-12
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
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Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
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Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-15
2-4 Equation of Motion of a SDOF under Earthquake
Motion
M X(t)
K
Ϋg(t)
The figure above shows a simulation for a SDOF system
subjected to an earthquake ground motion described by a time
history ground acceleration Ϋg(t). X(t) represents the displacement
response – relative to ground of this SDOF system.
The equation of motion of the SDOF is given as:
m( yg (t ) x(t )) cx kx 0
mx(t ) cx kx myg (t )
As such, due to earthquake, the SDOF is subjected to a dynamic
force P(t ) myg (t )
Dividing the previous equation by the mass “m”, we get:
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-16
c k
x(t ) x x yg (t )
m m
k
Defining the natural frequency of the system
m and its
0
c
damping ratio
2m0 , the equation of motion can be written as:
x 20x 02 x yg (t )
The solution of the
above 2nd order D.E.
can be obtained by
obtained using:
Time History Response Spectrum
Analysis Analysis
Provides the entire Provides only
time response. maximum responses.
Can be applied to Applicable only to
linear and non-linear linear systems.
systems.
Involves significant Simple
computations.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-17
2-5 Time History Analysis
Closed form mathematical solutions exist for the free
vibration response of a SDOF system as well as the responses to
harmonic and impulse loading. Dynamic problems which involve
forces that can not be expressed in simple mathematical forms
(example earthquake forces) can not be solved in a closed form.
For such problems, the response is obtained by applying numerical
integration techniques to the equation of motion. In general, the
numerical integration techniques can be categorised to:
1) Explicit Algorithms.
2) Implicit Algorithms.
One of the most widely applied implicit algorithms will be
discussed in details in this section.
Implicit Algorithms
Newmark method
Wilson – method
Newmark method
We will assume:
x n1 x n 1 xn xn1 t _______________ (1)
x n 1 x n x n t 1 xn xn 1 t 2
2 _______________ (2)
and are implicit parameters that can be determined to obtain
integration accuracy and stability.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-18
= 1/2 and = 1/6 correspond to linear acceleration.
= 1/2 and = 1/4 correspond to constant average acceleration.
Equation of motion at t = (n+1)t:
mxn1 cx n1 kxn1 F n1 (t ) _______________ (3)
For constant – average acceleration scheme ( = 1/2 and = 1/4):
x n1 x n xn xn1 t / 2 _______________ (4)
x n1 x n x n t xn xn1 t 2 / 4 _______________ (5)
From (5):
xn1 x n1 x n x n t 4 / t 2 xn _______________ (6)
Substituting (6) into (4), we get:
x n1 x n xn t / 2 x n1 x n x n t 4 / t 2 xn t / 2 ___ (7)
Equation (7) can be simplified to give:
x n1 x n1 x n 2 / t x n _______________ (8)
Substituting (6) and (8) into (3), we get:
4m 2c n1 4 x n 4 x n n 2 x n n
2 k x F (t ) m 2 x c x ___ (9)
n1
t t t t t
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-19
Step–By–Step Solution Using Newmark method ( = ½, = ¼)
A- Initial Calculations:
1. Evaluate k, m and c.
2. Initialize x , xx ,and
0 00 00
,xx , x0
3. Select a time step t.
4. Calculate: a0 = 4/t2, a1 = 2/t, a2 = 4/t, a3 = t/2 .
5. Evaluate kˆ k a0m a1c
B- For Each time step:
1. Calculate effective load at time t = (n+1)t; Fˆ n 1
Fˆ n1 F n1 m a0 x n a2 x n xn c a1 x n x n
2. Solve kˆx n 1 Fˆ n 1
3. Calculate acceleration and velocity at t = (n+1)t
xn1 a0 x n1 x n a2 x n xn
x n 1 x n a3 xn 1 xn
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-20
Example 2-2
The frame structure shown below is subjected to a strong
ground motion pulse with a peak acceleration A0 = 1.2g. The latter
is modeled as a triangular pulse load of duration t1 equal to half the
period of vibration of the structure.
Assuming zero damping, determine by numerical integration
the maximum displacement of the structure, Xmax, and also the
time, tmax, at which it occurs. Use a time step t=T/10 sec.
X
W = 200 KN
I=∞
W 250x33
3.0 m
4.5 m
Ϋg(t)
Ϋg(t)
A0
t1= 0.5T
A0= 1.2g
t
t1/2 t1
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
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Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
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2-6 Concept of Elastic Response Spectrum
As a central concept of earthquake engineering, the response
spectrum provides a convenient means to summarize the peak
response of all possible linear SDOF systems to a particular
component of ground motion.
Construction of an Elastic Response Spectrum
The following steps are conducted in order to construct the
response spectrum of a given ground motion.
1. Consider a SDOF subjected to a ground motion given by the
time history analysis acceleration Ϋg(t). The SDOF system
2 m
T 2
has a certain period 0 k and a damping ratio .
M
x
x is the relative
C displacement
between the
K/2 mass and the
K/2 ground
Ϋg(t)
2. Equation of Motion:
m( yg (t ) x(t )) cx kx 0
mx(t ) cx kx myg (t )
Or x 20x 0 x yg (t )
2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-26
Knowing the time history record Ϋg(t), the response of the
structure x(t) can be evaluated using any of the numerical methods.
X(t)
Sd Time
The maximum value Sd for the response displacement is recorded.
This maximum displacement Sd(T,) depends on the period and the
damping ratio of the SDOF.
Sd(T,) is called the spectral displacement.
3. The maximum velocity response Sv(T,) can be obtained by
the relation: Sv(T,) = 0Sd(T,)
4. The maximum acceleration response Sa(T,) can be obtained
by the relation: Sa(T,) = 0Sv(T,) = 02Sd(T,)
5. Steps (1) to (4) are repeated for different values for the
natural period of the system T as well as for different
damping ratios .
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-27
The following observations could be noticed:
1. Systems with very short period, say T < Ta = 0.025 s have
Sa= üg0 and Sd is very small. Why??
2. Systems with very long period, say T > 15 s have Sd
approaches Yg and Sa is very small. Why??
3. For short–period systems, Sa can be idealised as constant.
4. For medium–period systems, Sv can be idealised as constant.
5. For long–period systems, Sd can be idealised as constant.
6. Sa, Sv and Sd are plotted together on a log-log scale as
function of T and .
Figure 1 Response Spectrum (=0, 2, 5 and 10%) for El Centro
earthquake
N.B. Each earthquake has its own response spectrum
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-28
Based on the above observations one can conclude the following:
The long period region is called the displacement –
sensitive region as the structural response is most
directly related to ground displacement.
The medium period region is called the velocity –
sensitive region as the structural response is most
directly related to ground velocity.
The short period region is called the acceleration –
sensitive region as the structural response is most
directly related to ground acceleration.
Elastic Design Spectrum
Based on the analysis of a large ensemble of ground motions
recorded on firm ground an elastic design spectrum was developed
by researchers as shown.
Figure 2 Elastic Design Spectrum
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-29
The amplification factors for two different non exceedance
probabilities, 50% (median) and 84.1 (median plus one standard
deviation) are given in Table 1 for several values of damping.
Table 1 Amplification Factors: Elastic Design Spectra
Median One sigma
Damping,
(50 Percentile) (84.1 Percentile)
(%)
A V D A V D
1 3.21 2.31 1.82 4.38 3.38 2.73
2 2.74 2.03 1.63 3.66 2.92 2.42
5 2.12 1.65 1.59 2.71 2.30 2.01
10 1.64 1.37 1.2 1.99 1.84 1.69
20 1.17 1.08 1.01 1.26 1.37 1.38
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-30
2-7 Seismic Response of Structures Using Response
Spectrum for a SDOF System
The elevated tank shown in the opposite figure M
can be treated as a SDOF system having a period T
given by: H
K
2 m
T 2
0 k
The maximum response of the tank to an earthquake (e.g. El
Centro earthquake) can be obtained by applying the following
steps:
1. A damping ratio is assumed for the structure.
2. Using T and the response spectrum of El Centro can be
used to evaluate the maximum relative displacement Sd
experienced by the mass “M” during the earthquake.
3. The maximum velocity Sv(T,) = 0Sd(T,)
4. The maximum acceleration Sa(T,) = 0Sv(T,)
5. The maximum base shear Vmax = MSa = M02Sd
6. The maximum overturning moment Mmax= MHSa= MH02Sd
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
Page: 2-31
Example 2-3
Consider a steel spherical elevated water tank supported by a
single circular pipe. The diameter of the tank is 5 m and it is made
of steel 0.01 m thick. The circular steel pipe is 1 m in diameter
with a wall thickness of 0.02 m wall thickness. The height of the
water tank (center of tank to ground level) is 22.5 m.
Assuming the structure can be treated as a SDOF system with the
total mass concentrated at the water tank level and the foundation
condition is taken as rigid,
a) Calculate the maximum displacement, base shear force and
the overturning moment caused by the 1940 El Centro
earthquake.
b) How does the maximum displacement and base shear change
if the thickness of the supporting pipe is doubled?
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
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Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
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Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. ElDamatty .
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CHAPTER 3
SEISMIC ANALYSIS OF MULTI DEGREES OF FREEDOM
STRUCTURES
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-1
3-1 Multi – Degree of Freedom Systems
a) Single Storey Building
12 EI
12 EI 3EI 3EI 3EI K
K 3 K 3 K 3 K 3 L3
L L L L
Since all columns have the same displacement, they can be
treated as springs in parallel:
12 EI 3EI 12 EI
K Ki 3 3 3
L
3
L L
By neglecting the mass of the columns compared to the mass
of the floor, the frame can be treated as a SDOF
M
K = Ki
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-2
b) 2-Storey Shear Building
M2
P2(t)
U2
K2
M1
P1(t)
U1
K1
K1 is the stiffness of the 1st storey.
K2 is the stiffness of the 2nd storey.
2 DOF System
U1 U2
C1 C2
M1 M2
K1 K2
K1U1 K2(U2 – U1)
M1
C1Ů1 C2(Ů2 – Ů1)
P1(t)
M1Ü1
K2(U2 – U1) P2(t)
M2
C2(Ů2 – Ů1)
M2Ü2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-3
Equations of motion:
M1Ü1 + K1U1 + C1Ů1 - K2(U2 – U1) - C2(Ů2 – Ů1) = P1(t)
M2Ü2 + K2(U2 – U1) + C2(Ů2 – Ů1) = P2(t)
The two above equations can be written in matrix form as:
M 1 0 U1 K1 K 2 K 2 U1 C1 C2 C2 U 1 P1 (t )
0 M K U C P (t )
2 U 2 2 K 2 2 2 C 2 U 2 2
Or:
M U K U CU F (t )
For earthquake excitations:
P1(t)= -M1Ϋg(t)
P2(t)= -M2Ϋg(t)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-4
3-2 Undamped Free Vibration of MDOF Systems
(Determination of Natural Frequencies and Mode
Shapes)
M U K U 0 _____________________________(1)
Assuming that: U sin(t )
Or: U ei (t )
U 2 U
Now equation (1) becomes:
K M 0 (Eigen Value Problem)
2
________________(2)
The non-trivial solution of the above equation is obtained when:
det K M 0 (characteristic equation)
2
For n degrees of freedom, the above will lead to n values of →
1, 2, ……… n.
Each value of r can be back-substituted into equation (2) to obtain
the equivalent mode shaper.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-5
Example 3-3
M2
Find the natural frequencies and
mode shapes for the following two
4m
m
storey reinforced concrete structure.
Where: M1
M1 = M2 = 30,000 Kg
Ic= 0.005 m4
4m
m
ES= 200,000 MPa
10 m
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-6
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-7
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-8
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-9
3-3 Mathematical Properties of the Mode Shapes
1. If K and M are positive definite matrices, therefore for n
degrees of freedom, 1, 2, ……… n are real roots.
2. If i and j are two different mode shapes
i M j i K j 0
T T
3. form a complete set of vectors; i.e. any function can be
j
expressed by these shape functions.
4. i T M i mi* i K i i2 mi*
T
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-10
3-4 Modal Analysis Procedure to Evaluate Seismic
Response of MDOF Systems
M nxn Unx1 K nxnU nx1 Cnxn U nx1 F (t )nx1
Assume that:
U nx1 X1 (t )1 X 2 (t )2 ......X n (t )n
n
i.e. U nx1 X i (t )i nxn X nx1
i 1
By pre-multiplying the equation of motion by , the following
T
equation is obtained:
T M X T K X T C X T F (t )
The product M will lead to the following diagonal matrix:
T
m1* 0 0 0
*
T M m2 0 0
m3 *
0
*
mn
Where mi i M i
* T
Meanwhile, the product K will also lead to the following
T
diagonal matrix:
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-11
m1*12 0 0 0
* 2
K
T m2 2 0 0
m3 3
* 2
0
mn n
* 2
Assuming that the product C also lead to a diagonal matrix,
T
a total number of n decoupled equations of motion are obtained.
Each equation of motion corresponds to a certain mode shape “i”
and is given as:
Fˆi (t )
xi 2ii xi i2 xi where Fˆi (t ) i 1xn F (t )nx1
T
mi*
For earthquake excitations:
F (t )T M1Yg (t ) M 2Yg (t ) ........ M nYg (t )
As such, the equation of motion of the ith mode can be written as:
Li
xi 2ii xi i2 xi Yg (t )
mi*
n
mi* M j ji
2
Where:
j 1
n
Li M j ji
j 1
ji is the component “j” of the mode “i”
i Li / mi* is called the modal participation factor for
mode “i”
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-12
Using the response spectrum technique:
xi max i Sdi
xi max i Svi
xi max i Sai
U ji i S d i ji
max
U ji i Svi ji
max
U ji i S ai ji
max
F ji i S ai ji M j
max
n L2i
Vi max i S a ji M j S a M T S a mi
j 1 i *
mi
L2i
mi *
/ M T Mass participat ion factor
mi
Since the maximum responses of the ith modes do not occur at the same time,
a certain rule for modal combination has to be adopted.
Modal Combination:
Let the modal maximum responses be: Q1, Q2,….Qj…
1. Square root of sum of squares (SRSS): Q Q1 Q2 ...Q j ..
2 2 2
2. Absolute Sum: Q Q1 Q2 .... Q j ...
3. Complete Quadratic Combination (CQC):
n Qi Q j 1 i j
Q Qi2
2
where ij
i 1 i j 1 ij2 i j
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-13
Q1Q2
e.g. for 2 modes: Q Q1 Q2 2
2 2 2
1 122
Sequence of Modal Combination:
Mode 1 Mode 2 Mode 3 Combination
Forces
Shear
Moment
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-14
Example 3-4
Use the modal analysis procedure to evaluate the response of
the frame shown in example 3-3 to El Centro earthquake.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-15
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-16
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-17
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-18
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-19
3-5 Earthquake Response of MDOF Using Time History
Analysis
The equation of motion for each vibration mode is given as:
Li
xi 2ii xi i2 xi Yg (t )
mi*
The above equation can be solved using the Newmark’s method to
obtain xi(t). The nodal displacements associated with mode “i” can
be then obtained as follows:
U X (t )
ji i ji
The time history variation of the nodal displacements due to all
mode shapes is then given as:
U X i (t ) ji
n
j nx1
i 1
X i (t ) ji
n
Also: U j nx1
i 1
Knowing the time history variation of the displacements all other
quantities such as the internal forces can be evaluated.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-20
Typical time history responses at the top level of a three storey
building due to each one of the three modes of vibration together
with the total time history response at the same level are shown
below.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty Page: 3-21
The time history variations of the base shear force associated with
each one of the three modes of vibration as well as the time history
variation of the total base shear force are given below.
CHAPTER 4
CODE PROCEDURES FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT
STRUCTURES
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-1
Inelastic Behaviour and ductility
Most of the modern seismic design codes allow inelastic behaviour to occur in
structures when they are subjected to strong earthquake motions. A load reduction
factor “R” is usually applied to the earthquake load intensity.
Structures are designed under earthquake loads which are less than what are
expected if the structures remained elastic.
Inelastic behaviour is expected to occur when the structure is subjected to a
strong ground motion.
If the structure possesses enough ductility, the energy of the earthquake will
dissipate through inelastic hysterisis loops that yielded members undergo.
Accordingly, ductility is a very important property that governs the earthquake
response of the structure.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-2
Local ductility
μl = Δm/Δy
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-3
Δg
Global ductility
The global ductility μg of a building is usually defined by the following relation:
g
μg =
y
where : Δg is the maximum displacement that can be sustained by the
structure before collapse.
Δy is the displacement at which the first plastic hinge forms in the
structure.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-4
The relation between the load factor R and the global ductility μ g can be
established using one of the following concepts:
1) Equal Displacement
R = d/c
μg = b/a
d From similarity:
c μg = R
Δ
a
b
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-5
Load Reduction Factor (Rd)
Global Ductility
Local Ductility, μl
μg
S (Ta ) M v I EW
V=
Rd R0
S (2.0) M v I EW
V
Rd R0
Ta : Fundamental period of the structure
S (Ta) : Design spectral response acceleration
Mv : Factor to account for higher mode effect on base shear
IE : Importance factor
Rd : Load reduction factor
Ro : Calibration factor
W : Dead Load + 25% Snow Load + 60% Storage Load
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-6
According to the NBCC 2005 Code, the seismic hazard at various locations
in Canada is defined by five ground motion properties:
Sa(0.2), Sa(0.5), Sa(1.0), Sa(2.0), and PGA
Sa(T) represents the 5% damped spectral acceleration for period “T” in seconds,
expressed as a ratio of the gravitational acceleration.
Seismic Data for Toronto and Montreal is given below:
Seismic Data
Location
Sa (0.2) Sa (0.5) Sa (1.0) Sa (2.0) PGA
Toronto 0.26 0.13 0.055 0.015 0.17
Montreal 0.69 0.34 0.14 0.048 0.43
Depending on the soil conditions at the site, the design spectral acceleration
S(T) is determined using the set of equations provided on the following
page.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-7
Design Spectral Acceleration
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-8
Definition of Soil Type
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-9
Mv depends on the period of the structure “Ta”. Mv increases with an
increase in Ta (for flexible buildings). It reaches a value of 2.5 for
Ta 2.0 seconds
The values of Rd, Ro are given in Table [Link] for different structure
systems.
Notice, that there is a limit on the height of the building for some of the lateral
resisting systems depending on the seismic zone, which is defined by the
parameters IEFaSa(0.2) and IEFvSa(1.0)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-10
Estimate of Ta
Moment Resisting Frames => Ta = 0.085(hn)3/4 steel ------ (1)
= 0.075(hn)3/4 concrete
= 0.1N others
Braced Frame => Ta = 0.025hn ----------- (2)
Shear Walls => Ta = 0.05(hn)3/4 ---------- (3)
The period can be calculated using computer model leading to a value “Ta”.
However, “Ta” should not be taken greater than
(1) For Moment resisting Frame, 1.5Ta as calculated in (1)
(2) For Braced Frame, 2.0 Ta as calculated in (2)
(3) For Shear Walls, 2.0 Ta as calculated in (3)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-11
Force distribution
Ft
(V Ft )W x hx
Fx = n
(Wi hi )
i 1
Ft = 0.07Ta V hn
Fx
0.25V
hx
For Ta 0.7 sec. => Ft = 0
Reduction in Moment
Mx = Jx ∑Fi (hi – hx)
Jx = 1.0 for hx 0.6hn
(1 J )hx
Jx = J + for hx < 0.6hn
0.6hn
J depends on Ta and the type of lateral resisting system. (Table [Link])
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-12
Definition of Irregularities
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-13
A structure is considered to be irregular if it has any of the type of irregularities
described in the above table.
Equivalent Static Forces Analysis may be used if any of the following criteria is
met:
a) IEFaSa(0.2) <0.35
b) Regular structure, with hn 60.0 m and Ta 2.0 sec. (in both two
orthogonal directions)
c) Structure with structural irregularities of Type 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 8 with
hn 20 m and Ta 0.5 sec. (in both two orthogonal directions)
*Otherwise dynamic analysis has to be carried.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-14
Accidental Torsion
Bx = δmax/δave
δmax = maximum storey displacement at the extreme points induced by equivalent
static force applied at distances 0.1Dnx
δave = average displacement at the extreme points induced by equivalent static
force applied at distances 0.1Dnx
When only equivalent static analysis is required (i.e. no dynamic analysis is
required)
Tx = Fx (ex + 0.1 Dnx)
Tx = Fx (ex - 0.1 Dnx)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-15
Direction of Loading
If components of the lateral system are oriented along a set of orthogonal
axes,
1) Independent analyses about each of the principal axis shall be performed.
y
100%
100% x
Independent
1
2) Case of no orthogonal axis and IEFaSa (0.2) < 0.35,
Independent analyses about any two orthogonal axes are permitted.
permitted permitted y
100% 100% 100%
100% x
Independent Independent
1 1
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-16
3) Case of no orthogonal axis and IEFaSa (0.2) 0.35,
30% 100%
100% 30% x
together together
100% 30%
30% 100%
together
together
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-17
Dynamic Analysis Procedure
Linear Analysis Non-linear Analysis
Time History
Modal Response Time History
Spectra
Ground motion history
Spectral acceleration values compatible with S(T)
S(T) defined by the Code
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-18
Scaling used in Dynamic Analysis
1) Evaluate the inelastic base shear force “V” from the Code equation
(taking RdR0 into account)
2) Evaluate Ve' from Linear Dynamic Analysis (based on S(T))
3) Ve (elastic) = Ve'.IE (Dynamic analysis)
Ve
4) Vd' (inelastic) = (Dynamic analysis)
Rd R0
5) Compare Vd' to V
Vd' V Vd' < V
Vd = Vd'
Regular Irregular
1.7
Vd = 0.8V Vd = V
6) Redo the dynamic analysis after scaling dynamic excitation by a ratio
α = Vd/Ve' to obtain the members internal forces.
7) To estimate deflection and interstorey drift, multiply the dynamic
analysis results obtained from (6) by the ratio RdR0
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-19
*The dynamic analysis should include the effect of accidental torsion
Bx 1.7 Bx < 1.7
( 0.1Dnx)Fx
center of mass shifted by
( 0.05Dnx)Fx
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-20
Time History Analysis
Selection of a Ground Input Acceleration ag(t)
Clause [Link](3)
ag(t) is such that its response spectra is compatible with S(T)
Its response spectrum should be equal or exceed the target spectra
throughout of the period range of interest.
This can be done by scaling or modifying actual records of similar
magnitude and similar distances that contribute to seismic hazard at the site.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-21
Halchuk and Adams (2004) have conducted a deaggregation of seismic
hazard for selected Canadian cities.
Halchuk K, S. and Adams, J. ‘Deaggregation of Seismic Hazard for Selected Canadian
Cities” 13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vancouver, B. C., Canada,
August 1-16,2004, paper No. 2470.
Deaggregation: Dividing the total hazard into contributions based on distance
and magnitude.
Halchuk and Adams (2004)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-22
Halchuk and Adams (2004)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty_____Page: 4-23
Atkinson and Bersnev (1998) have developed various ground motion time
histories which are compatible with the uniform hazard spectra used in
NBCC 2005.
Atkinson, G., and Bersnev, I., (1998), “Compatible ground-motion time
histories for new national seismic hazard maps”, Canadian Journal for Civil
Engineering 25: 305-318.
Records for both eastern and Western Canada were developed in this study.
o For long period structures
Selected earthquake records should
(a) Have the same deaggregation parameters (D,M) as those specified for
S(1.0) of the location.
(b) Be scaled such that its response spectrum should be equal or exceed
the target spectra throughout of the period range of interest.
o For short period structures
Selected earthquake records should
(a) Have the same deaggregation parameters (D,M) as those specified for
S(0.2) of the location.
(b) Be scaled such that its response spectrum should be equal or exceed
the target spectra throughout of the period range of interest.
CHAPTER 5
SEISMIC ANALYSIS USING COMPUTER MODELING
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-1
Two- Dimensional Seismic Analysis Using SAP2000
m3 = 57290.4kg
W 690 x 419
W 460 x 286
W 460 x 286
Given: 4m
2-D moment resistant steel frame with m2 = 42967.8 kg
dimensions shown in Figure 1.
W 690 x 419
E = 2x108 kN/m
W 530 x 447
W 530 x 447
4m
m1 = 28645.2 kg
W 690 x 419 4m
W 610 x 551
W 610 x 551
10 m
Figure 1
Required:
1- Free vibration: period, & mode shapes.
2- Time history Analysis.
3- Response Spectrum analysis.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-2
Solution:
1- Select the units from the drop box
2- From File menu select New Model From Template, this will display
different modal templates, choose portal frame type and fill the properties
of the portal frame:
o Number of stories: 3
o Number of bays: 1
o Story height: 4
o Bay width: 10
3- The screen will be titled vertically showing the frame in 2-dimension (x-z
plane) & 3- dimension, close the 3 dimension window.
4- Click on Set Elements on the main toolbar & check the labels box
in the joints & frames area to see the joint & frame numbering.
5- Click on joints 1 and 6. From the Assign menu select Joint, from joints
select Restraints then choose fixed support from the fast restraints.
6- From the Define menu select Materials…, the define material dialog box
will show up, highlight STEEL then click Modify / Show Material to
check the properties of the material.
7- Verify that modulus of elasticity is 2.0 E+11 then click OK twice.
8- From the Define menu select Frame Sections…to display the define
frame sections dialog box.
9- In the Click to: choose Import I / Wide Flange, another box will
display for Section Properties File, from Sap2000n folder in your hard
drive choose [Link] (see Fig. 2). Double click on the [Link] and
choose from the given sections: W410x100, W610x551, W530x447, &
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-3
W460x286. (you can press the Ctrl key on the keyboard to choose all of
them at one step).
10- Select the column of the first story (element 1, 4), then from Assign
menu select Frame, Section…, choose W610x551, make the same for the
column of the second, third stories (element 2, 5, & element 3,6). After
each selection for beam or column section you can click on the
undeformed shape icon to see the element numbering again.
11- From Set Elements click on the frame labels to remove it.
12-The final Figure will be as shown in Fig. 3.
Figure 2
Fig. 2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-4
Fig. 3
13-Select joints 2 and 6. From Assign menu select Joint then select
Masses…, a dialog will display. In the dialog box of direction 1 write
14322.6.
14-Repeat step 16 for joints 3, 7 and write 21483.9 in the dialog box of
direction 1, also joints 4, 8 and write 28645.2 in the dialog box of
direction 1.
15-Select Nodes 2 & 6 then from the Assign menu choose Joint,
Constraints… this will display Constraints box.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-5
16-In the Click to: choose Add Rod, accept the default Rod 1, Click Ok
twice to finish this part.
17-Repeat step 17, 18 for Nodes 3 , 7 & Nodes 4 , 8 to make Rod 2 & Rod
3.
18-Form the Define menu
select
Functions…Response
Spectrum to display
define response spectrum
functions box.
19-In the Click to: choose
User Spectrum, a dialog
box for response spectrum
function definition will
display.
20-In the Function Name
write montreal-est-C,
input the values of the
periods and spectral
accelerations
corresponding to the
response spectrum of Montréal-
Fig. 4
east with soil type C and damping
of 0.05, see Fig. 4.
21-Form the Define menu select Functions… Time History to display
define time history functions box.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-6
22- In the Click to: choose Add Function From File, a dialog box for time
history function definition will display.
23-In the Function Name write
ELCENTRO, click Open File
to choose the file having the
data for your time history from
its location in your computer.
24-Write in the box of number of
points per line the number of
reading per line, in our
example we have 1 per line.
Then choose either Function
at Equal Period Step of or
Time and Function Values
Fig. 5
depending on how your data
file is organized. In our case we
choose Time and Function values,
see Fig. 5.
25-Form the Define menu select Analysis Cases…Response Spectrum to
display define response spectra box.
26-Choose Add New Case, a dialog box for response spectrum case data
will display.
27-In the Response Spectrum Case Data box:
o Accept the default Spectrum Case Name: ACASE1
o Analysis Case Type: Response Spectrum
o Accept the default Excitation Angle: 0
o Accept the default Modal Combination Option, CQC.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-7
o In the Damping box: 0.05
o Accept the default Directional Combination option, SRSS.
o In the Function area select montreal-est-C in U1 direction
o For U1 direction write 1 at the scale factor.
o Click ADD button.
o Click Ok.
28- Choose Add New Case, a dialog box for response spectrum case data
will display.
29-In the Time History Case Data box:
o Accept the default History Case Name: ACASE2
o For modal damping: click Modify / Show and write 0.05 in
Damping for all modes.
o For Load type: choose acceleration.
o In Number of output time steps box: 1560.
o In Output Time Step Size box: 0.02
o In the Load Assignments area select ELCENTRO from Functions
for U1 direction
o For U1 direction write 1 at the scale factor and leave the arrival
time, angle 0.
o Click ADD button.
30-Click Ok twice to finish this part.
31-From the Analyze menu select Set Options… to display the analysis
option dialog box and choose the x-z plane.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-8
Output:
We will divide the output file into:
1- Output can be obtained from the screen for the time history of a certain
quantity such as:
o Time history for a joint displacement, rotation, acceleration or
velocity.
o Time history for bending moment, shear force or axial force at a
specific location of an element.
o Time history for base shear force and overturning moment.
2- Output obtained from the [Link] output file.
Time History
1. Time history for displacement ux of Joint 4:
o Click on Joint 4, and then from Display menu click on Show Time
History Traces… this will display Time History Display
Definition. From the choose function part double click on joint 4 at
List of Functions, joint 4 will now appear at Plot Function.
o The default is drawing displacement ux for this joint, if you want to
change click on Define Function icon, another box will display for
Time History Functions.
o Highlight joint 4, click on Modify/Show TH Function, another box
for Time History joint function will appear. Choose the function
you want then click Ok twice.
o Now Highlight Joint 4 then click the Display icon, another display
window will appear as in Fig. 4. You can either plot this figure or
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-9
save it by clicking in file the menu and choose Print Graphic or
Print Tables To File…
o The same procedure for joint 4 can be applied for frame element by
choosing the required frame element.
2. Time history for Base Shear & Base Moment:
o Click on the Define Function icon, the box for Time History
Functions will display.
o In the Click to: choose Add Base Functions, another window will
display for Base functions, Click on Base Shear X and Base
Moment Y. Click Ok Twice.
o Now Base Shear X and Base Moment Y will be at List of
Functions, use the same procedure described for joint 4 to plot the
Base Shear X and Base Moment Y.
Fig.6
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-10
[Link] output file:
In this file one can find information about:
1. Natural frequencies and mode shapes
2. Modal Participation Factors.
3. Mass Participation Factors.
4. Joint Displacements due to SPEC1 Spectra.
5. Frame Element Internal forces due to SPEC1 Spectra.
N.B. as shown in Fig. 8, some specific can be selected for printing.
Fig. 8
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-11
Three-Dimensional Seismic Analysis
The building model can be developed using many graphical interface structural
programs like ETABS. ETABS is a special purpose analysis and design
program developed specifically for building structures. An example for a 30-
storey reinforced concrete building will be illustrated in this section. The
building is assumed to be located in Toronto. The total height of the building is
92 m.
Modeling Main Steps:
1- Develop the building geometry and axes using CAD or ETABS
2- Define materials properties
3- Define the building elements properties
Shell elements are used to model the slabs and the shear walls, and frame
elements are used to model the columns and the rigid frames. The stiffness of
the pile foundations or shallow foundations are usually accounted for through
the use of equivalent vertical, horizontal and rotational springs.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-12
To account for the cracked section properties, the section stiffness is reduced
using stiffness modifiers. The reducing factors can be evaluated from the CSA-
A23.3-04 Clause [Link].1 Table 21.1 and Clause [Link].2.
4- Construct the Model
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-13
5- Preliminary Dynamic Analysis
The building is assumed to be located in Toronto. The soil profile is type D.
NBCC 2005 spectral values for Toronto
Sa (0.2) = 0.26
Sa (0.5) = 0.13
Sa(1.0) = 0.055
Sa(2.0) = 0.015
Using Soil Type D ------------ Fa = 1.30 and Fv = 1.40
The Design spectral acceleration values can be determined using NBCC 2005
Clause [Link].6
S (0.2) = 3.315 m/sec2
S (0.5) = 1.785 m/sec2
S(1.0) = 0.7553 m/sec2
S(2.0) = 0.206 m/sec2
S(4.0) = 0.103 m/sec2
Notice that for dynamic analysis S has units of acceleration. It is obtained by
multiply “Sa” by “Fa” or “Fv” and the ground acceleration “g”
Conduct Analysis to obtain the following results
1- The building modal participating mass ratios, mode shapes and periods
are obtained from the analysis:
Mode Period UX UY UZ SumUX SumUY SumUZ RX RY RZ SumRX SumRY SumRZ
1 4.235024 28.7694 40.5759 0 28.7694 40.5759 0 58.0654 40.2014 0.5623 58.0654 40.2014 0.5623
2 3.50052 23.0926 9.3154 0 51.862 49.8913 0 13.4977 30.6581 40.7607 71.5631 70.8595 41.3231
3 1.108758 10.3055 3.987 0 62.1674 53.8783 0 0.0702 0.2505 0.1777 71.6334 71.11 41.5007
4 1.067125 17.4395 15.8869 0 79.6069 69.7652 0 26.0066 27.8469 34.5346 97.6399 98.9568 76.0354
5 0.953012 1.7659 12.1331 0 81.3728 81.8983 0 1.8824 0.5209 4.1669 99.5223 99.4778 80.2023
6 0.529784 3.843 0.7729 0 85.2159 82.6712 0 0.0372 0.179 0.95 99.5595 99.6568 81.1524
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-14
T = 4.235 sec (Combined mode X-Y - dominant Y)
T= 3.50 sec (Combined mode X-Y-Torsion - dominant X and Torsion)
2- Estimate the periods using NBCC 2005 (hn)
Ta (MRF) = = 2.23 sec
Shear Walls Ta = = 1.50 sec
Maximum allowable periods according to NBCC 2005
Ta (1.50)(2.23) = 3.345 sec for (MRF)
Ta (2.0)(1.50) = 3.0 sec for (Shear walls)
Use Ta = 3.0 sec to evaluate the base shear force based on the NBCC 2005
6- Code calculations
Mv = 2.50 (Table [Link])
Assume moderately ductile shear wall building
Rd = 2.0 Ro = 1.50
IE = 1.0
W = 1438830 kN =The dead load of the building including the self
weight of all elements, the super imposed load, and 0.25 of snow loads.
= 0.0206
The base shear force is calculated using the NBCC 2005 equation:
Clause ([Link])
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-15
and should not be less than
V = 24,700 KN
Conduct static analysis using the equivalent static earthquake load to obtain B x.
The static analysis involves the cases of eccentricity.
Bx = δmax/δave
δmax =0.25 m δave = 0.09 m
Bx = 2.70
7- Evaluation of spectrum scaling factor and re-analysis
Along X-Direction
From initial analysis
V'xex = 19,073 kN
V'xey = 12,619 kN
V'xe = = 22,869 KN
Vxe = V'xe * IE = 22,869 *1.0 = 22,869 KN
V'xd = = 7,623 KN
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-16
Compare V'xd to V
V'xd V V'xd < V
Vd = V'xd
Regular Irregular
Vd = 0.8V Vd = V
Bx 1.7
Vd = V = 24,700 KN
Scaling Factor
α = Vd/V'xe = 1.08
Multiply all values of S(T) by 1.08 and redo the analysis to obtain the
members forces.
Repeat these steps along the Y-Direction
From initial analysis
V'yex = 12,619 kN
V'yey = 20,158 kN
V'ye = = 23,782 KN
Vye = V'ye * IE = 23,782 *1.0 = 23,782 KN
V'yd = = 7,927 KN
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-17
Compare V'yd to V
V'yd V V'yd < V
Vd = V'yd
Regular Irregular
Vd = 0.8V Vd = V
Bx 1.7
Vd = V = 24,700 KN
Scaling Factor
α = Vd/V'ye = 1.04
Multiply all the S(T) by 1.04 and redo the analysis to obtain the members
forces.
Earthquake analysis cases
-Specx : response spectrum in X- Direction
-Specy : response spectrum in Y- Direction
-Specxeccp : response spectrum in X- Direction with eccentricity +0.10
-Specxeccn : response spectrum in X- Direction with eccentricity -0.10
-Specyeccp : response spectrum in Y- Direction with eccentricity +0.10
-Specyeccn : response spectrum in Y- Direction with eccentricity -0.10
-Specxudp : The storey shear force obtained from the case Spec X and
applied at a distance of +0.10 Dnx from the shear center.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-18
Dnx = Plan dimension of the building at level x perpendicular to the
direction of seismic loading being considered
-Specxudn : The storey shear force obtained from the case Spec X and
applied at a distance of -0.10 Dnx from the center of mass.
-Specyudp : The storey shear force obtained from the case Spec Y and
applied at a distance of +0.10 Dnx from the center of mass.
-Specyudn : The storey shear force obtained from the case Spec Y and
applied at a distance of -0.10 Dnx from the center of mass.
Earthquake X-Direction is an envelope to all the X-direction cases.
Earthquake Y-Direction is an envelope to all the Y-direction cases
8- Load Combinations
Based on NBCC 2005. Clause [Link].
Case 1 (E1): 1.40 Dead loads
Case 2 (E2): (1.25 Dead Loads or 0.90 Dead loads) + 1.50 Live Load +
(0.25 Snow or 0.40 Wind Load)
Case 3 (E3): (1.25 Dead loads or 0.90 Dead loads) + 1.50 Snow + (0.50 live
loads or 0.40 Wind)
Case 4 (E4): (1.25 Dead loads or 0.90 Dead loads) + 1.40 Wind X-Direction
+ (0.50 live loads or 0.40 Snow)
Case 5 (E5): (1.25 Dead loads or 0.90 Dead loads) + 1.40 Wind Y-Direction
+ (0.50 live loads or 0.40 Snow)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-19
Earth Quake Combinations
Case 6 (E6): 1.0 Dead loads +( 1.0 Earthquake X-Direction + 0.30
Earthquake Y-Direction) + 0.50 live loads + 0.25 Snow
Case 7 (E7): 1.0 Dead loads + (1.0 Earthquake Y-Direction + 0.30
Earthquake X-Direction) + 0.50 live loads + 0.25 Snow
9- Results
a) Shear wall Design
-Magnify the moments obtained from the final analysis with the P-Δ factor U2
1
U2
f pf
1 ( )
hVf
Δf = inter storey drift due to factored lateral load.
Σ pf = Σ factored axial loads in the story.
Σ Vf = factored total story shear.
h = story height.
- Magnify the shear forces obtained from the final analysis by a factor =
(Rd). (Ro)
b) Columns Design
- Magnify the moments obtained from the final analysis with the P-Δ factor U2
- Magnify the shear forces obtained from the final analysis by a factor =
(Rd). (Ro)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A El Damatty Page:
. 5-20
c) Frame Girders Design (Ductile MRF)
- Magnify the moments obtained from final analysis by a factor
Rd R0 ( Moderately ductilewal ls )
= ( ). (U2)
Rd ' R0' ( DuctileMRF )
) ------- Reduction factors for Ductile MRF
d) Deflection and interstorey drift
- Magnify the deflection and interstorey forces obtained from the final
analysis by a factor = (Rd). (Ro)
CHAPTER 6
SEISMIC DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-1
6-1 Concept of Capacity Design
Capacity design was developed in the late 1960’s in New Zealand as an
approach to resist the effect of severe earthquakes.
The concept of capacity design is based on the following:
Inelastic action is unavoidable during severe earthquakes.
The designer dictates where inelastic response should occur.
Zones of possible inelastic actions (called plastic zones) are selected to be
regions where large plastic deformation can develop without significant
loss of strength (regions which possess enough ductility)
These regions are detailed to suppress premature failure modes, such as
local buckling or member instability in the case of steel structures, or
shear failure in the case of concrete structures.
The surrounding members are designed in such a way that their capacities
are greater than that the values corresponding to the maximum capacity
of the plastic zone. These members are intended to remain elastic during
an earthquake.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-2
An illustration for the concept of plastic design is shown in Fig. 6.1. This
example involves a cantilever beam of total length “L” consisting of a brittle
segment (such as a fiber composite material) of length “a” and a ductile steel
segment of length “b”.
P
brittle material steel
a b
(L/b) Mp (steel)
Mp (steel)
Fig. 6.1
Capacity design approach would aim at making the brittle material stronger
than needed to ensure that plastic hinging occurs first in the steel segment of the
cantilever. Therefore, the moment capacity of the brittle material should satisfy:
Mbrittle α L/b Mp (steel)
α is a number greater than 1.0 to account for the possible reserve strength of the
cantilever beyond its nominal yield strength.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-3
Steel is in general a ductile material
However, brittle failure of a steel member might result due to any of the
following effects:
(a) Overall buckling
(b) Local buckling
(c) Failure of connections
σy
Stress-strain curve for a typical steel coupon
Two examples emphasizing the capacity design of moment resisting and
concentric bracing ductile frame structures are presented in these notes.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-4
6-2 Strength Design
Before performing a seismic (capacity) design of a lateral resisting system, the
structure is analyzed under the effects of various load combinations (DL, LL,
W, S, E) defined by the NBCC and the maximum factored forces and moments
resulting from various load combinations are determined. Members are
designed to satisfy the strength and serviceability criteria defined in the design
Code.
The members and connections will be then re-designed according to the
capacity design provisions (clauses 27 ..)
6-3 Types of Resistance
Ultimate (Mr) Nominal (Mp) Probable (Mp’)
Φr = 0.9 Φp = 1.0 Φp’ = 1.1 Ry
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-5
Moment Resisting Frames
(Energy dissipates through yielding of beams)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-6
6-4 Seismic Design Provisions for Ductile Moment Resisting Frames,
Rd = 5.0, R0 = 1.5 (S16-01)
No Limit on the height of the building
Plastic hinges can form only in beams (flexural members). Plastic hinges
in columns are permitted only at the base, except in single storey
buildings.
Beams (27.2.2)
o Class 1 sections
o Laterally braced according to the requirements of clause 13.7 (b)
Lr 17250 15500k
=
ry Fy
k is the ratio between the smaller factored moment to the larger factored
moment at opposite ends of the unbraced length of the beam; k is positive for
double curvature, and shall be based on the both gravity and seismic loads.
Bending moment due to seismic loads may be taken as linear variable from
maximum value to zero at both ends of the beam.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-7
Columns ([Link])
Class 1 or Class 2
∑Mrc' ∑ [1.1 Ry Mpb + Vh (x+ dc/2)]
where:
∑Mrc' = Sum of the column factored flexural resistances at the intersection
of the beam and column
Mpb = Nominal plastic moment resistance of the beam
Vh = Shear acting at plastic hinge when 1.1 Ry Mpb is reached
x = Distance from centre of the beam plastic hinge to the column face
Cf
Mrc' = 1.18 φ Mpc [1- ] φ Mpc
C y
Mpc = nominal plastic moment resistance of the column
Cf = results from summation of Vh at the considered level.
More requirements are specified in Clause [Link] if the plastic hinge develops
in the column.
Panel Zone ( 27.2.4)
When plastic hinges form in adjacent beams, the panel zone shall resist forces
arising from beam moments of:
∑ [1.1 Ry Mpb + Vh (x+ dc/2)]
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-8
Resistance of Panel Zone
3bc t c2
'
(a) Vr = 0.55φ dc w Fyc [1+ ' ] 0.66φ dc w' Fyc
dc db w
The above equation can be used if the following conditions are satisfied
1) When IEFaSa(0.2) 0.55, the sum of the panel zone depth and width
divided by the panel zone thickness does not exceed 90.
2) Satisfy the width-to-thickness limit of Clause [Link](a)
3) Doubler plates are groove or fillet welded. Doubler plate can be included
in calculating the thickness to width ratio if it is connected to the column
web near the centre of the panel.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-9
Moderately Ductile Moment-Resisting Frames (Rd = 3.5, R0 = 1.5)
Same provisions as ductile Moment Resisting Frames except that:
(i) The beams shall be Class 1 or 2 sections
(ii) The bracing beam shall meet the requirements of Clause 1.7 (a) instead of
13.7 (b)
Lcr 25000 15000k
=
ry Fy
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-10
Evaluation of Forces in Panel Zone
M3
C3
V3
M1 V1
Vh
C1 C2 0.95 db
V2 M2
V4
M4
0.95 dc
C4 V3
V1
h3/2
h4/2
V2
V4
l1/2 l2/2
Equilibrium Equations
M1 M2 M3 M4
0 (1)
(1 1 ) (1 2 ) (1 3 ) (1 4 )
3M 3 M
Vh = [ M1 + M2 - 4 4 ]/0.95db (2)
(1 3 ) (1 4 )
0.95d c 0.95d c 0.95d b 0.95d b
1 , 2 , 3 , 4
l1 l2 h3 h4
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-11
Concentric Braced Frames
(Energy dissipates through yielding of bracing members)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-12
Type Moderately Ductile Limited Ductility
Tension-Compression If IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.35 If IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.35
No limit No limit
Otherwise H 40 m Otherwise H 60 m
(a) When H > 32 m, seismic When H > 48 m, seismic
force shall be increased force shall be increased
by 3% per meter above by 2% per meter above
32 m 48 m
Chevron
(b) Same as (a) Same as (a)
Tension H 20 m H 40 m
only If H > 16 m, seismic If H > 32 m, seismic
force shall be increased force shall be increased
by 3% per meter of by 3% per meter of
height above 16 m height above 32 m
K-truss
N.A. N.A.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-13
Moderately ductile concentrically braced frames (Rd = 3.0, R0 =1.3)
Diagonal Bracing
Limit on the width-to-thickness ratio
o For IEFaSa(0.2) 0.35
Sections kL/r 100 kL/r = 200
Rectangular section
and 330/√Fy Class 1
HSS
Legs of angle
and 145/√Fy 170/√Fy
flanges of Channel
Other elements Class 1 Class 2
o For IEFaSa(0.2) < 0.35
HSS => Class 1
Other sections => Class 2
Legs of angle = 170/√Fy
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-14
Bracing Connection
Factored resistance of the bracing connections shall be equal or exceed both
AgRyFy and 1.2 the times the nominal compressive resistance of the bracing
members (1.2Cp)
The tensile force should not exceed the combined effect of gravity in the
bracing and the effect of seismic loads corresponding to RdR0 = 1.3
(Redistribution due to buckling should be taken into account when calculating
the seismic loads corresponding to RdR0 = 1.3)
Beams
The capacity design of the beam should consider two conditions:
1- Compression bracing = 1.2Cp
Tension bracing = AgRyFy
2- Compression bracing buckled and retain a force = 0.2 AgRyFy
Tension bracing = AgRyFy
Columns
Factored resistance of columns shall equal or exceed the effects of
gravity and the brace forces described above for connections design
Class 1 or 2
Bending resistance 0.2 ZFy
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-15
Seismic Design of a Moderately Ductile MRF and
Moderately Ductile braced frame
1. Eight storeys
2. Located Montreal, Quebec.
3. Loading according to NBCC 05
Moment Moment
Resisting Resisting
Frame Frame
Braced Frame
6x6000mms
Braced Frame
6000 6000 8000 6000 6000
Plan of Example Building
Loads:
Dead Load: (NBCC 4.1.5)
1. self weight = 0.10 (thickness of slab) * 25 (Concrete unit weight)= 2.5 kN/m2
2. partition = 1.0 kN/m2
3. mechanical service = 0.5 kN/m2
4. flooring = 0.5 kN/m2
5. structural elements (beams & columns) = 0.25 kN/m2
D.L. = Σ = 4.75 kN/m2
Live load: (NBCC 4.1.6)
1. L.L. on typical office floor = 2.4 kN/m2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-16
Roof load
1. self weight = 0.10 (thickness of slab) x 25 (Concrete unit weight) = 2.5kN/m2
2. mechanical loading = 1.6 kN/m2
3. roofing = 0.5 kN/m2
4. structural elements (beams & columns) = 0.25 kN/m2
D.L. = Σ = 4.85 kN/m2
5. snow load = 2.2 kN/m2
Analysis under Factored Loads
The following load cases were considered:
i. 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL + 0.5 Snow + P-∆ effect
ii. 1.25 DL + 0.5 LL + 1.5 Snow + P-∆ effect
iii. DL + E (No eccen.) + 0.5LL + 0.25SL + P-∆ effect (both directions)
iv. DL + E (Eccen. ±e) + 0.5LL + 0.25SL + P-∆ effect (both directions)
Mass center
Earthquake load (N-S) Earthquake load (N-S)
Earthquake load (N-S)
(+e Eccen.) (-e Eccen.)
(No Eccen.)
Earthquake load (E-W) Earthquake load (E-W) Earthquake load (E-W)
(No Eccen.) (+e Eccen.) (-e Eccen.)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-17
Seismic Loads Calculations Using the Equivalent Static Approach (NBCC 05)
The total weight of the floors are given in the table below,
Floor Height (m) Weight ( kN)
8 29.7 6220.8
7 26.1 5472
6 22.5 5472
5 18.9 5472
4 15.3 5472
3 11.7 5472
2 8.1 5472
1 4.5 5472
Σ W = 44524.8 kN
Due to symmetry, the centre of mass in each storey coincides with the centre of
geometry.
Lateral Earthquake force – V
V = S(Ta) . Mv . IE . W / (Rd . Ro)
≥ S(2.0) . Mv . IE . W / (Rd . Ro)
Time period Ta
North-south direction:
Steel moment fames, T = 0.085 (hn)3/4 = 1.08 sec. NBCC [Link]
East-west direction:
Braced frames, T = 0.025 (hn) = 0.74 sec NBCC [Link]
For Montréal, the 5% damped spectral response acceleration ratios, Sa(T), are
provided in Table-C2 of NBCC.
Sa(0.2) Sa(0.5) Sa(1.0) Sa(2.0) PGA
0.69 0.34 0.14 0.048 0.14
Site class: C (very dense soil and soft rock) is assumed.
From table [Link].b, the value of acceleration-based site coefficient Fa = 1
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-18
From table [Link].c, the value of the velocity based coefficient Fv = 1.0
The design spectral acceleration value S(T)
T =< 0.2 sec.; S(T) = Fa . Sa(0.2) = 1 * 0.69 = 0.69
T = 0.5 sec.; S(T) = Fv . Sa(0.5) = 1 * 0.34 = 0.34 take the smallest
= Fa . Sa(0.2) = 1 * 0.69 = 0.69
T = 1.0 sec.; S(T) = Fv . Sa(1.0) = 1 * 0.14 = 0.14
T = 2.0 sec.; S(T) = Fv . Sa(2.0) / 2 = 1 * 0.048 = 0.024
Using linear interpolation
North-south direction S(1.08) = 0.13
East-west direction S(0.74) = 0.24
From table [Link]., Sa(0.2)/Sa(2.0) = 14.375 > 8.0 , so higher mode factor Mv =
1,
o Base overturning reduction factor Jy = 0.884 (N-S direction)
o Base overturning reduction factor Jx = 0.92 (E-W direction)
Normal importance category for this office building is assumed, IE = 1.0.
From table [Link].
North-south direction, moderately ductile moment-resisting frames,
Rd = 3.5, Ro = 1.5,
East-west direction, moderately ductile concentrically braced fames,
Rd = 3.0, Ro = 1.3
Lateral Earthquake force V
North-south direction V = S(Ta).[Link].W/([Link]) = 1102.6 kN
≥ S(2.0). Mv. IE.W / ([Link])
East-west direction V = S(Ta).[Link].W/([Link]) = 2740.2 kN
≥ S(2.0). Mv. IE.W / ([Link])
Concentrated force at the top of the building Ft = [Link] .V
North-south direction = 83.4 kN
East-west direction = 142.4 kN
Σ Wi . hi = 770808 kN
Fi = (V - Ft). Wi . hi / (Σ Wi . hi)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-19
North-south direction East-west direction
Floor Level Force (kN) Force (kN)
8 244.2 + 83.4 622.6 + 142.4
7 188.8 481.2
6 162.7 414.9
5 136.7 348.5
4 110.6 282.1
3 84.6 215.7
2 58.5 149.3
1 32.5 82.9
The structure shall be designed to resist overturning effects caused by the earthquake
forces determined in Sentence (6) [Link] and the overturning moment at level x, M,
shall be determined using the following equation:
Mx = Jx Σ Fi ( hi – hx)
where
Jx = 1.0 for hx ≥ 0.6 hn, and
Jx = J + (1-J) (hx / 0.6 hn) for hx < 0.6 hn, and
(N – S) direction
For floors 5 to 8, Jy = 1.0
Floor 4 : Jy = 0.884 + (1-0. 884) (15.3 / 17.82) = 0.983
Floor 3 : Jy = 0. 884 + (1-0. 884) (11.7 / 17.82) = 0.960
Floor 2 : Jy = 0. 884 + (1-0. 884) (8.1 / 17.82) = 0.937
Floor 1 : Jy = 0. 884 + (1-0. 884) (4.5 / 17.82) = 0.913
Ground : Jy = 0. 884 + (1-0. 884) (0 / 17.82) = 0.884
(E – W) direction
For floors 5 to 8, Jx = 1.0
Floor 4 : Jx = 0.92 + (1-0.92) (15.3 / 17.82) = 0.988
Floor 3 : Jx = 0.92 + (1-0.92) (11.7 / 17.82) = 0.973
Floor 2 : Jx = 0.92 + (1-0.92) (8.1 / 17.82) = 0.956
Floor 1 : Jx = 0.92 + (1-0.92) (4.5 / 17.82) = 0.940
Ground : Jx = 0.92 + (1-0.92) (0 / 17.82) = 0.920
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-20
Overturning Overturning Reduced Reduced
Floor moment moment overturning overturning
(kN.m) (kN.m) moment moment
(N – S) (E – W) (kN.m) (kN.m)
direction direction (N – S) (E – W)
direction direction
8 0 0 0 0
7 1179.7 2754.1 1179.7 2754.1
6 3039.3 7240.8 3039.3 7240.8
5 5484.8 13221.3 5484.8 13221.3
4 8422.5 20456.4 8284.4 20224.9
3 11758.7 28707.2 11290.3 27918.4
2 15399.7 37734.7 14425.3 36088.1
1 19251.5 47299.9 17582.3 44471.5
Ground 24212.9 59629.8 21404.2 54859.5
Evaluation of Seismic Loads Using Response Spectrum Analysis
The natural frequencies and mode shapes of the building were evaluated using the
program SAP 2000 and the results are shown below:
Ve' (N-S) = 3868kN
Ve' (E-W) = 5150 kN
Ve (N-S) = Ve'.IE = 3868 kN
Ve (E-W) = Ve'.IE = 5150 kN
Ve
Vd' (N-S) = = 737 kN < 1103kN
Rd R0
Ve
Vd' (E-W) = = 1321 kN < 2740 kN
Rd R0
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-21
First mode shape (Period =1.46075 sec)
Second mode shape (Period = 1.32939 sec)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-22
Modal Participating Mass Ratios
OutputCase StepType StepNum Period UX UY UZ
Text Text Unitless Sec Unitless Unitless Unitless
modal Mode 1 1.460747 0.68881 9.718E-14 2.785E-09
modal Mode 2 1.329386 1.543E-08 0.70367 5.495E-12
modal Mode 3 1.269189 0.00006013 0.00024 2.891E-09
modal Mode 4 0.534707 0.14181 8.891E-13 3.087E-11
modal Mode 5 0.463849 0.00001184 0.00014 2.35E-10
modal Mode 6 0.450689 6.655E-09 0.2019 1.728E-09
modal Mode 7 0.300466 0.0645 2.248E-13 5.162E-08
modal Mode 8 0.266385 0.000004504 0.000001035 5.093E-08
modal Mode 9 0.24875 7.493E-10 4.123E-10 0.09393
modal Mode 10 0.248726 1.234E-09 0.04821 8.926E-08
modal Mode 11 0.241159 3.006E-07 2.695E-11 0.00004203
modal Mode 12 0.233314 6.89E-08 2.802E-10 0.0009
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-23
3-D view for the structure
Torsional Sensitivity
Level 8 (East-west direction)
Torsional sensitivity can be determined by calculating the ratio,
Bx = δmax / δave
δmax = 0.01456 m
δave = (0.01456 + 0.01290) / 2 = 0.01373
Bx = 0.01456/ 0.01373 = 1.06045
Level 8 (North-south direction)
Torsional sensitivity can be determined by calculating the ratio,
Bx = δmax / δave
δmax = 0.02080 m
δave = (0.02080+ 0.01807) / 2 = 0.019435
Bx = 0.02080 / 0.019435 = 1.0702
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-24
Interstorey Drift
East-west direction
The maximum interstorey drift = 0.00228 * Rd Ro = 0.008268 m < 0.025hs (floor
height) < 0.09 m
North-south direction
The maximum interstorey drift = 0.00724 * Rd Ro = 0.003801m < 0.025hs (floor
height) < 0.09 m
3-D view for the structure
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-25
Strength design according to CISC 95
North-south direction:
Two moment resisting frames along the outer edges
Elevation of Moment Resisting Frame
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-26
East-west direction:
Two braced frames
F8
S8
F7
S7
F6
S6
F5
S5
F4
S4
F3
S3
F2
S2
F1
S1
Elevation of Braced Frame
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-27
Capacity design of the Rigid Frames
An interior joint of the moment resisting frame is considered to illustrate the
concept of capacity design. (Floor F4)
W 690 x 140 W 690 x 140
Level 4
W 760 x 147
Beam Column
W690x140 W760x147
d 684 753
b 254 265
t 18.9 17.0
w 12.4 13.2
Beam length = L1 = L2 = 6000 mms
Column height = h1 = h2 = 3600 mms
β1 = β2 = 0.95dc/L1 = 0.1192
β3 = β4 = 0.95db/ h1 = 0.1805
Beams W 690x140
Mp Mp/2
Lcr 25000 (15000)( 0.5)
( = 55.65) > ( 350
= 50) Not good
ry
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-28
Assume the cross beam will be repeated every 2.0 m
Mp 2Mp/3 Mp/3
Lcr 25000 (15000)( 0.667)
( = 37.105) < ( = 42.8) OK
ry 350
Mr1 = Mr2 = φ MP = 1410 kN.m; Mp1 = 1410/0.9 = 1566.6 kN
M′p1 = M′p2 = (1.1). (1.1). 1410 / 0.9 = 1895 kN.m
Assume beam reach their ultimate strengths,
∑ Mrc′ ≥ ∑ 1.1. Ry . Mpb + Vh (x + dc/2)
S
w = 35.7 kN/m
dc/2 x Lh
Example for F4
Vh = VhE + VG
VhE = 2Mpb' /Lh
Lh = L-2S
S = x + dc/2
VG = wL/2 => w = (DL +0.5 LL)
x = db / 2 for welded connection
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-29
Example for F4 (see joint location on Page 6-25)
S = (x + dc/2) = 684/2 + 753/2 = 718.5 mm
Lh = 6000 – (2) (718.5) = 4563 mm
VhE = (2) (1895) / 4.563 = 830 kN
w = [4.75 + (0.5)(2.4)](6) = 35.7 kN/m
VG = (35.7). (6) / 2.0 = 107 kN
305 kN
107 107 kN
755 kN.m
376
107 107
918
107 107 529
1228
466
107 107
1083
830
107 107
1895
Unbalanced moment = ∑ (1.1 Ry . Mp + Vh (x + dc/2) )
= (1895) . (2) + (830) . (0.7185) . (2) = 4982 kN.m
Mrc′ should be greater than 4982 / 2 = 2491 kN.m
Cf
Mrc′ = (1.18). (φ ) . Mpc [ 1 - ]
Cy
Take Cf = (107)(10) = 1070 kN
φ . Mpc = 1580 kN.m
Cy = A . fy = (18700 ) x (350) / 1000 = 6545 kN
1070
Mrc′ = (1.18). (1580). [1 - ] = 1830 kN.m < 2491 kN.m Not good
(0.9)(6545)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-30
Try W920 x 381
φ . Mpc = 5280 kN.m
Cy = 17010 kN
1070
Mrc′ = (1.18). (5280). [1 - ] = 5794 kN.m > 2491 kN.m OK
(0.9)(17010)
Panel Zone
M M2 M3 M4
[ 1 ] 0.0
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
M 3 . 3 M 4 . 4
Vh = [ M 1 M 2 ] / 0.95d b
1 3 1 4
(0.95)(951)
β1 = β2 = 0.95dc/L1 = 0.15
6000
(0.95)(684)
β3 = β4 = 0.95db/ h1 = 0.18
3600
(2491)( 2) 2M 3
M 3 M 4 2403 kN.m
(1 0.20) (1 0.18)
0.18(2403) 0.18(2403)
Vh = [2491 2491 ] /[(0.95).(0.684)] 6037 kN
1 0.18 1 0.18
(3).(310)(43.9) 2
Vr = (0.55).(0.9).(951).(24.4).(0.35)[1 ] 4468 6037
(951) x(684)(24.4)
Not good
Try: W 920 x 585
W920x585
d 960
b 427
t 55.9
w 31
(3).(427)(55.9)2
Vr = (0.55).(0.9).(960).(31).(0.35)[1 ] 6170 6037 ok
(960) x(684)(50)
Vr should not exceed (0.66φdcw'Fy), i.e. should not exceed
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-31
Vr (0.66) (960) (0.9) (31) (0.35) 6188 kN
Check clause [Link]
a = 960 – (2) .(55.9) = 848.2
h = [ 684 – (2) (18.9)] = 647
h / w = 647 / 31 = 20.87
a / h = 848.2 / 647 = 1.31 > 1.0 OK
kv = 5.34 + (4) / (a/h)2 = 7.57
kv
439 = 64.9
Fy
h k
439 v
w Fy
Fs = 0.66 Fy OK
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-32
Considering doubler plate:
Try: W 610 x 262
φ . Mpc = 2590 kN.m
Cy = 11655 kN
1070
Mrc′ = (1.18). (2590). [1 - ] = 2744 kN.m > 2590 kN.m
(0.9)(11655)
Mrc′ = 2590 kN.m > 2491 kN.m
Panel Zone
M M2 M3 M4
[ 1 ] 0.0
1 1 1 2 1 3 1 4
M 3 . 3 M 4 . 4
Vh = [ M 1 M 2 ] / 0.95d b
1 3 1 4
(0.95)(641)
β1 = β2 = 0.95dc/L1 = 0.1015
6000
(0.95)(684)
β3 = β4 = 0.95db/ h1 = 0.18
3600
(2491)(2) 2M 3
M 3 M 4 2272 kN.m
(1 0.1015) (1 0.18)
0.18(2272) 0.18(2272)
Vh = [2491 2491 ] /[(0.95).(0.684)] 6127 kN
1 0.18 1 0.18
(3).(327)(34) 2
Vr = (0.55).(0.9).(641).(19).(0.35)[1 ] 2397 6127kN
(641) x(684)(19)
Not good
Consider doubler plate thickness of 34 mm
(3).(327)(34) 2
Vr = (0.55).(0.9).(641).(53).(0.35)[1 ] 6173 6127kN OK
(641) x(684)(53)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-33
Vr should not exceed (0.66φdcw'Fy), i.e. should not exceed
Vr (0.66) (641) (0.9) (53) (0.35) 7063 kN
Check clause [Link]
a = 641 – (2) .(19) = 603
h = [ 684 – (2) (18.9)] = 647
h / w = 647 / 53 = 12.2
a / h = 603 / 647 = 0.933 <1.0
kv = 4+ (5.34) / (a/h)2 = 10.13
kv
439 = 74.7
Fy
h k
439 v
w Fy
Fs = 0.66 Fy OK
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-34
Revision of braced frame design for ductility
Consider S8
HSS 178 x 178 x 6
L = 5380 mm
b = 177.8 mm
t = 6.35 mm
r = 69.6 mm
A = 4250 mm2
σy = 350 MPa
Cr = 789 kN
Tr = 1339 kN
Slenderness ratio (Clause [Link])
kL/r = 5380/69.6 = 77.3 < 200 ok
Wall slenderness (Clause [Link])
177.8 (4).(6.35)
(b – 4t) / t = 24.0
6.35
330
Limit = 17.63 not good
y
The brace does not satisfy local buckling limit on wall slenderness
Revised section HSS 152x152x10
A = 5210 mm2
b = 152.4 mm2
t = 9.53 mm2
r = 57.6 mm2
Tr = 1641 kN
Cr = 916 kN
kL/r = 93.4 < 200 ok
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-35
(b – 4t) / t = 11.99 <17.63 ok
Clause ([Link]), connection between the brace and the column should be designed
to resist a force “Fc” which is the largest of:
a) Tu = Ag. Ry. y = (1.1). (5210) .(350) = 2005 kN
1.2
b) Cu = 1.2C p .(916) 1222 kN
(0.9)
The tensile should not exceed the effect of gravity load + effect of seismic loads with
Rd. Ro = 1.3
(724).(3).(1.3)
i.e. It should be less than (65 + )
(1.3)
i.e. it should be less than 2237 kN
Connection should be designed to resist a force = 2005 kN
Beam design Verification
The capacity design for the beam should consider two conditions:
1. Compression bracing = 1.2 Cp
Tension bracing = Ag. Ry. Fy
2. Compression bracing buckled and retain a force = 0.2 Ag. Ry .Fy
Tension bracing = Ag. Ry .Fy
The beam need not to resist load effects exceeding to Rd. Ro = 1.3
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-36
Capacity design of strut beam
HSS 152x152x10
After capacity design
C7b
T7b
p Ө
F6
C6b T6b
HSS 203x203x13
After capacity design
Example beam of level 7
T7b = Ag . Ry . Fy = (5210). (1.1). (0.35) = 2005 kN
C7b = 0.2 Ag . Ry . Fy = 401 kN
T6b = (9260)(1.1)(0.35) = 3565 kN
C6b = 713 kN
- P = (T6b – C7b) cosӨ
P = - (3565 - 401) 0.743 = -2350 kN
Mf = (wDL + 0.5 wLL). L2 / (8) = 272 kN.m
Try W 460x 89
Cr = 3591 kN, Mr = 624 kN.m (laterally supported)
P (0.85) M f 2350 (0.85) 272
1.0 ok
Cr Mr 3591 624
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-37
Intersection beam
Example beam at F7
HSS 152x152x10
C8b T8b
F7 p → p →
T7b C7b
HSS 152x152x10
2.0 m
T8 = T7 = Ag . Ry . Fy = 2005 kN
C8 = C7 = 1.2 Cp = 1222 kN (effective length 5.38 m)
± P = 0.5 (Ti + Ci) cosӨi - 0.5α ( Ti+1 + Ci+1) cosӨi+1 , α = 0.75
± P = 0.5 (2005 + 1222) (0.743) - (0.75).(0.5).(2005+1222).(0.743) = 300 kN
Mf = MDL + 0.5 MLL
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-38
Try W 310x 24, Mf = 45.7 kN.m ( From SAP2000 analysis)
Cr = Tr = 958 kN, Mr = 78.3 kN.m
P M f 300 45.7
0.89 ok
Cr M r 958 78.3
Capacity design of column
Example storey (6)
F8
HSS 152x152x10 2005
HSS 152x152x10 1222
F6
HSS 203x203x13 3565
3040
HSS 203x203x13
F4
3565
HSS 203x203x13
(1) Forces Based on Brace capacities
T = Ag F y R y
C = 1.2 Cp
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A A. El Damatty .
Page: 6-39
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Cr or SRSS Earthquake EQ D+0.5L+P∆ EQ + D
Tu (RdRo) = (Smallest +0.5L+P∆
SinӨ 1.3 of 3 and 4)
2005 1341 1341 358 358 406 764
1222
817
4543 2080 2080 596 2676
3565 2385
3040 2033
7273 4660 4660 1003 5663
2385
3565
SRSS combines the maximum brace contribution at any level above the considered
level with the square root of the sum of the squares of all other brace contributions
about that level.
Example force at storey S4:
SRSS = 2033 + 2385 + (2385)2 (817)2 (1341)2 = 7273 kN
The column at this level should be designed to resist an axial load = 5663 kN resulting
from the combination of the EQ and the (DL+0.5LL+P∆).
Column should be Class 1 or 2 and should resist Mf = 0.2 Mp (S16-01-[Link])
CHAPTER 7
SEISMIC DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-1
MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
(MRF)
Ductile MRF => Rd = 4.0
R0 = 1.7
Moderately Ductile MRF => Rd = 2.5
R0 = 1.4
Conventional MRF => Rd = 1.5
R0 = 1.3
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-2
Factored, Nominal and Probable Resistances:
Mr = Factored Flexural Resistance
Φc = 0.65 / Φs = 0.85
Mn = Nominal Flexural Resistance
Φc = 1.00 / Φs = 1.00
Mp = Probable Flexural Resistance
Φc = 1.00 / Φs = 1.25
Mn
1.20
Mr
Mp
For Beams, 1.47
Mr
Mp
For Columns, 1.57
Mr
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-3
Seismic Provisions for Ductile MRF
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-4
Beams ([Link])
-Ductile Flexural Members
Ag f 'c
- Axial compressive Force
10
- Lclear 4d
b
- 0.3
d
-b 250 mm
-b width of supporting member + 2 x 3/4d
¾ d max.
¾ d max.
Plan View
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-5
Beams (cont..)
M-ve joint
M+ve joint
Amin = 1.4bwd/fy
ρmax = 0.025
min. 2 continuous bars
([Link])
M joveint
M joveint
2
M jo int
ve
M any sec tion 4
M jo int
ve
M any sec tion 4 ([Link])
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-6
Beams (cont..)
For critical regions
S d/4
50 mm 8 db
24dst.
300 mm
2d
S d/2 S d/4
100 mm
Critical Regions:
-within a distance 2d from the face of the joint
-within a distance d from any plastic hinge caused by inelastic lateral
displacements.
For critical regions, longitudinal bars shall have lateral support complying
with Clause [Link] and [Link] => Ties at every corner and alternate bar
should have lateral support and no bar should be further than 150 mm on
either side of laterally supported bars
*Lap splices shall not be used:
-within the joints
-within a distance 2d from the face of the joint
-within a distance d from any plastic hinge caused by inelastic lateral
displacements ([Link])
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-7
Beams (cont..)
Hoops Detailing
Cross -tie
All extensions > 6db
60 mm
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-8
Beams (cont..)
Shear Strength Requirement:
Vr Vf
Vr The smaller of { Vp
{ V determined from analysis with RdR0 = 1
Vp => shear corresponding to the probable moment resistance at the
forces of the joints while the member is loaded with the tributary
transverse load
Vr can be calculated using Clause 11 with β = 0 and θ = 450
(Vr = Vc + Vs)
Vc = φcλβ√f'c bwdv
Vs = φsAvfydvcotθ / S
Av = area of shear reinforcement within a distance s
dv = effective shear depth = maximum of 0.9d or 0.72h
λ = factor to account for density of concrete
θ = angle of inclination of compressive stress with longitudinal bar
β = factor to account for the shear resistance of cracked concrete
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-9
Columns (21.4.1)
-Ductile Frame members subjected to Flexural and Axial Loads
- width 300 mm
-b/h 0.4
Ag f 'c
-P >
10
M nct
M pbL
(include M pbR
slab RFT) (include
slab RFT)
M ncb
Strong Column
∑ Mnc ∑Mpb Weak Beam
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-10
Columns (cont..)
*Longitudinal RFT:
0.01 ρg 0.06
ld
1.3ld
Tension Lap splice within Tension Lap splice at
the centre half of the any section
member length
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-11
Columns (cont..)
Transverse RFT:
nl
Ash 0.2kn kp (Ag/Ach) (f'c/fyh) s hc , kn =
nl 2
Pf
Ash 0.09 ( f'c/fyh) s hc kp =
P0
* Stirrups:
Ach = Core area
hc = dimension of concrete
core perpendicular to the
direction of hoop bars
l0
Spacing > 6 db
150 mm
IF Pf 0.5φc f'c Ag
Spacing > ¼ b
100+(350-hx)/3
6db l0 < 1.5 h
clear height /6
IF Pf > 0.5φc f'c Ag
l0 < 2h
clear height /6
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-12
Column Cross sections:
hx hx
hx
([Link])
hx = Distance between
hx > max. of 200 mm
laterally supported
core dimension/3
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-13
Shear Strength Requirements
K2
M prve M colt =
M prve k1
( M prve M prve )
k1 k 2
lu
K1
M colb
M colt M colb
Vcol = lu
Vrcol Vf
Vrcol The smaller of { Vcol
{ V determined from analysis using RdR0 = 1
Vr can be calculated using Clause 11 with β 0.1 and θ 450
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-14
Beam-Column Joints:
Column stirrups should continue through the joint except if the joint is
confined by Structural members as shown;
< 3/4h
< 3/4b
h
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-15
Applied shear on Joints:
Vcolumn
1.25 As fy
Vfb = 1.25 Asfy - Vcolumn
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-16
Vcolumn
C2 =1.25As2fy
1.25As2fy
C1 =1.25As1fy
Vfb = 1.25 As1fy + 1.25As2fy - Vcolumn
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-17
Allowable shear in beam-column joints ([Link])
(a) Continued joints:
2.2 λ φc√f'c AJ
(b) Joints confined on 3 faces or two
opposite faces:
1.6 λ φc√f'c AJ
or
(c) All others:
1.3 φcλ√f'c AJ
AJ is lesser of Ag of column or bw hcol
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-18
ldh
12db
([Link])
* ldh = max of { 8db
{150 mm
fy
{ 0.2 db
f c'
* without the standard 900 hook
=> use 2.5ldh if depth of concrete below bar 300 mm
=> use 3.5 ldh otherwise ([Link])
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-19
Seismic Design of a Ductile Moment Resisting Frame
2.20 3.00 2.20
7.40 m 7.40 m 7.40 m
Analysis of the Moment Resisting Frame (MRF) was carried out using
plane frame finite element analysis program.
Three load cases were considered:
o Dead Load (D)
o Live Load (L)
o Earthquake Load (E)
To account for reduction of member stiffness due to concrete cracking
(Clause [Link].1)
o IBeam = 0.4 Ig
o IColumn= 0.5 0.6* fs
* Ig 1.0 (0.6 0.7 Ig)
f ' c * Ag
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-20
Design of the First Story Beam
A B CL
a b c
B.M. values are recorded in Table 1
Table 1: Bending moment along the beam [kN.m] (no redistribution)
AB a b BA BC c
D -117.45 113.43 88.26 -174.40 -159.10 85.10
L -55.77 54.28 42.10 -83.45 -76.02 40.58
E (±) 120.60 48.28 48.13 119.00 119.50 48.49
Load Cases
1.25D+1.5L -230.47 223.21 173.48 -343.18 -312.91 167.25
1.0D+1.0E 3.15 161.71 136.39 -55.40 -39.60 133.59
1.0D-1.0E -238.05 65.15 40.13 -293.40 -278.60 36.61
1.0D+0.5L+1.0E -24.74 188.85 157.44 -97.13 -77.61 153.88
1.0D+0.5L-1.0E -265.94 92.29 61.18 -335.13 -316.61 56.90
Design moments
Max. Moment 3.15 223.21 173.48 -55.40 -39.60 167.25
Min. Moment -265.94 65.15 40.13 -343.18 -316.61 36.61
Negative moments are calculated at the face of the columns
- For better, more economic design; moment distribution will be applied to
reduce –ve B.M.
- For a ductile MRF, CSA allows for a maximum redistribution of 20%
(clause 9.4.2)
- For simplicity only D & L B.M. will be redistributed
B.M. values after redistribution are recorded in Table 2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-21
Table 2: Bending moment along the beam [kN.m] (after redistribution)
AB a b BA BC c
D -93.96 140.35 117.62 -139.52 -127.28 116.92
L -44.62 67.11 59.16 -66.76 -60.82 55.78
E (±) 120.60 48.28 48.13 119.00 119.50 48.49
Load Cases
1.25D+1.5L -184.37 276.10 235.76 -274.54 -250.32 229.83
1.0D+1.0E 26.64 188.63 165.75 -20.52 -7.78 165.41
1.0D-1.0E -214.56 92.07 69.49 -258.52 -246.78 68.43
1.0D+0.5L+1.0E 4.33 222.18 195.33 -53.90 -38.19 193.30
1.0D+0.5L-1.0E -236.87 125.62 99.07 -291.90 -277.19 96.32
Design moments
Max. Moment 26.64 276.10 235.76 -20.52 -7.78 229.83
Min. Moment -236.87 92.07 69.49 -291.90 -277.19 68.43
Design for flexural reinforcement
lj 500
db max 25 (Clause [Link])
24 24
Maximum bar size that can be used is 25M (25.2 mm in diameter)
Section at joint B
From Table 2 Mf = -291.9 kN.m.
Assuming flexural lever arm of 0.75 h = 0.75*600 = 525 mm
291.9*106
As 1635.3 mm2
0.85*400*525
Slab reinforcement within (3*hslab) from the side of the beam is effective
4-10 M bars are effective (As = 400 mm2)
As required = 1635.3 – 400 = 1235.3 mm2
Try 4- 20 M (As = 1200 mm2)
Note: it would be unwise to be too conservative when designing top
reinforcement. Since beam shear, joint shear, column moments and
column shears will be increased.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-22
Clause [Link]: M R ve 0.5* M Rve at column face
M R min 0.25* M R max at any section
Assume As+ve = 4-15M
As = 1200 +400 = 1600 mm2
d = 700 – 30 – 11.3 – 19.2/2 = 649 mm
0.72 h 0.72*700 504
dv
0.9 d 0.9*649 584.1
A’s = 4 * 200 = 800 mm2
d ’ = 30 – 11.3 – 16/2 = 49.3 mm
f’c = 30 MPa
α1 = 0.85 – 0.0015 * f’c = 0.805
β 1 = 0.97 – 0.0025 * f’c = 0.895
4 - 20 M 10 M @ 300 mm top&bottom
T
110
700
a = ß1 . C
Cc
Cs 4- 15 M
α 1 . f c' 0.0035 400
Ts = As* Φs*fy = 1600 * 0.85 * 400 = 544*103 N
C’s = A's* ( Φs*fs – α1 * Φc*f’c ) = 800 * (0.85 * fs – 0.805 * 0.65 * 30) N
C s = α1 * β1* Φc*f’c * b * C = 0.805 * 0.895 * 0.65 *30 * 400 * C
F x -Ts + C’s + C s = 0
0
3
544*10 – 680 * (fs – 18.47) – 5619.7 * C = 0 …. (1)
d' 49.3
Compatibility of strains '
s cc 1 0.0035 1
c c
49.3
fs= Es * s' 700 1 .… (2)
c
Solving (1) and (2) C = 69.74 mm ,and fs = 205.1 MPa
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-23
a = 0.895*69.74 = 62.42 mm
a
M R ve Cc d Cs' d d ' 333.3 kN.m. > Mf = 291.9 kN.m
2
Clause [Link]
1.4* bw * d 1.4*400*649
As min 908.6 As o.k
fy 400
As max 0.025* bw * d 0.025* 400*649 6400 > As o.k
Bottom Bars for +ve reinforcement
Beffective of the T-Section = 2*7.4/10+0.4 = 1.88 m
For Section a
Try As = 8-15 M
d ≈ 635 mm
As * s * fy 1600*0.85*400
a 18.43 mm < tflange=110 mm
c * 1 * f c * b 0.65*0.805*30*1880
'
a 18.34
M R ve Ts *(d ) 1600*0.85*400*(635 ) 340.42 kN.m. > M f = 276.1 kN.m.
2 2
O.K.
MR+ve at column face As= 4-15 M =800 mm2
d ≈ 650 mm
+ve
a = 8.72 mm MR = 175.6 > 0.5 * 333.3 = 166.6 kN.m
MR for section with As-ve = 2- 20 M (needed later for bar cut-off)
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-24
for simplicity ignore bottom reinforcement
a = 33.77 mm MR = 129.5 kN.m
2- 20 M
400
Design of transverse reinforcement
In order to avoid brittle shear failure of beams; shear deformation should
always be in the elastic range. Shear design is based on the probable moment
of resistance of the beam, so we assure that when plastic hinges are formed
at the ends of the beam, the beam is still in the elastic range regarding shear
deformation.
Mp-ve = 1.47 * 333.33 = 490.00 kN.m
Mp+ve = 1.47 * 175.60 = 258.00 kN.m
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-25
137.5 kN 137.5 kN
A B
490.0 kN.m 258.0 kN.m
2.2 m 3m 2.2 m
238.6 kN 36.4 kN
P = 1.0 D + 0.5 L = 111 + 0.5* 53 = 137.5 kN
238.6 kN
101.1 kN
36.4 kN
490.0 kN.m
34.9 kN.m
258.0 kN.m
338.2 kN.m
Region of Plastic Hinging L = 3.0 m
Note: when reversing the direction of the lateral load B.M.D. & S.F.D. will
be mirrored
i.e. MB = 490 kN.m and VB = 238.6 kN
Section at column face
Vf = 238.6 kN
Clause [Link] β =0 (excessive cracking is expected at high lateral
drift due to E.Q.)
o
θ = 45
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-26
s * Av * fy * dv *cot( )
Vs
s
Try 4-legged 10 M, Av=400 mm2
0.85*400*400*584.1*1
S 332.9 mm
238.6*103
Check shear design requirements
(i) Maximum shear (clause 11.3.3)
Vr , max 0.25* c * f c' * bw * dv
= 0.25*0.65*30*400*584.1=1139.0 kN > Vf = 238.6 O.K.
(ii) Minimum amount of stirrups ([Link])
Av * fy 400*400
S 1217 mm O.K.
0.06* f c' * bw 0.06* 30 *400
(iii) Spacing limit ([Link])
0.125* c * f c' * bw * dv 0.125*0.65*30* 400*584.1 569.5 kN > Vf
No reduction in Smax is needed
600
Smax = S O.K.
0.7*584.1 = 408.87 mm
Check “Anti-buckling” requirements (Clause [Link])
Hoops are required for a distance of (2d) from the face of the column.
The maximum hoop spacing (S) is
(i) d/4 = 649/4 = 162.25
(ii) 8*d bar, longitudinal = 8*19.5 = 156 governs
(iii) 24* d bar, hoops = 24*11.3 = 271
(iv) 300
Use 4-legged 10 M hoops @150 mm for a distance of (2d) = 1.25 m
Section at mid span Vf = 101.1 kN
Use 2-legged U-shape stirrups
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-27
0.85*200*400*584.1*1
S 392.86 mm
101.1*103
Check plastic hinging region (Clause [Link])
Hoops have to be provided for the regions where plastic hinging may
occur and for a distance (d) beyond it
from previoiusly drawn B.M.D. LPlastic Hinging ≈ 3.0 m
hoops has to be provided for a distance of
3.0 + 0.649 = 3.65 m (from both column faces as the B.M.D.
is mirrored case of reverse lateral loading)
7.4 – 2*3.65 = 0.1 m (insignificant length. Provide hoops for the whole span)
Reinforcement cut-off
Table 3.1 (Page 3-15 Part II of the CSA A23.3)
For M 20
Ld= 530 mm (for bottom bars k1=1.0)
= 1.3 * 530 = 689 mm (for top bars k1=1.3)
For M 15
Ld= 390 mm (for bottom bars k1=1.0)
= 1.3 * 390 = 507 mm (for top bars k1=1.3)
The theoretical cut-off location of the top 2-M 20 is @ 1.51 m from the column face.
Clause 12.10.4 states that an embedment length of at least (d) or (12 dbar) is provided
beyond the theoretical cut-off point.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-28
Lr dv cot( ) 1.51 0.584*cot(35) 2.34 m
L d
l d max 0.69 0.584 1.28 m
12* dbar
Bar Splice (Clause 12.15.1)
For the 2-20 M bars
LSplice = 1.3 * Ld = 1.3* 689 ≈ 900 mm
1.25 D + 1.50 L (Cut-off of bottom renforcement)
Mr
235.8
276.1
Mf
Page: 7-29
175.6 175.6
340.7
1.71 theoretical cut-off Point ( M f = 175.6 )
By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Formation of Plastic Hinges at bends of the beam (Cut-off of top renforcement)
1.51 1.51
490.0 490.0
M f = 129.5 M r = 129.5
258.0 338.2 338.2 258.0
CL
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings
1 2
2- Legged
1 10 M hoops 2
@ 150 mm
0.9 2-20M L 3 =8.3 m
2-20M L =4.65 m
2 2-20M L=8.3 m
2-20M L 1=3.1 m 2-10M L=3.0 m 2-20M L=5.5 m 2-20M L=5.5 m
2-10M L=3.0 m
4-15M L 4 =5.7 m 4-15M L 4 =5.7 m
4-15M L=8.15 m 4-15M L=7.9 m
12 d b = 240 mm
L dh = 300 mm (taken as 500 - column dimension)
L 1 = 2.34+0.50+0.24 ˜ 3.1 m
L 2 = 3.45+0.50+0.24+0.45 ˜ 4.65 m
L 3 = 2*( 3.45+0.45)+0.50 ˜ 8.30 m
L 4 = 2*( 2.00+0.584*cot(35)) ˜ 5.7 m
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-30
4 - 20 M 10 M @ 300 mm top&bottom
110
4- 15 M
400
Section 1-1
2- 20 M + 2- 10 M 10 M @ 300 mm top&bottom
110
700
8- 15 M
400
Section 2-2
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-31
Design of the first story interior column
From F.E. analysis, the straining actions at top & bottom of the column in
consideration are depicted in Table 3.
Factored axial load and B.M. are shown in Table 4.
Table 3: Straining actions at the column ends
PE VE
Location PD PL (±) MD ML ME (±) VD VL (±)
Units kN kN kN kN.m kN.m kN.m kN kN kN
Bottom -1329.68 -540.89 2.68 2.62 1.37 213.81 2.56 1.33 93.33
Top -1329.68 -540.89 2.68 6.35 3.27 112.84 2.56 1.33 93.33
Table 4: Factored Axial loads and Moments
1 2 3 4 5
1.25D+1.5L 1.0D+1.0E 1.0D-1.0E 1.0D+0.5L+1.0E 1.0D+0.5L-1.0E
Pf,Bottom
-2473.44 -1327.00 -1332.36 -1597.45 -1602.81
[kN]
Pf,top
-2473.44 -1327.00 -1332.36 -1597.45 -1602.81
[kN]
Mf,bottom
5.33 216.43 -211.19 217.11 -210.51
[kN.m]
Mf,top
12.85 119.20 -106.49 120.83 -104.85
[kN.m]
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-32
Preliminary selection of column 8 - 25 M
Try 500 X 500 mm
500
As = 8 – 25 M bars = 4000 mm2
As,min = 0.01*500*500 = 2500 < As 500
O.K.
As,max = 0.06*500*500 = 15000 > As
O.K.
(Clause [Link])
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-33
Check column capacity
Draw the section interaction diagram and check if all load combinations is
within the limits
5000
4500
4000
3500
3000
1
P [kN]
2500
2000
5
4
1500
1000
3 2
500
0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500
B.M [kN.m]
Strong column-weak beam requirements (clause [Link])
To ensure the formation of plastic hinges in the beams CSA A23.3 requires
that:
Σ Mnc ≥ Σ MPb
For case 2 Mr = 411.0 kN.m Mn= 1.2* Mr = 493.2 kN.m
For case 3 Mr = 415.0 kN.m Mn= 1.2* Mr = 498.0 kN.m
For case 4 Mr = 425.5kN.m Mn= 1.2* Mr = 510.6 kN.m
For case 5 Mr = 429.0kN.m Mn= 1.2* Mr = 514.8 kN.m
Case 1 does not involve lateral load
Σ MPb = 490 + 258 = 748.0 kN.m
Σ Mnc = 2*493.2 = 986.4 kN.m
Σ Mnc > Σ MPb O.K.
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-34
Design of transverse reinforcement of the column (Clause [Link])
Vmax = 2.56 + 0.5*1.33 + 93.33 = 96.55 kN
Shear in columns when plastic hinges are formed in beams
kc 1
M coltop ( M Pr M Pr )* (490 258)* 374 kN
kc 2
The first story column is connected to a strong foundation, hence it is expected
that the column will hinge at the bottom
M PColumn ,max 1.57*432 678.24 kN .m
374 678
VColumn 277 kN
3.8
Vdesign = 277 kN
Shear Design (clause [Link])
Vc 0.65*0.1* 30*500*(0.72*500) = 64.08 kN
Vs 277 - 64.08 = 212.9 kN
Using transverse reinforcement as depicted in figure
Av = (2+2*cos(45)) *100 = 341 mm2
0.125* c * f c' * bw * dv 0.125*0.65*30*500*0.72*500 438.75 kN > Vf
600 mm
Smax = S O.K.
0.7*0.72*500 = 252 mm
Av * fy 341*400
S 830 mm O.K.
0.06* f c' * bw 0.06* 30 *500
Confinement requirements (Clause [Link])
nl 8
kn 1.33
nl 2 6
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-35
Po 1 * f c' ( Ag Ast ) f y * Ast
= 0.805*30*(500*500-4000)+400*4000=7541 kN
Pf 1602
kp 0.212
Po 7541
Hence the total area of reinforcement is :
Ag f c'
Ash 0.2* kn * kp * * * S * hc
Ach fyh
5002 30
= 0.2*1.33*0.212* * * 420* S
4202 400
= 2.5175 * S
f c' 30
Ash, min 0.09* S * hc * 0.09* 420* * S 2.835* S
fyh 400
341
for Ash 341 mm 2 S= 120.3 mm 2
2.835
Anti-buckling requirements
Maximum spacing is :
(i) h/4 = 500/4 = 125 mm
(ii) 6*d bar * 25 = 150 mm
350 hx 350 190
(iii) Sx 100 100 153 mm
3 3
hx
Use 10M hoops @ 120 mm
As this is the first story column, hoops shall be provided for the whole
clear height
(clause [Link]).
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-36
Splice details
Columns bars should be spliced at mid-height with a tension lap splice
Ld=820 mm (Table 3.1 A23.3 page 3-15)
Lap length = 820 mm
8 - 25 M
500
820
500
Column Reinforcement Details
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-37
Check Joint Shear
VCol.
F2 F1
f2 f1
Vjoint = F1+F2-Vcol. 374
F 1 1.25* As * fy 1.25*800* 400 400 kN 490 258
F 2 1.25*1200* 400 600 kN
374
374
374* 2
Vcol 197 kN
3.8
Vjoint = 600 + 400 – 197 = 803 kN
Vr , Joint 2.2 * c * f c' * Aj
= 2.2*1.0*0.65* 30 *500* 400
= 1566.5 kN > VJoint OK
374
374
490 258
374
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-38
Shear Walls
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-39
Ductile Shear Walls
Rd = 3.5, R0 = 1.6
Moderately Ductile Shear Walls
Rd = 2.0, R0 = 1.4
Conventional Constructional Shear Walls
Rd = 1.5, R0 = 1.3
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-40
Check of Ductility of Shear Walls (21.6.7)
o Walls effectively continuous in cross section
o Plastic hinge at the base
f Rd R0 f w
θid = 0.004 θid should be less than θic
(hw l w / 2)
cu l w
θic = ( 0.002) 0.025
2c
θid = inelastic rotational demand on a wall
θic = inelastic rotational capacity of a wall
εcu = 0.0035
lw = length of wall
hw = vertical height of wall
γw = wall overstrength factor
Ratio of the load corresponding to nominal resistance
= 1.3
factored load
-ve
+ve
C 0.0035
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-41
Ductile Flexural walls ([Link])
For hw/lw > 2.0 Rd = 3.5
hw For hw/lw 2.0 Rd = 2.0
Plastic hinge Region = 1.5 lw
lw
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-42
For all elevations above the plastic hinge region the design SF and BM shall
be increased by a ratio of the Factored Moment resistance to the Factored
Moment ([Link].C)
BM* factored resistance/factored moment
Original design BM
Factored resistance
1.5lw
Factored moment
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-43
Rectangular wall (Plastic hinge Region)
Spacing of distributed RFT
Concentrated RFT 300 mm ([Link])
bw
lw
Strain diagram 0.0035
1. General:
bw lu/14
If C> min. of {4 bw => bw > lu/10 ([Link])
{0.3lw
lu : Clear distance between floors
2. Concentrated Reinforcement
0.0015 bwlw Asconcentrated (min. 4 bars) 0.06 x Area of concentrated RFT
([Link])
(including lap splices) ([Link])
db 1/10 bw ([Link])
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-44
*Concentrated vertical reinforcements Ties:
Must satisfies Clause 7.6
Spacing of Ties least of { 6db ([Link])
Buckling prevention {24 dst
{ ½ bw
*Splices:-
* max. 50% at the same location
*1.5 ld
* half the height of each floor must be clear of splices
3. Distributed Reinforcement
For Horizontal and vertical distributed Reinforcement,
ρdistributed 0.0025 ([Link])
db 1/10 bw ([Link])
Example : 250 mm wall => db 25 mm
200 mm wall => db 20 mm
Spacing in each direction does not exceed 300 mm.
If As > 0.005 Ag or db > 15M
Must satisfies Clause 7.6
Spacing of Ties least of { 6db ([Link])
Buckling prevention {24 dst
{ ½ bw
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-45
Otherwise:-
- Follow Clause 7.6.5
Spacing of Ties least of { 16db
{48 dst
{ bw
-> Every corner and alternate bar should have lateral support}*
-> No bar should be further than 150 mm on either side of }
laterally supported bars. }
* is not needed if
As < 0.005 Ag ;
db 20M
Splices:-
- max. 50% at the same location
-1.5 ld
- half the height of each floor must be clear of splices
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-46
Rectangular wall (Outside Plastic hinge Region)
Spacing of distributed RFT
450 mm ([Link])
bw
lw
1. Concentrated Reinforcement
0.0010 bwlw Asconcentrated (min. 4 bars) 0.06 x Area of
([Link]) concentrated RFT ([Link])
The reinforcement spacing in each direction 450 mm ([Link])
db 1/10 bw ([Link])
Ties:-
- satisfies clause 7.6
Spacing of Ties least of { 16db
{48 dst
{ bw
-> Every corner and alternate bar should have lateral support
-> No bar should be further than 150 mm on either side of
laterally supported bars.
Splices:
1.5ld
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-47
2. Distributed Reinforcement
ρdistributed 0.0025 ([Link])
db 1/10 bw ([Link])
Spacing in each direction 450 mm
Ties:-
- Follow clause 7.6.5
Spacing of Ties least of { 16db
{48 dst
{ bw
-> Every corner and alternate bar should have lateral support}*
-> No bar should be further than 150 mm on either side of }
laterally supported bars. }
If As ≤ 0.005 Ag and db 20M -> No need to satisfy (*)
Splices:-
1.5ld
Seismic Analysis and Design of Buildings By: Prof. A. A. El Damatty____
Page: 7-48
Shear Strength Requirements for Ductile Walls
Vr > Vf
Vr the smallest of { Vp -> shear corresponding to the development of
the probable capacity of the wall
{ V determined from the analysis with RdR0 = 1
For θid 0.015 => shear demand 0.10φcf'cbwdv
β=0
For θid ≤ 0.005 => shear demand 0.15φcf'cbwdv
β = 0.18
For Ps ≤ 0.1f'cAg θ = 450
For Ps ≥ 0.2f'cAg θ = 350
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