Republic of the Philippines

City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

Title: Intellectual Revolution that defined Society

Module No. 2

What is intellectual revolution?

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I. Introduction

The term "Intellectual Revolution" is used to refer to Greek speculation about the
"nature" in the period before Socrates (roughly 600 to 400 BCE).

Currently people’ activities are basically around the acquisition of various material
needs, life itself is constituted by what it devote to, the most time of people is used to fulfill
material and outer requirement, so each life now is essentially a material life, rarely related
to spiritual and intelligent life level. This time science and technology revolution has
brought intellectual revolution to human beings, these material life and activities could be
replaced by intelligent, so human life will be liberated from material creating activities,
human labor is becoming not an essential factor to large production, and furthermore rise
to lead on top of these.

II. Learning Objectives

After studying this module, you should be able to:

1. Articulate ways by which society is transformed by science and technology;

2. Trace the history of science and technology in different eras and civilization; and
3. Enumerate scientific and technological advancement made by people and some
civilizations of the seventeenth century.

Science Technology and Society 1ST Sem. 2020-2021 NOT FOR SALE EXCLUSIVE for GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

III. Topics and Key Concepts

The Age of Enlightenment (also known as the Age of Reason) was an intellectual
and philosophical movement. Historians place the Enlightenment in Europe during the late
17th and the 18th centuries when many writers and thinkers commenced to question
established beliefs. These beliefs consist of the authority of kings or of the Church, in
favour of reason and scientific proof. The concept developed that all of us was of equal
value and had equal rights.

Copernican Revolution
Thomas Kuhn published a book entitled “The Copernican Revolution” in 1957 in which
he uses the Copernicus case study to establish an idea of scientific development through a
series of paradigm shifts. The chemical element Copernicium (Cn: atomic number 112)
was named in honor of Copernicus in 2010. Nicholas Copernicus was an interesting
renaissance man who overcame the existing paradigm placing earth in the center of the
solar system to the new paradigm of heliocentric view that earth and the planets revolved
around the sun. Including the revolution of the celestial bodies (as in Copernicus’ title: De
Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium) and, more metaphorically, the wheel of fortune,
‘revolution’ was eventually transferred to the political realm.
In the table below show the remarkable contributions of ancient astronomers to the
development of the universe.

Aristotle ( 384-322 B.C., Greek) Proved that the earth is spherical.

Earth was at the center of the universe, i.e., sun, planets and
stars had been located in sphere that revolved around the earth.

Aristarchus (310-230 B.C., Greek) The first to propose the idea that the Sun was the center of the
universe.
Hipparchus (190-120 B.C., Greek) Considered to be the greatest astronomer of ancient times.
Measured earth’s distance to the moon.
Discovered the wobbling of the earth.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

Claudius Ptolemy (85- 165 A.D., Greek) Used Hipparchus observations to develop the Ptolemic System
which describes the earth as the center of the universe with sun,
moon, planets and stars revolving around it in a circular orbit

Nicholas Copernicus (1473 – 1543, Concluded that the sun and not the earth is the center of the
Polish) universe.
Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642, Italian) Supported Copernican model of the universe
Johannes Kepler (1571 – 1630, German) Formulated the Three law of Planetary Motion
(Adopted from Bautista, D.H.S. (2019). Science Technology and Society. Mutya Publishing House Inc. Page 36-38. ISBN 978-971-821-890-7)

Darwinian Revolution
The Darwinian revolution is typically taken to be one of the key events in the
history of Western science. In recent years, however, the very notion of a scientific
revolution has come under attack, and in the particular case of Charles Darwin and his
Origin of Species there are serious questions about the nature of the change (if there was
such) and the mainly Darwinian input. (Ruse, M. 1979)
Was there a Darwinian Revolution? There usually have been and there always will
be human beings who assume that not only was Alfred Russel Wallace, the co-discoverer
of natural selection, unappreciated however that Charles Darwin pinched all of the
excellent ideas from the younger evolutionist.
Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of descent with
modification. In Origin of Species, Darwin developed a logical argument for the
mechanism of natural selection based on two observations and inferences: (1) individuals
in a species vary to some degree in traits; and (2) a species produces more offspring than
actually survives to mature and reproduce.
Four key point of Darwin's Theory of Evolution
Variation in Populations. In each and every species there is variation. This variability
happens even between related individuals. Some populations show more variation than
others, specifically in geographically isolated areas such as Australia, the Galapagos,
Madagascar and so forth. Organisms in these areas can also be related to those in
different parts of the world. However, due to very precise conditions in their
surroundings, these species evolve very distinct characteristics.

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GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

Inherited Traits. Each species has traits determined by way of inheritance. Inherited traits
exceeded from parents to offspring determine the traits of the offspring. Inherited traits
that enhance the odds of survival are more possibly to be passed on to subsequent
generations. Only traits passed by genes will be inherited. For example, if an organism
inherits the genes for a larger skeletal mass however lack of nutrition prevents the
individual from developing to that size, and if the individual survives and reproduces, the
genes for the large skeleton will be passed on.
Offspring Compete. Most species produce extra offspring every year than the
environment can support. This excessive birth rate results in competition among the
members of the species for the limited natural resources available.
Survival of the Fittest. These individuals reproduce, including their genes to the
succeeding generations. This process is known as “natural selection.” Conditions in the
environment result in the survival of individuals with unique traits which are passed via
heredity to the next generation. Today we refer to this process as “survival of the fittest.”
Darwin used this phrase, however he credited a fellow biologist, Herbert Spencer as its
source.
Freudian Revolution
It is a pertaining to the ideas or methods of Sigmund Freud, specifically his ideas
about the way in which people’s hidden thoughts and feelings influence their behaviour
particularly with respect to the causes and treatment of neurotic and psychopathic states,
the interpretation of dreams, etc.
Sigmund Freud was a one of a kind thinker. He was considered to be the father of
modern psychology and the main developer of the process of psychoanalysis. There can
be little question that he was influenced by earlier thinking concerning the human mind.
The concept of there being activity inside the mind at a conscious and unconscious level
but his approach to these matters was mostly conceptual. His theoretical ideas were as
original as they were unique. It is a testament to Freud’s idea to be aware of that whether
or not you agree, disagree or are ambivalent about his theory, it stays as a theoretical
comerstone in his field of expertise.
According to Freud, while there is an interdependence among these three levels,
each level also serves a reason in personality development. Within this theory the

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

capability of individual to get to the bottom of internal conflicts at precise stages of their
development determines future coping and functioning ability as a fully-mature adult.
(1) Super ego. The functions at a conscious level. It serves as a type of screening
center for what is going on. It is at this stage that society and parental guidance is weighed
against personal pleasure and attain as directed by using ones id. Obviously, this places
in movement situations ripe for conflict.
(2) Ego. Freud used the word ego to imply a sense of self, however later revised it
to mean a set of psychic functions such as judgment, tolerance, reality testing, control,
planning, defense, synthesis of information, intellectual functioning and memory.
(3) Id. Freud believed that within this one level, the id is constantly fighting to have
our way in the entirety we undertake.
Information Age
Communication can be defined as the process of transmitting information and
common understanding from one person to another (Keyton, 2011). The word
communication is derived from the Latin word, communis, which means common. The
definition underscores the fact that unless a common understanding results from the
exchange of information, there is no communication.
Information Age is and will continue to present us with these kinds of challenges
at an alarming rate. The increasing complexity of our environment and the actions
necessary to maintain or improve our equilibrium only serve to make these challenges
even more difficult. Successfully responding to these challenges will require three things.
1. We will need to recognize that something has changed.
2. We will need to understand the implications of this change.
3. We will need to develop timely and effective responses.
From Stewart article entitled “Welcome to the Revolution”, begins by stating that the
word "revolution" should not be used cheaply. Nevertheless, Stewart asserts, we are in
fact already in the midst of a revolution induced by emerging information and
communication technologies. Concentrating on the impacts that those technologies are
having in the business world, Stewart explains how knowledge technologies are altering
the cost/benefit equation for competing organizational arrangements. He concludes that

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

the Information Age is placing a premium on "the ability to adjust and learn" that applies
both to individuals and organizations.
According to Alberts, Papp and Tuyahov, in their article paper “Historical Impacts of
Information Technologies: An Overview”, they examine the development of several of the
more critical technologies of the first two revolutions, and present an overview of the
historical impacts that those technologies have had on humankind’s activities and
institutions, and on international affairs and on the international system. The most
important events during the modern information revolution.
The first modern information revolution began in the mid-nineteenth century and
extended for approximately 100 years. This first revolution primarily enhanced
communications. During this period, technologies such as the telegraph, telephone, and
radio came of age. These technologies transformed not only humankind’s ability to
communicate, but also people’s lives. Especially in industrial societies, they changed the
ways that people related to one another and altered the ways that business, government,
and military and foreign policy establishments conducted their affairs. Given the
dimensions of their impacts, these technologies also helped modify the structure of the
international system.
The second modern information revolution extended from the mid-twentieth century until
perhaps the 1980s. During this period, technologies such as television, early generation
computers, and satellites linked the world together in ways that it had never before been
linked. These technologies, like the telegraph, telephone, and radio before them, again
transformed humankind’s ability to communicate; changed the ways that people related to
one another; altered the conduct of the affairs of business and government; and modified
the structure of the international system.
Since the 1980s, still more information technologies have been developed and have begun
to be employed, technologies with capabilities that dwarf those of the information
technologies already in use. We are thus on the verge of a third modern information
revolution, one that perhaps should be labelled a "knowledge revolution" since it
encompasses advances in information technologies that significantly alter the politics,
economics, sociology, and culture of knowledge creation and distribution.
Mesoamerican Period (1200 B.C. – 3rd Century A.D.)

Science Technology and Society 1ST Sem. 2020-2021 NOT FOR SALE EXCLUSIVE for GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word mesos meaning “in the
middle.” It refers to a geographical and cultural area which extends from central Mexico
down through Central America, including the territory which is now made up of the
countries of Guatemala, Belize, Honduras and El Salvador. It is therefore seen as partly in
North America, and encompassing a large part of Central America. This period is
characterized by the following civilizations: (1) Olmec Empire, (2) Mayan Empire (3)
Aztec Empire and (4) Incas Empire.

MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION
- The first great American civilization
- Region includes Central Mexico though Central America
Geography and People - The people farmed and grew corn, beans, squash, sweet
potatoes, peppers and tomatoes
- Farmers also domesticated animals
- The first major Mesoamerican civilization
- Developed in the tropical rainforests of Mexico’s gulf coast
Olmec Empire (1400-500
- They invented a calendar and system of writing made up of
BC)
carved inscription
- Strong devoted to religion and priests were highly respected
- Complex agricultural society
- Established large city sales
- Farming and trade
- Merchants and Artisans
- Social structure
- Ruling Chief
- Nobles (Military and Government Officials)
Mayan Empire (AD 300-
Contributions
900)
- Architecture – built large pyramids and palaces
- Agriculture – grew enough food to support large population
- Science – developed a hieroglyphic style of writing a accurate
calendar, number system and understood the concept of zero.
Decline
- (Around 900 AD) they abandoned their cities for unknown
reasons.
- Settled into Mexico in the late 1200 and established their
Aztec Empire (1200) capital in Tenochtitlan
- Fierce warriors using military conquest to build a huge empire

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
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COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

- They became very wealthy from taxes from conquered people

- By 1500’s, the empire covered most of Mexico and included
approx.. 30 million people
Social structure
- Ruled by a single emperor chosen by a council of priests and
nobles
- Nobility
- Traders (also acted as military scouts)
- Farmers
- Slaves
Religion
- Priests were highly respected individuals
- Chief God was the sun God
- They offered thousands of human sacrifices to please their
Gods
Contribution
- Developed and accurate and established schools
- Doctors learned to set broken bones and dentist learned to
treat dental cavities
- Architecture – “The capital” was built on the site of the present
day of Mexico City.
- In 1400’s, emerged from the Andes Mountains and conquered
a large area that extend over 2500 miles down in the Pacific
Coast
- They were ruled by an emperor who held absolute power and
also acted as chief religious leader and the son of the Sun God.
- Capital was located at Cuzco
- Government controlled the lives of the people within their
empire, everyone has to speak the Incan language and worship
Incan Gods.
Incas Empire (1400’s)
Roads
- Built a large and elaborate system of roads
- Runners used these roads to carry new far off provinces and the
capital
Religion
- Worshipped many Gods related to the forces of nature
- Sun God was the most important
- Priest were very powerful members of society
Contribution

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COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

- Engineering – a system of roads that extend over 12,000 miles

and included bridges and funnels
- Temple of the Sun – built in the capital, it was so strong it could
withstand the power of major earthquakes
- Agriculture – terrace farming used in mountains region
- Communication – Incan government officials kept records by
means of a knotted, colored string system called quipus.
- Incans also excelled in medicine

Middle East
The Middle East is an area of the world that includes many countries, such as Turkey,
Israel, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq and extends from Egypt to Afghanistan where Islam arose. The
word “Islam” means ‘submission to the wil of God” while the followers of Islam are called
Muslims. The Qur’an (or Koran) is the major holy text of Islam. The Hadith is another important
book. Muslims also revere some material found in the Judeo-Christian Bible. Muslims follow five
basic pillars that are essential to their faith. These include:
 Witness (Shahada) – to declare one’s faith in God and belief in Muhammad
 Worship (Salat) – to pray five times a day (at dawn, noon, afternoon, sunset and
evening)
 Fasting (Sawm) – to give to those in need
 Tithing (Zakat) – to fast during Ramadan
 Pilgrimage (Hajj) – to make a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once during a person’s
lifetime if the person is able.
Throughout its history, these people have either invented or contributed to the development
of important technologies that have impacted the fields of astronomy, medicine, and much more.
Contribution to Geography
 Al Idrisi – produced very accurate maps including a world map that has continents,
mountains, rivers and famous cities.
 Al Muqdishi – a geographer , who also produced an accurate colored map
 Muslim – great navigators for the expeditions of other countries. Ferdinand
Magellan and Christopher Columbus imported Muslim navigators.

Science Technology and Society 1ST Sem. 2020-2021 NOT FOR SALE EXCLUSIVE for GORDON COLLEGE ONLY
 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

Contributions to Mathematics
 They invented symbols to express an unknown quantity
 Use of zero and decimal system
 Muhammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī – one of the first director of the House of
Wisdom, Introduced algebra in solving equation
 TAQI AD-DIN MUHAMMAD IBN MA'RUF ASH-SHAMI AL-ASADI is one
of the world's most famous polymaths. He was born in Damascus, now located in
Syria, in 1526. His knowledge and observations contributed much to the field of
astronomy.
Medical Contributions
 Arabs used cadaver in studying and understanding human anatomy and physiology
 Abū-Alī al-Husayn ibn-‘Abdallāh Ibn-Sīnā or Avicenna – wrote an
encyclopedia of medical knowledge. This work was translated into latin and used
as a textbook in Europe up to 17th century.
 Abū Bark Muhammad ibn Zakariyyā al-Rāzī – sprearheaded the construction
of the first Islamic
African Revolution
Africans like other Eastern civilizations are pioneer of some advancement in science and
technology. They worked independently without any influence of European science. Some
remarkable works of Africans were in the field of mathematics, metallurgy, architecture,
engineering, astronomy, medicine and navigation.
Remarkable Contributions
 Used of first method of counting
 Modern concepts of mathematics that is globally accepted and used today in high
schools. It was first developed in Africa.
 Used advance techniques for furnace that made it fuel efficient which was 200 to 400
ᵒC hotter compared to 1600ᵒC. Furnace used by the Romans.
 Created the building of Zimbabwe and the 11 interconnected rock-hewn churches of
Lalibela in Ethiopa which are considered as wonders of the world.
 Observations on Sirius A and B by Dogon people.

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 Republic of the Philippines
City of Olongapo
GORDON COLLEGE
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, ARTS AND SCIENCES
Olongapo City Sports Complex, Donor St., East Tapinac, Olongapo City 2200
Telefax No.: (047) 602-7175 loc 322
[Link]

 Cushitic people used their knowledge of stars and constellations to calculate and
establish an accurate calendar.
 Pioneered some medical practices like installation of false teeth, filling of dental
cavities, broken bone setting, bone traction, vaccination, brain surgery, skin grafting
and autopsy.
 Used of plants like the bark of salix capensis as source of aspirin, kaopectate for
treating diarrhea and Rauwolfia vomitoria as source or reserpine for hypertension and
snakebite.
 Built boats in varying sizes with the largest that can carry a load of 80 tons.

(Text adopted from Bautista, D.H.S. (2019). Science Technology and Society. Mutya Publishing House Inc. Page 36-38. ISBN 978-971-821-890-7)

IV. Teaching and Learning Materials and Resources

You will be needing the following in accomplishing this module.
 Schoology Account (Using Gordon College domain) for forum discussion and
other activities online.
 Zoom App/Google meet
 Soft/Hard Copy of Module
 Paper and Pen (to those offline)
Video from youtube: World’s Greatest Inventions (3 minutes)

V. Learning Task

Are we good? If yes, you may now answer the

given activities below. If no, please read the
module again from the start and you can ask
me too for other concerns. Do it “NOW”.
Sometimes “LATER” becomes “NEVER”.

NAME: ________________________________________________________________
COURSE&BLOCK: _____________________________________________________
DATE: _________________________________________________________________

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