Development
Different Development Goals
Different people want different kinds of development.
Development for one may not be for another and can even harm
others.
Income and Other Goals
People want more income because money helps meet needs.
But good life also depends on non-material things like freedom,
equality, security, and respect.
So, development means improving both income and quality of life.
National Development
People have different and sometimes conflicting ideas about what
makes a country developed.
Comparing Countries or States
Income is a key way to compare countries.
Since populations differ, total income alone isn’t enough.
Use per capita income = Total income ÷ Population.
Higher per capita income means a more developed country.
Classification by Income (2017 data)
Rich countries: Per capita income ≥ US$ 12,056/year
Low-income countries: Per capita income ≤ US$ 955/year (e.g., India)
Income and Public Facilities
Besides income, public facilities matter for development.
Public facilities include infrastructure, sanitation, transport, health
care, and water supply.
Sustainable Development
Development that meets today’s needs without harming future
generations’ ability to meet theirs.
Current development methods are often unsustainable.
Problems include overuse of groundwater and natural resources.
Imp questions:
1. What is per capita income?
Income earned per person in a country or region.
2. What are some public facilities in India?
Schools, healthcare, electricity, sanitation, transport, safe drinking
water.
3. Advantages of sustainable development?
Ensures a secure lifestyle for future generations.
Reduces pollution.
Supports economic growth.
4. What do different people mean by development?
Different people have different ideas about development. What is
development for one person may not be for another, and it can even
harm some people.
5. Why can development mean different things to different people?
Because people have varied needs and goals, including material
wealth, freedom, respect, security, and equality, which differ from
person to person.
6. Besides income, what other goals do people have for development?
People also want equal treatment, freedom, security, respect, and
access to good public services.
7. How is national development understood differently by different
people?
People and groups have conflicting views of what national
development means, based on their own interests and priorities.
8. How can we compare the development levels of different countries or
states?
By comparing their per capita income (average income per person),
rather than total income, since populations differ.
9. What is per capita income? How is it calculated?
Per capita income is the total income of a country divided by its total
population.
Formula: Per capita income = Total income / Total population
10. What are the classifications of countries based on per capita
income? Give examples.
Rich countries: Per capita income above US$ 12,056 (e.g., USA,
Germany).
Low-income countries: Per capita income US$ 955 or less (e.g., India).
11. Why are public facilities important in the development of a
country?
Because they provide essential services like education, health, water,
sanitation, and transport that improve quality of life.
12. What are some examples of public facilities provided by the
government?
Schools, hospitals, colleges, electricity, sanitation, public transport, and
safe drinking water.
13. Define sustainable development. Why is it important?
Sustainable development meets present needs without harming the
ability of future generations to meet theirs. It ensures long-term well-
being and resource availability.
14. What are some problems caused by unsustainable development?
Overuse of groundwater, exhaustion of natural resources, pollution,
and environmental degradation.
15. How does sustainable development help future generations?
It conserves resources and environment so that future generations can
also meet their needs and live well.
16. Explain the relationship between income and other criteria in
measuring development.
Income is important but not the only measure; access to public
services and quality of life also matter.
17. Why can't total income alone be used to measure the
development of a country?
Because countries have different population sizes; total income doesn’t
reflect how income is shared per person.
18. What are the key components of development other than
income?
Freedom, equality, security, respect, and availability of public facilities
like education and healthcare.
MCQS:
1.
Direct: What does development mean to different people?
Indirect: How can development differ according to different people?
Answer: Development means different things to different people;
what is development for one person may not be for another and can
even be harmful to some.
2.
Direct: What factors besides income affect the quality of life?
Indirect: Which non-material factors influence the quality of life apart
from income?
Answer: Factors like equal treatment, freedom, security, and respect
for others affect the quality of life besides income.
3.
Direct: How is the average income of a country calculated?
Indirect: What formula is used to find the average income of a
country?
Answer: Average income (per capita income) is calculated by dividing
the total income of the country by its total population.
4.
Direct: How are countries classified based on per capita income?
Indirect: According to what criteria are countries classified as rich or
low-income?
Answer: Countries with per capita income above US$ 12,056 per
annum are called rich countries, and those with US$ 955 or less are
called low-income countries.
5.
Direct: What are public facilities?
Indirect: What kinds of services provided by the government are
considered public facilities?
Answer: Public facilities are services like infrastructure, sanitation,
public transport, healthcare, and water provided by the government.
6.
Direct: What is sustainable development?
Indirect: How is sustainable development defined?
Answer: Sustainable development meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
needs.
7.
Direct: Why do scientists warn against current levels of development?
Indirect: What concerns do scientists have about the present types
and levels of development?
Answer: Scientists warn that current development is not sustainable
due to overuse of groundwater and exhaustion of natural resources.
8.
Direct: What are some advantages of sustainable development?
Indirect: Which benefits does sustainable development provide?
Answer: Advantages include a secure lifestyle for future generations,
reduced pollution, and continued economic growth and development.
9.
Direct: What is per capita income?
Indirect: How is per capita income defined?
Answer: Per capita income is the average income earned per person
in a nation or region.
10.
Direct: Name some public facilities available in India.
Indirect: Which public services are provided in India to its citizens?
Answer: Schools, healthcare, colleges, electricity, sanitation, public
transport, and safe drinking water are public facilities in India