CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND SYSTEMS

This chapter serves as a comprehensive examination of previous research,

existing methodologies, and related technologies relevant to the study. This section aims

to evaluate key findings, highlight strengths and weaknesses, and identify research gaps

that justify the need for the proposed work. By analyzing related studies and systems, it

ensures a well-informed approach to the development and enhancement of the current

research.

Related Literature

The real estate industry has evolved significantly with the integration of digital

platforms, streamlining property transactions and improving customer experiences.

Various studies highlight the importance of technology in enhancing real estate services,

particularly in areas such as property listing, client management, and transaction

efficiency.

Real Estate Industry Overview

Real estate with various activities is a physical setting such as commuting,

shopping, housing, and recreation and has influences in political, social, and cultural

influences (Hipolito, 2020). According to Xiao (2022), it remains the biggest asset class
 9

worldwide. It is also one of the important sectors in the economy as they both employ

workforce capital and significant proportions (Siniak et al., 2020). Additionally, it is

considered one of the safest options for investment because of higher returns than other

investment options.

In the Real Estate Service Act of the Philippines, real estate was defined as “the

land and all those items which are attached to the land. It is the physical, tangible entity,

together with the additions or improvements on, above or below the ground.” According

to Baguisi and Lin (2020), the Philippine real estate sector resembles the performance of

the country’s economy. It became one of the most vibrant in the region providing

Filipinos and foreign nationals a good opportunity for investments because the

government has become one of the countries in Asia that recorded the fastest growth

rates.

Besides being a critical investment vehicle, real estate occupies a significant place

in human life as it directly fulfills basic needs such as shelter and space for urgent

economic activities. Family residential real estate provides the very immediate need for

homes. At the same time, an array of commercial and industrial properties furnishes the

spaces for vital economic activities, especially those that happen in the private sector, like

manufacturing and services. Even land that is undeveloped or agricultural supports

serious economic activity, whether that amounts to food production or the next big thing

in natural resources management. And then there are the special purpose properties,

which are essentially just bigger versions of the single-family home: schools, hospitals,

government buildings, and a whole lot else that I've left out, with that thing, in particular,

they do have either a direct or indirect public welfare component.

 10

The pivotal function that real estate plays in the Philippines is one of many that

profoundly affects how the country's economic growth and urban development take

shape. The reason for this assumption is simple: Attracted by large-scale infrastructure

and economic development policies laid down by the Philippine government, foreign

direct investments in real estate are pouring into the country.

These foreign investments promise to contribute significantly not just to the gross

domestic product (GDP) but also to job creation. That's because real estate, quite literally,

requires a lot of people to get it built. Billions of pesos are being funneled into this sector,

and it's the jobs of ordinary Filipino workers that actualize these investments.

The Philippines attaches great importance to real estate because it serves the twin

functions of promoting home ownership and providing access to affordable housing.

Lamudi Philippines (2022) underscores how the residential real estate sector addresses

the sharply rising housing demand, especially in increasingly urbanized areas like Metro

Manila, Cebu, and Davao. As for the commercial real estate sector, its contribution lies in

the development of central business districts that attract foreign investments and create

jobs, thus fostering entrepreneurship. The development of industrial real estate and

technology parks also boosts the country’s push for industrialization and increases our

export capacity.
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Challenges In Traditional Real Estate Management

Real estate also faces challenges that include the involvement of third parties for

verification, associated monetary and time costs related to administration, access and

verification of records, usage of commission-based agents, issues concerning ownership

of property, and centralized systems that are susceptible to security breaches (Ahmad et

al., 2021).

With the evolution of the market and the detection and removal of the problems

that may be caused and encountered by real-estate projects, specialists have a broad and

profound vision for it (Maria-Liliana, 2022). Even though the real estate sector is

bringing fate to the global economy, it is still rigid to move towards transformation and

the use of advanced technology (Niazi et al., 2023). However, as the twenty-first century

progressed, digital transformation targeted real estate. In the era of smart, sustainable

development and growth, some companies are interested in solutions that allow

processes, machines, workers and even the products and services themselves to be

integrated into a single integrated network for data collection, analysis, company

development evaluation and performance improvement (Azman & Ishak, 2024).

As per Hipolito (2020), as the researchers addressed the problem of the real estate

industry, it enhances and creates positive implications and societal contributions. For a

long time, the management of real estate has depended on manual processes to deal with

not only listings but also inquiries from clients and records of transactions. Some

agencies still utilize paper-based systems or rudimentary spreadsheet programs to manage

the availability of their properties, the information about their clients, and the records of

their financial transactions. This, says Naeem and Rana (2023), is a "wide-open pathway
 12

to inefficiencies that can easily lead to errors in judgment, delays in service, and the

facilitation of unhappy customers." For example, with VR Real Estate Services, like

many small-to-medium-sized firms in the Philippines, manual coordination through

phone calls and face-to-face meetings is still necessary to verify not only the listings of

properties in the agency's portfolio but also to confirm that the clients they're working

with have legitimate business. This time-consuming process frequently results in missed

opportunities to make a sale.

Relying on traditional methods also makes transaction tracking and

record-keeping more complicated. Without a centralized database, property documents

and client records are often kept in various places or handled by a number of different

people. And while the same might be said for using a database that isn't cloud-based, a

decentralized database is nonetheless better than no database at all. Even so, a

cloud-based solution with a virtual private network (VPN)—which enables access to the

database anywhere in the world—would be better yet.

In addition, real estate management (REM) across the globe faces an outmoded

approach. Stakeholder communication and collaboration leave much to be desired when

one looks inside the traditional real estate agency. Agents rely on phone calls and emails

to sloppily pass around information that should—in an ideal world—be rerouted quickly

and directly to the person who needs to receive it. And what do the stalled real estate

stakeholders inside the traditional agency do with the time they save in being

unproductive? They save it up in a competitive market, wherein immediate (real-time)

responses and updates to clients about property availability are essential if an agency
 13

hopes to have any staying power. Traditional real estate companies hesitate to adopt

technology for several reasons. One of them is simple: change is hard.

Niazi et al. (2023) explain that many long-time real estate professionals have built

their careers on interacting with clients face-to-face and have done much of their

"writing" in longhand on manila folders and with other types of portable office supplies.

For them, moving to an office without paper and to a life without manual typewriters and

with voice-recognition software is a big step to take, even if virtually everyone else has

already taken that step.

Furthermore, to the long-time real estate professional, the "cost" of moving to

such a utopia seems way too high. The real estate industry has gradually accepted modern

technological advancements. Despite these challenges, it is still moving forward.

Property management software (PMS), as discussed by Azman and Ishak (2024), has

improved the efficiency of property operations. Blockchain technology has dealt with

security concerns—decentralized and tamper-proof records—and is something the

industry is considering adopting. Concerns over property listing and virtual tours have

mostly been resolved, yet the industry is still afraid, in many ways, of cybersecurity. Sites

like Lamudi and Dot Property are doing what they can to make real estate transactions

more transparent.

Shifting to digital platforms is changing real estate management for the better.

Technology is helping reduce the long-standing administrative burdens and

client-engagement problems that have been part of real estate management for decades.

As Hipolito (2020) notes, it also allows for addressing parts of the decision-making
 14

processes that really need better tools. What makes this all the more exciting is that these

societal benefits really do have huge economic implications.

Information Systems in Business Operations

Information systems are an interconnected set of components designed to collect,

store, transmit, and process data, delivering information, knowledge, and digital products.

They encompass hardware, software, data, procedures, and personnel, working

collectively to support decision-making, coordination, control, analysis, and visualization

within an organization (Indeed Editorial Team, 2025).

Information systems play a key role in streamlining data processing and

management by automating routine tasks, reducing manual errors, and ensuring data

accuracy. They facilitate efficient data storage, retrieval, and analysis, enabling

organizations to make informed decisions swiftly. The automation of data management

processes not only enhances operational efficiency but also allows employees to focus on

strategic activities, thereby improving overall productivity (Matillion, 2024).

For small-sized enterprises such as VR Real Estate Services, implementing

information systems offers numerous advantages. These systems provide enhanced

visibility into business operations by consolidating data from various departments into a

centralized platform, enabling comprehensive real-time insights. This centralization

supports informed decision-making, strategic planning, and efficient resource allocation.

Additionally, information systems facilitate automation of administrative tasks, reducing

 15

paperwork and allowing staff to engage in more meaningful work, thereby boosting

productivity and competitiveness (Target Integration, 2023).

Web-Based Management Systems

Web-based management systems have become essential in modern business due

to their accessibility, scalability, and cost-effectiveness. These systems allow users to

access data and applications from any device with an internet connection, facilitating

remote work and collaboration. By leveraging cloud computing, businesses can scale

resources according to demand without significant upfront investments in infrastructure.

This flexibility is particularly beneficial for SMEs aiming to remain competitive in a

rapidly evolving digital landscape (Snowflake, 2023).

Key features of web-based management systems include centralized databases,

automated notifications, and real-time data updates. Centralized databases consolidate

information into a single repository, minimizing data silos and improving data quality.

Automated notifications keep stakeholders informed about critical events, deadlines, or

anomalies, enhancing responsiveness and operational efficiency. Real-time data updates

ensure that all users have access to the most current information, supporting timely

decision-making and agile business practices (Aspirity, 2021).

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Client Relationship Management (CRM) in Real Estate

The term Client Relationship Management only refers to the strategies,

technologies, and systems used by real estate professionalism in managing

communications with clients, streamlining services, tracking lead follow-up, and

improving overall customer satisfaction. With a good implementation of CRM, a real

estate firm will have strong relationships, improved sales efficiency, and personalized

services to buyers, sellers, and investors.

In this case, customer relationship management enables keeping records of all the

details of customers, such as their names and addresses, purchases made, preferences, and

so on. Such detailed observation can bring about necessary clues and areas of interest for

a possible service to the customer in a more specialized way.

Based on the findings of GeeksforGeeks (2024) a solution to communicate and

connect with customers is the CRM, and it includes many entities such as customer

profiles, sales activities, marketing campaigns, requests for assistance, and feedback. The

CRM tool possesses a host of features to track customer interaction, fact-finding, and the

automation of customer communication. By creating a highly personalized CRM

database, companies can leverage customer interaction while optimizing their sales,

marketing, and advertising activities and ultimately ensure enhanced customer

satisfaction to drive business development.

In the study conducted by salesforce (2025) The objective is simple: strengthen

connections to expand your company. CRM technology helps businesses increase

profitability, manage operations, and maintain a relationship with their consumers. Apart
 17

from the data storage, CRM automates data analysis by simply spotting patterns in

information, whereby behaviors or interests that ascertain customer behavior are actually

disclosed. Consequently, marketing strategies can be instituted, instead of broad-brush

tagging, which pays serious attention to the wants of a customer.

The real estate sector, characterized by its intricate web of client interactions,

property management complexities, and transaction-intensive workflows, is increasingly

embracing Client Relationship Management systems to streamline operations and

enhance customer engagement. Real estate CRMs facilitate a centralized repository for

client data, enabling agents to meticulously track interactions, preferences, and

transaction histories, thereby fostering personalized communication strategies and

strengthening client relationships (Gronwald, 2020).

As stated by zendesk (2024) CRM Software is an important tool for getting more

insight into the strengths and weaknesses of your business. Focus on effective sales,

marketing, and customer service strategies by collecting and analyzing customer data to

improve efficiency and boost satisfaction. The important feature of CRM software that

could be discussed is centralizing each customer's interaction with a business through a

complete customer understanding in order to know and anticipate customer's needs,

create personalized communication, and encourage stronger successful engagement and

customer loyalty through better retention rates. From the sales angle, CRM can facilitate

tracking new prospects, measuring the sales performance by all the CRM elements, and

taking follow-ups till the point of closure. For instance, by assuming the lead conversion

ratio or hit ratio, or whatever term he wants to adapt to give it meaning, an organization

could also define how many opportunities are being wasted and could be reduced if new
 18

conversions are done into CRs in a timely fashion. CRM with respect to marketing brings

learning from the multitude of behavioral information available for individuals, like

understanding preference and demographic sliding. Thereby with improving the success

rate, increasing costs cut, targeted or rather pinpointed marketing campaigns will become

much simpler to draw.

In addition, the email marketing and integrated social media part has automated

means to connect with customers consistently and meaningfully. Customer service

departments instead have benefited a lot from the fact that CRM software allows record

tapping into previous customer history, interaction, and even all other kinds of support

tickets. Support teams, with quick access to the above information, can provide quicker

service resolutions, personalized assistance, and proactive service approaches involving

different factors, thereby building customer satisfaction and brand loyalty. Outside the

individual department, CRM stands at the very base of the entire structure; it announces

itself as an integration tool by providing a unified platform that makes data sharing

available to the entire organization. Enhanced visibility facilitates the alignment of

strategies and function sharing, reduces redundancy, and leads to cohesive collaboration

towards business goals. In other words, it culminates in what all CRM software is

heralded as empowering businesses to make data-driven decisions, improving efficiency

across different departments, and finally creating a seamless customer experience.

Effectively using CRM tools can give companies a competitive advantage in the

marketplace, create better relationships for the development of future sales, and drive

long-term growth.
 19

Another important utility factor of CRM will be the fast and efficient customer

support that comes with having a record of the entire course of interaction. The

complaints will be resolved without requiring the customer to repeat his/her details or

grievance, ensuring better customer experience. CRM goes much further than storage

data. This is the way for companies to learn how to improve relationships with their

customers, raise customer satisfaction, and ultimately raise revenue.

Database and Document Management in Real Estate

Database and Document Management is crucial to regulate and store the

necessary files to be used in managing Real Estate. It also plays a significant factor in

creating a centralized storage for property records, transactions, and client data. The use

of manual labor in creating paperwork for documents is arduous and time-consuming,

which leads to certain conflicts such as data redundancy and misplacement of documents.

On the other hand, it minimizes the usage of physical documents to reduce physical

paperwork and usage of storage (Teamhub, 2024).

Strict management of resources is imperative nowadays in a lot of fields, in real

estate its utilization can make document management effortless and easier to administer.

It improves productivity in work and allows the operations to be adequate. Also, certain

advantages can be utilized such as less human errors, escalation in productivity and

performance (Tremblay, 2024). In this way, the overall workforce can be enhanced with

the appropriate employment of resources.

 20

Numerous technologies and methods are used to employ these advantages, such

examples are On Site and cloud Storage. On Site storage, in which data is stored with the

use of computer hard drives or similar services and Cloud storage, in which the data is

stored in servers which could be retrieved anytime and anywhere (Lanier, 2022).

In conclusion, with the proper utilization of the Database and Document

Management in Real Estate, it eases the operations and processes within the management

of documents. Also, it could be further improved with the use of AI-driven automation,

access control improvement, and other enhancements that can be implemented in the

future.

Security and Access Control in Information Systems

Security and Access Control plays a major part in Information Systems, as it

secures the data gathered and stored. It ensures the data integrity and confidentiality

towards the clients and company. The access control safeguards the information and data

it has, establishing protection and encryption.

A robust security is managed by a reliable access control, there are several types

of access control that are utilized by organizations and companies to ensure security.

Role-based access control (RBAC) grants access and permissions to users within an

organization depending on their roles. Additionally, it is being used extensively by

companies due to its simplicity and ease in management. Attribute-based access control

(ABAC) allows access to users with the appropriate attributes. It is dynamic and flexible

which makes it ideal for complex environments in need of certain factors for access
 21

decisions. Discretionary access control (DAC) gives access to users according to the rules

they have given. In this access control, it administers flexibility and user control with a

risk of certain users having access without the authorization they must have. Mandatory

access control grants access to users based on the systems’ rules and the users’ clearance

level. It is beneficial to organizations that handle sensitive information and data, along

with its complexity to regulate and operate. Policy-based access control, allows users

with a specific criterion and only allows certain actions. This can be utilized with its firm

access control and caters to the needs of the administrators for the demands of the

organization (Frontegg, 2024)

The principles of data security are necessary to show transparency and ensure

protection of data towards the organization and clients. The confidentiality is about

protecting the information privately, only allowing specific personnel to access the

information. The integrity consists of safekeeping the information against unwarranted

changes of data. Also, too often keep the data accurate and precise at all times without

unnecessary modifications being made. Availability is the system’s usability at all times,

especially whenever the user desires to use it (Imperva, n.d.).

To sum it up, Security and Access Control are crucial to ensure the security of

data in the Information Systems with the proper usage and utilization of the techniques

and technologies around us.

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Software Quality Standards

Overview of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) Software

Quality Model. ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standard belongs to the ISO/IEC 25000 family,

which offers a model for software quality requirements definition and guidelines for

software product and system quality measurement. The standard prescribes nine top-level

quality characteristics employed to assess overall software quality, both functional and

non-functional requirements. The standard allows organizations to ensure that software

not only meets specified requirements but also operates reliably in actual scenarios. The

model is beneficial to developers, testers, and stakeholders to achieve credible, secure,

scalable, and usable software. It is a guided process through the entire software life cycle,

from design to deployment and maintenance.

Functional suitability, as defined by ISO/IEC 25010:2023, is the attribute wherein

the software should provide the right functions at the right time to the user. The most

important elements of this attribute are functional completeness, correctness, and

appropriateness. In the context of the proposed system for VR Real Estate Services, the

software should provide functionalities that provide proper property listings, simple

property inquiries, and secure transaction functionalities.

Learnability, usability, and satisfaction are fundamental in characterizing software

usability, according to Pressman (2020) of Software Engineering: A Practitioner's

Approach. In the revised standard, this comes under interaction capability, which includes

self-descriptiveness, user assistance, and accessibility. For users of the web-based

property management system, interaction capability provides the assurance that clients

and administrators can use the system without specialized technical knowledge.
 23

Reliability, as Bourque et al. (2020) define in the Guide to the Software

Engineering Body of Knowledge (SWEBOK), is the software's capacity to work

dependably under expected circumstances, including fault occurrences. Reliability

includes fault tolerance and recoverability. For the envisioned platform, reliability

provides uninterrupted access for users to property information, queries, and

notifications.

From a security perspective, the ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standard is aimed at

maintaining confidentiality of data against unauthorized access, data availability, and data

integrity. Non-repudiation and access control are the most critical sub-characteristics.

Encryption, authentication, and protection of client and property data must be

implemented by the VR Real Estate Services system in order to secure sensitive client

and property data.

For Freeman and Luthra (2020) of The Role of Virtual Reality in Real Estate:

Trends and Opportunities, efficiency means that the use of resources by the software is

without compromising its performance. The time behavior and the use of resources are

encompassed. Within the property management system, effective software prevents

slower load times or lag that will annoy users and hinder transactions.

As per Bourque and Fairley (2020), maintainability refers to how easily software

may be altered in order to repair faults, improve performance, or adapt to modifications.

Its modifiability, testability, and reusability are its dimensions. In the web-based system,

maintainability enables such to be modified like adding properties or improving features

without much disruption.

 24

Flexibility (previously referred to as portability) is the capability of software to

execute on numerous platforms and environments. Major characteristics are flexibility,

scalability, and install ability. In the system the researchers imagine, flexibility provides

access on devices—desktops, tablets, and smartphones—and compatibility with prevalent

operating systems such as Windows, Android, and iOS.

Safety, introduced in the 2023 version, guarantees that the software would not

hurt individuals, property, or the environment. This is applicable in systems that process

sensitive client and transaction information, where proper error handling, confirmations,

and secure integration of functions minimize risk.

Compatibility refers to a system's capability to communicate with other systems

and exchange information smoothly. In real estate firms, this would be integration with

third-party systems such as payment gateways, map APIs, or customer communication

systems.

Use of ISO/IEC 25010:2023 in Software Quality Assurance and Software Testing.

By using the ISO/IEC 25010:2023 model, developers and quality assurance teams can

examine software in a systematic manner based on key attributes. For instance, functional

suitability checking of the suggested system guarantees that it provides consistent and

accurate property data with user-friendly user interaction. Security checking guarantees

encryption and safeguarding of sensitive data.

This guideline can be utilized as a baseline across development—directly from

requirement gathering to deployment. QA can concentrate on reliability enhancements

(error management), interaction ability (user onboarding), and flexibility (cross-platform

 25

support). Continuous improvement is the essence of ISO/IEC 25010:2023. Property

management systems like the one proposed for VR Real Estate Services must collect user

feedback and monitor performance data to support on-going improvement. This model, if

implemented, allows developers to deliver high-quality, secure, efficient, and adaptive

software solutions that are in line with evolving industry standards and client needs.

Real-Time Data Access and Automated Notification Systems

In the context of property management, the importance of real-time data access

and automated notification systems has grown significantly with the advent of digital

platforms and web-based management systems. These tools play a crucial role in

improving operational efficiency, client engagement, and decision-making processes in

property management.

The real estate market is highly dynamic, with constant changes in property

availability, client inquiries, and transaction statuses. Real-time data updates are essential

for ensuring that property management systems reflect accurate and current information

at all times. This not only provides stakeholders with timely insights into property

availability but also allows property managers to act swiftly on inquiries and requests.

Real-time updates allow property managers to track property listings and changes in

real-time, ensuring that clients receive accurate and current information about available

properties. According to AppFolio (2023), real-time property updates improve the

accuracy of property listings and ensure that interested clients are never misinformed

about availability, preventing potential leads from being lost. Furthermore, transaction
 26

monitoring is a critical area where real-time updates are particularly valuable. Whether

it’s processing rental payments, updating contract statuses, or tracking the progress of

property sales, real-time transaction monitoring ensures that all parties involved are

consistently aware of the most current information. This transparency is vital for making

timely decisions and providing superior customer service.

Automated notification systems, such as email and SMS alerts, are integral to

modern property management systems. These systems automatically notify clients,

prospects, and property managers about critical events, such as new property listings,

price changes, appointment reminders, and transaction updates. The role of these

notifications is to streamline communication, keeping all stakeholders informed without

the need for manual intervention. One significant benefit of automated notifications is the

improvement in client communication and engagement. Clients appreciate receiving

immediate notifications about properties of interest or changes in availability, making

them more likely to engage with the property management company. For example,

AppFolio highlights that automated notifications can be set up to send prospective clients

an email when a property matching their criteria is listed, or when there is a price change.

This eliminates the need for clients to continuously check for updates, saving time and

improving the client experience. Additionally, automated notifications can significantly

enhance client satisfaction by providing timely updates about transaction statuses, such as

payment reminders, lease renewals, or maintenance schedules. According to Kohezion

(2023), these notifications ensure that clients are always informed and aware of critical

deadlines, helping prevent missed payments and delayed responses.

 27

Reducing Manual Follow-Ups and Ensuring Prompt Responses: In traditional

property management systems, client follow-ups often rely on manual processes, such as

phone calls, emails, or in-person meetings. These manual tasks can be time-consuming

and prone to errors, leading to delayed responses, missed opportunities, and

inefficiencies. Automated notification systems help reduce manual follow-ups, enabling

property managers to focus on more strategic tasks while ensuring clients receive timely

communication without delay.

Automated systems help ensure prompt responses by instantly notifying property

managers when a critical event occurs, such as a new inquiry or a change in transaction

status. This allows managers to respond quickly and appropriately, fostering better client

relationships and improving overall service delivery. Aspirity (2021) notes that

automated alerts to property managers, such as inquiries for specific properties or

requests for maintenance, can reduce response times by as much as 30%, allowing them

to address client concerns in real-time.

Moreover, automated systems can be configured to send reminders or follow-up

notifications when certain tasks are pending or approaching a deadline. For instance, if a

client has not responded to a property viewing request or a lease renewal offer, the system

can send an automated reminder, ensuring timely follow-up without the need for manual

intervention. This reduces the administrative burden on property managers while

ensuring that no opportunities are missed.

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Web-Based Applications for Transaction and Inquiry Tracking in Real Estate

​ In the real estate sector to run smoothly and satisfy customers, effective

transaction administration and inquiry tracking are crucial. Conventional approaches of

managing real estate transactions and queries frequently entail a great deal of paperwork,

manual record-keeping, and communication lags, which can result in errors and

inefficiencies. Web-based applications have become effective instruments to expedite

these procedures as digital transformation has increased. By managing property queries,

tracking transactions, and providing real-time information, these tools help buyers,

sellers, and real estate agents increase efficiency and transparency. This study examines

the use of web-based applications in tracking real estate transactions and inquiries,

emphasizing their advantages, characteristics, and effects on the sector.

As per ERP Bangalore (2024) The technology has advanced a large-scale

transition in the real estate sector, which has always depended on in-person contact and

processes. Real estate web apps play a big part in this transition by improving user

experience, streamlining procedures, and creating a more simplified and accessible

marketplace for both buyers and sellers.

Aligned with Naeem et al. (2023) There exists a major area in a country's

economy, which is real estate. Buying and selling these properties are difficult tasks, as

working with the different people becomes complicated due to the absence of

information, complicated steps, and overmuch paperwork involved. Digital real estate has

made a drastic change in the industry and how people interact with one another. The

present study on digital real estate reviews the previously mentioned subject by two

methods: first, with the aid of a bibliometric review, which will discuss and enable one to
 29

see past studies, institutions, countries, and keywords; and second, a systematic review

executed following the PRISMA guidelines. After this study, four critical areas were

discovered as the driving forces towards improving digital real estate: communication

technology, data collection tools, networking systems, and digital decision-making tools.

A framework is proposed for the use of digital technologies by the stakeholders of urban

planners and decision makers. The study draws a conclusion where it argues that digital

real estate can enhance urban planning and property development through sophisticated

tools and systems.

In accordance with Mali (2023) Real Estate Software: The process of

broker-developer transaction management facilitates seamless communication and

coordination in transactions related to property. It reduces errors and saves time by

automating the listing, negotiations, and closing of properties. A data-integrated CRM

system records the leads for informed decision-making. The analytics system provides

information on consumer behavior and the real estate sector. The application runs in a

scalable, secure, and systems-integrable manner. It is an essential tool that maximizes

productivity and revenue for developers and brokers alike.

​ ​
 30

Review of Related Systems

The review of related systems provides a comprehensive analysis of existing

systems that will serve as a guide for the researchers to design and develop the proposed

system.

Real Ph

[Link] is an online real estate platform based in the Philippines that allows

licensed real estate professionals to promote their properties on the internet. Its main

thrust is to serve individual brokers and real estate agencies by providing them a portal

dedicated to online listings and engagement with clients. It was founded and mainly

serves the real estate market in the Philippines. Its revenue model is based on a freemium

scheme; real estate professionals can choose to pay for more features that help them with

online property listings. Nonetheless, the basic service of [Link] is free. When it first

went online, [Link] had around in excess of 4,500 real estate listings. A standout aspect

of [Link] is how it caters to brokers. When agents log in, they're taken to a personalized

dashboard, where they can do everything from managing their property listings to

uploading new ones. The interface is simple and streamlined, not unlike most of the other

features found on [Link]. One thing that makes [Link] so special for agents is that its

dashboard gives them direct access to personalization options for their very own website.

Once an agent has a [Link] account, he or she can easily create a site that serves as a

marketing platform. On top of that, [Link] gives agents a few awesome tools that help

them maximize their marketing potential ([Link], n.d.).

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The Web-Based Real Estate Property Management System proposed for VR Real

Estate Services is similar to [Link] in several respects. Both systems serve to promote

real estate properties and enhance the interaction of clients with such properties through

digital means. However, while [Link] is primarily a marketing and listing platform that

allows real estate agents to showcase their properties to a broad digital audience, the

web-based system proposed for VR Real Estate has its sights set on something quite

different. It aims to improve the digital interior of the real estate agency itself by

supplying the agency with several kinds of basic tools that allow it to manage the

inquiries directed to it about its properties, to keep tabs on the transactions it engages in,

to maintain a storeroom for its documents, and to coordinate the kinds of interaction with

its clients that help keep the agency and its clients moving toward the sale of a piece of

property.

Lamudi Philippines Web-Based Real Estate Platform

Lamudi is a web-based real estate platform that serves numerous countries,

among them the Philippines. It delivers a service that stands in contrast to the more

common male-dominated, face-to-face, and brick-and-mortar real estate platform—one

that is comprehensive and ridden with the sort of convenience that online shopping

afforded consumers before the pandemic and, admittedly, now. Comprising several

components that form an online real estate marketplace, the Lamudi platform functions in

web and app form for individual users and app form for its corporate users.

A key trait of Lamudi is that it has a very user-friendly interface. This allows

users to filter through the property listings, almost down to the nitty-gritty details. You
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can surf through Lamudi based on your location, the range of prices you have in mind, or

even the type of property you want. What's nice is that, even without the filter, the

property listings themselves are very easy to navigate. Once you're inside a listing, you

can expect to see high-quality images of the property in question as well as a detailed

description. On occasion, Lamudi also provides a virtual tour of the property, available

for your viewing pleasure at any time of the day or night.

The proposed Web-Based Real Estate Property Management System for VR Real

Estate Services directly relates to Lamudi. Lamudi has a centralized platform providing

massive-scale property listing and client inquiry management solutions. While Lamudi is

focusing on the big picture—giving owners and developers a space to display their

properties almost at an industrial level—the proposed system is tailored toward managing

the line of internal operations that VR Real Estate Services keeps. Besides, unlike

Lamudi, which won't help you much on the internal agency side, the proposed system has

all sorts of document management, and transaction monitoring features that essentially

keep a virtual paper trail for the agency, making it with such easy that the path won't be

lost either to agency staff or to any client who might need a document fetched for any

reason.

AppFolio Property Manager

The AppFolio Property Manager is a full-fledged, cloud-based property

management software specially designed for real estate agents to automate and streamline

networking, communication, and other work-related processes. AppFolio has become one

vendor trusted by landlords, property managers, and real estate companies, providing a
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multitude of features that simplify tenant-happiness and financial-management processes

while maximizing productivity. AppFolio's complete solution allows property managers

to manage every single aspect of their business through one platform-from AI-enabled

leasing tools and integrated bookkeeping to automated collections and real-time financial

reporting.

On the list of AppFolio's most popular features are the tenant and owner portals

allowing for seamless communication as well as conveniences such as online rent

payment, maintenance request, and easy document sharing. The mobile-friendly version

ensures that property managers remain connected and perform all necessary duties from

anywhere. AI-driven full automation solution for tenant screening, advertising available

rentals, and administrative tasks. Thanks to very simple work order tracking and vendor

collaboration through a maintenance management system, work orders can be created and

services utilized almost immediately.

Beyond day-to-day operational tasks, AppFolio offers large-scaled solutions for

companies at every size, powerful integrations, and customizable reports. AppFolio's

user-friendly interface combined with ease of automation in operating residential,

commercial, or community association properties decreases human labor, improves the

cash flow along with overall effective property management. While emphasizing

customer service and innovation driven by technology, AppFolio gives users an

advantage as one of the top options for modern property management professionals.

The Web-Based Real Estate Property Management System designated for VR

Real Estate Services is just about a twin of AppFolio Property Manager, but more
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agency-specific in its needs. While AppFolio deals with the management of the rent

property, this system enhances the management of documentation, transaction

monitoring, and beyond rental into sales of real estate. This document repository does

allow automatic checks for the status of transactions in such a way as to smoothen the

transactions, while at the same time granting agents access to contracts and records in

possession by the agency. Clients may download documentation and track their

transaction status through client-side self-service portals, thereby cutting on manual

follow-up. This system enhances workflow automation for better turnaround on client

inquiries, property viewing, payments, and legal documentation. AppFolio provides core

functionality mainly for the rental management; however, the solution works beyond that

to ensure full support for VR Real Estate Services, from sales through property

management to internal process automation for greater efficiency and transparency.

Buildium

Buildium is a cloud-based property management software that can be utilized for

managing and keeping track of properties. As founded, it slowly gained popularity

throughout the years as it was convenient in handling properties. Platform wise, it can be

implemented in computers and mobile phones which provides ease of access. They offer

features that maximize productivity and efficiency in management. These comprehensive

features and user-friendly interface benefit the productivity and overall performance of

the users. Online lease tracking & tenant screening, online listings and resident & owner

portals are some of its comprehensive features as it offers various kinds of tools to fully

utilize the system and fulfill the needs of the users. Meanwhile, document sharing,
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expenses trackers and customizable inspection reports are a few to say about its

user-friendly features as it reduces the workload and allows certain tasks to be easily

accessible and manageable ([Link], 2025).

The Buildium is similar to the Web-Based Real Estate Property Management

System for VR Real Estate Services, with certain differences in scope of features and

target users. The Buildium includes rental properties and lease management. Meanwhile,

the proposed system focuses on property listings, inquiries and transaction tracking.

Additionally, in the target users, the Buildium is built for property managers and

landlords, and on the other hand the proposed system is developed for a specific real

estate agency.

DoorLoop

DoorLoop is a web-based property management system designed for landlords,

property managers, and real estate professionals. It offers a range of features, including

lease tracking, rent collection, tenant screening, maintenance management, and financial

reporting. One of its standout aspects is its user-friendly interface, making it easy for

users to navigate and manage their properties efficiently.

Its extensive features make DoorLoop a reliable tool for many landlords, property

managers, and real estate investors as it simplifies the managing processes. DoorLoop

provides features like Maintenance Tracking which allows the users to know whenever a

property is in need of repairs or requires a basic maintenance check and Reporting and
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Analytics where users can generate customized reports to gain insights into financial

performance, occupancy rates, and other important metrics.

Conceptual Framework

The conceptual framework for the Web-Based Real Estate Property Management

System for VR Real Estate Services followed an Input-Process-Output (IPO) model that

provided a systematic approach to system development and evaluation. This framework

illustrated how various requirements and resources were transformed through structured

processes to produce a functional property management system.

Table 1

Input-Process-Output (IPO)
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The Input component consisted of four essential categories required for system

development. Knowledge Requirements included a comprehensive review of VR Real

Estate Services’ previous manual processes, user requirements from clients and

administrators, and an understanding of real estate industry practices. Software

Requirements encompassed the technological tools needed for development, including

[Link] 15.1.5 with App Router for full-stack development, TypeScript for type safety

and maintainability, Tailwind CSS for responsive styling, and Supabase for database,

authentication, and storage services. Hardware Requirements specified the physical

resources necessary for development and deployment, including development laptops or

desktop computers and reliable internet connectivity. Related Literature and Related

Systems provided the theoretical foundation and best practices derived from existing real

estate management platforms and academic research.

The Process component was divided into two distinct phases. Part I: System

Development involved the technical implementation using the Agile methodology with

the [Link] and Supabase architecture. It encompassed software design and development

with TypeScript, iterative building and testing of system features using modern web

standards, and continuous integration with tools such as ESLint and Prettier to maintain

code quality. Part II: Data Gathering and Analysis focused on system evaluation through

surveys and questionnaires administered to users, followed by comprehensive analysis

and interpretation of results to assess system effectiveness and user satisfaction based on

the ISO/IEC 25010:2023 standards.

The Output represented the final deliverable: a fully functional Web-Based Real

Estate Property Management System built with [Link] 15, TypeScript, and Supabase,
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specifically designed for VR Real Estate Services. This modern system leveraged

Supabase’s real-time capabilities, secure authentication with Row-Level Security, and

scalable PostgreSQL database to provide centralized property management, automated

client inquiry handling, comprehensive administrative controls, and enhanced operational

efficiency for improved service delivery.