1. Why is algorithm development important in problem solving?
Algorithm development is important because it provides a step-by-step
solution to a problem. It helps in understanding the problem clearly, organizing
logic, avoiding errors, and making programming easier and efficient.
Example: Before writing a program to find the largest of three numbers, an
algorithm defines the steps like “compare first two numbers, then compare
the larger with the third.”
[Link] a program to print “Hello World”.
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf("Hello World\n"); // Prints Hello World on the screen
return 0;
}
3. Difference between interactive mode and script mode
4. Purpose of scanf() and printf() functions
Scanf ()`: Used to read input from the user during program execution.
Example:
int age;
scanf("%d", &age);
Printf()`: Used to display output on the screen.
Example:
printf ("Your age is %d", age);
[Link] is algorithm development necessary before programming?
Algorithm development is necessary because it helps in:
- Understanding the problem clearly
- Planning the solution in logical steps
- Reducing programming errors
- Making code easier to write and debug
6. Difference between while and for loops
7.
Syntax of a nested if statement in C
8. How is the switch-case concept implemented in C?
9. Name two input/output functions in C
- Input: scanf()
- Output: printf()
10. Define assignment operator with example
The assignment operator `=` assigns a value to a variable.
11. Explain Problem Analysis Chart (PAC) in C programming with
example?
[Link] how an Algorithm helps in solving problem with a suitable
example
[Link] is a Flowchart? Mention any two symbols used in it.
[Link] the main components of a program structure in C.
[Link] the Differences between algorithm and flowchart with suitable
examples.
[Link] a C program to calculate Simple Interest.
[Link] a C program to evaluate the expression y = a² + b² + 2ab
[Link] the Differences between between entry-controlled and exit
controlled loops in C.
[Link] the purpose and working of return statement in C?
[Link] does a continue statement differ from break statement.
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Part B
Develop a Solution to find the largest of three numbers.
(or)
Explain how to determine the largest of two numbers using a
problem analysis chart, algorithm, flowchart, and pseudocode.
Develop a solution to find the largest among three numbers entered by the user.
1. Algorithm
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Read three numbers — `A`, `B`, and `C`
Step 3: If `A > B` and `A > C`, then `A` is the largest
Step 4: Else if `B > C`, then `B` is the largest
Step 5: Else`C` is the largest
Step 6: Display the largest number
Step 7: Stop
2. Flowchart
3. Pseudocode
BEGIN
INPUT A, B, C
IF (A > B) AND (A > C) THEN
PRINT "A is the largest"
ELSE IF (B > C) THEN
PRINT "B is the largest"
ELSE
PRINT "C is the largest"
ENDIF
END
4. C Program
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int a, b, c; // Input three numbers
printf("Enter three numbers: ");
scanf("%d %d %d", &a, &b, &c); // Compare and find the largest
if (a > b && a > c)
{
printf("%d is the largest number.\n", a);
}
else if (b > c)
{
printf("%d is the largest number.\n", b);
}
else
{
printf("%d is the largest number.\n", c);
}
return 0;
}
5. Output Example
Enter three numbers: 45 78 12
78 is the largest number.
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Discuss built-in functions in C and their uses.
Built-in Functions in C
[Link]
In programming, we often need to perform repeated or common tasks,
such as mathematical calculations, input/output operations, or string
manipulations. Writing the same code repeatedly can be time-consuming and
error-prone.
C programming solves this problem using functions. Among them, built-in
functions (library functions) are predefined functions provided by the C standard
library.
These functions are already written, tested, and optimized.
Programmers can directly use them by including the appropriate header
file.
Examples of header files: stdio.h, math.h, string.h, ctype.h.
[Link]
Built-in Functions: Functions provided by the C language that perform
specific operations and are included in standard header files. No need to write
the function body.
Syntax: return_type function_name(arguments);
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
printf(“Hello World”); // printf() is a built-in function
return 0;
}
[Link] of Built-in Functions
1. Saves Time – No need to implement common operations manually.
2. Reduces Errors – Pre-tested and optimized by compiler developers.
3. Reusability – Functions can be used in multiple programs.
4. Improves Readability – Makes the code easier to understand.
5. Standardization – Ensures consistent behavior across compilers.
6. Efficiency – Faster execution because they are optimized.
4. Categories of Built-in Functions
A. Input/Output Functions (stdio.h)
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int num;
printf(“Enter a number:”);
scanf(“%d”, &num);
printf(“You entered: %d”, num);
return 0;
}
B. Mathematical Functions (math.h)
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main()
{
double num = 16;
printf(“Square root = %.2f”, sqrt(num));
return 0;
}
C. String Handling Functions (string.h)
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
int main()
{
char str1[20] = “Hello”;
char str2[] = “World”;
strcat(str1, str2);
printf(“%s”, str1); // Hello World
return 0;
}
D. Character Handling Functions (ctype.h)
Example:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main()
{
char ch = ‘b’;
printf(“Uppercase: %c”, to upper(ch)); // B
return 0;
}
Example Program Using Multiple Built-in Functions
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>
int main()
{
char name[20] = “cprogram”;
double num = 16;
printf("Length of string: %lu\n", strlen(name));
printf("Square root of %.1f: %.1f\n", num, sqrt(num));
printf("Uppercase of '%c': %c\n", 'b', to upper('b'));
return 0;
}
Output:
Length of string: 8
Square root of 16.0: 4.0
Uppercase of ‘b’: B
Advantages of Built-in Functions
1. Time-efficient – Avoid writing repetitive code.
2. Error-free – Pre-tested and reliable.
3. Improves Code Readability – Makes the program easier to understand.
4. Reusable – Can be used in multiple programs.
5. Standardized – Same function behavior across compilers.
6. Optimized for Performance – Functions are compiled and optimized.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Compare while, do-while, and for loops with examples.
(or)
Write a C program to demonstrate the use of different looping
statements (for, while, and do-while) and explain how each loop
executes during program execution
1. Introduction
Looping is an important concept in C programming that allows a set of
statements to be executed repeatedly until a specified condition becomes false.
C provides three main looping statements:
1. `while` loop
2. `do-while` loop
3. `for` loop
All three serve the same purpose — repetition, but differ in syntax, control
flow, and usage
4. Comparison of For Loop and While Loop,do while loop
5. Example Demonstrating All Loops Together
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i;
printf("Using while loop:\n");
i = 1;
while (i <= 3)
{
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
}
printf("\nUsing do-while loop:\n");
i = 1;
do
{
printf("%d ", i);
i++;
} while (i <= 3);
printf("\nUsing for loop:\n");
for (i = 1; i <= 3; i++)
{
printf("%d ", i);
}
return 0;
}
Output
Using while loop:
123
Using do-while loop:
123
Using for loop:
123
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`.i) Explain primitive data types in C with examples.
.ii) Write a C Program using nested loops to print the following pattern:
*
**
***
****
*****
#include <stdio.h>
int main()
{
int i, j;
// Outer loop for rows
for (i = 1; i <= 5; i++)
{
// Inner loop for columns
for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
{
printf("* ");
}
printf("\n"); // Move to next line
}
return 0;
output
*
**
***
****
*****
ii) Write a program to calculate the factorial of a number using both for
loop and while loop. Compare the working of both loops.
Factorial of a Number using For Loop and While Loop,do..While loop
1. Definition:
The factorial of a number `n` is the product of all positive integers from `1`
to `n`.
It is denoted by `n!`.
Example:
5! = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 × 1 = 120
Output
Enter a number: 5
Factorial of 5 = 120
Program using `for` loop Program using `while` loop Program using do….`while` loop
#include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h> #include <stdio.h>
int main() int main() int main()
{ { {
int n, i; int n, i = 1; int n, i = 1;
long fact = 1; long fact = 1; long factorial = 1;
printf("Enter a number: "); printf("Enter a number: "); printf("Enter a positive integer:
scanf("%d", &n); scanf("%d", &n); ");
for (i = 1; i <= n; i++) while (i <= n) scanf("%d", &n);
{ { if (n < 0)
fact = fact * i; fact = fact * i; {
} i++; printf("Factorial is not
printf("Factorial of %d = } defined for negative numbers.\n");
%ld\n", n, fact); printf("Factorial of %d = return 0;
return 0; %ld\n", n, fact); }
} return 0; do
} {
factorial *= i; // factorial =
factorial * i
i++;
} while (i <= n);
printf("Factorial of %d = %ld\n",
n, factorial);
return 0;
}
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.Write a C program demonstrating all types of operators.