Name ______________________________________________

UNIT 3:
DIFFERENTIATION
Part 2
Composite, Implicit and Inverse Functions

NOTES
 Lesson 1: The Chain Rule
Topic 3.1: The Chain Rule
The chain rule is used to differentiate composite functions such as 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 2 or 𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥 2 .
Remember that you create a composite function by “plugging” one function into another function. The
composition of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 is denoted by 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 . We can find the derivative of each
separate function by using the rules we’ve learned so far. But, we need the Chain Rule to find the
derivative of two functions “plugged into one another.”

The Chain Rule:

If 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 are differentiable, then the composite function 𝑓𝑓 ∘ 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥
is differentiable and 𝑓𝑓 ′ g 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)

Leibniz notation will allow us to use “u-substitution.” Let 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢) and 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥), notice that y is a
function of u and u is a function of x . So it follows that,
𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢
= �
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥

This looks more complicated than it really is. Basically, the Chain Rule says to:

MULTIPLY THE DERIVATIVE OF THE INSIDE FUNCTION BY THE DERIVATIVE

OF THE OUTSIDE FUNCTION.

EX #1: Find the derivative of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 5𝑥𝑥 + 3 2

with and without the chain rule.

A. Without the chain rule B. With the chain rule

3
EX #2: Find 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 given 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥𝑥 2
𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑥𝑥 = (Derivative of Outside Function) × (Derivative of Inside Function)

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 General Power and Exponential Rules:

If 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) is differentiable, then

𝑑𝑑 𝑛𝑛−1
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑛𝑛
= 𝑛𝑛 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥) (for any number n)

𝑑𝑑
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑑
= 𝑔𝑔′ 𝑥𝑥 𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑑

EX #3: For each function below, find the derivative.

−7
A. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 − 1 3 B. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2𝑑𝑑−3 2

2/3 2
C. 𝑦𝑦 = 5 − 4𝑥𝑥 2 D. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑒𝑒 3𝑑𝑑

−2
E. 𝑦𝑦 = 3
F. 𝑦𝑦 = cos 3 𝑒𝑒 5𝜃𝜃
6𝑑𝑑+3

© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link]

2
 2
G. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = ln 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 + 1 H. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 2 𝑒𝑒 −4 ln 𝑑𝑑

I. 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛2 4𝑥𝑥

J. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 4 sin2 𝑥𝑥

K. 𝐻𝐻 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥 L. 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑒𝑒 𝜋𝜋𝑑𝑑

M. 𝑔𝑔 𝜃𝜃 = 4𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 2 𝜋𝜋𝜃𝜃 N. 𝑦𝑦 = tan 2𝑥𝑥 − 3

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 More Derivatives Using Tables

EX #4: Let 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) be a continuous and differentiable function on the interval 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 1, and let
𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 4𝑥𝑥 . The table below gives values of 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥), the derivative of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). Find the
value of 𝑔𝑔′ (0.2).

𝒙𝒙 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8

𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙) 0.75 0.823 0.964 1.033 1.081 1.104 1.125

EX #5: Use the table below to complete the following.

𝑥𝑥 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝑔𝑔′ (𝑥𝑥)

−1 −2 4 −1 2
0 4 3 2 −3
2 3 −2 −4 1

A. Find the equation of the tangent line to 𝑥𝑥 = −1, if 𝐻𝐻 𝑥𝑥 = 3 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥

B. If 𝐽𝐽 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 � cos 𝑥𝑥 , what is the value of 𝐽𝐽′ (0)?

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 Lesson 2: Differentiation by Tables, Graphs and Symbolically
Topic 3.5: Selecting Procedures for Calculating Derivatives
There will be times when you need to find an approximation of the derivative. Typically, this type of
question will be given in the form of a table of values without a specific function. You will need to
identify an appropriate mathematical rule or procedure based on the given data to proceed
successfully.

EX #1: The table gives the values of a function that is differentiable on the interval [0, 1].
Find 𝑓𝑓 ′ (0.10).

𝒙𝒙 0.10 0.20 0.30 0.40 0.50

𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 0.261 0.433 0.552 0.587 0.534

EX #2: Symbolic Differentiation

Given the table of values below, find each of the derivatives of the following at 𝑥𝑥 = 2.

𝒙𝒙 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙) (𝒙𝒙) ′

(𝒙𝒙)

2 −4 8 3 −1

3 5 −2 1 −3

4 0 −1 2 3

A. 𝐻𝐻 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 B. 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 3

C. 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 � 𝑔𝑔(2𝑥𝑥) D. 𝑥𝑥 =
2𝑑𝑑
𝑔𝑔 𝑑𝑑

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EX #3: Finding derivatives from a graph.

Let 𝐻𝐻(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 , where the graphs of 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔

are shown at right. Estimate each derivative.
Justify your analysis algebraically.

A. 𝑔𝑔′ 3 B. 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝑔𝑔 3

C. 𝐻𝐻 ′ (3) D. 𝑓𝑓 ′ (7)

E. 𝑔𝑔′ 𝑓𝑓 7 F. 𝐻𝐻 ′ (7)

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 Lesson 3: Implicit Differentiation
Topic 3.2: Implicit Differentiation
We have been able to differentiate functions that are solved for 𝑦𝑦 explicitly, up to this point. Now we
want to consider functions of the type 𝑥𝑥 2 − 2𝑦𝑦 3 + 4𝑦𝑦 = 2. You can see that it would be quite
challenging to solve for y as a function of x, explicitly.

Some basic facts to consider related to implicit differentiation:

 Realize differentiation is taking place with respect to 𝑥𝑥.
 When you differentiate terms involving 𝑥𝑥 alone, you can differentiate as usual.
 When you differentiate terms involving 𝑦𝑦, you must apply the Chain Rule (because you are
assuming that 𝑦𝑦 is defined implicitly as a differentiable function of 𝑥𝑥.
𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑥𝑥 = 1

Guidelines for Implicit Differentiation:

1. Differentiate both sides with respect to 𝑥𝑥. OBEY THE CHAIN RULE by multiplying by 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦/𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥
every time you differentiate an expression containing 𝑦𝑦.
2. Isolate 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦/𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 by getting all of the 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦/𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 terms onto one side of the equation, and all other
terms onto the other side.
3. Factor out 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦/𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 if necessary.
4. Solve for 𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦/𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥.

EX #1: Find
𝑑𝑑
for 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 = 8 at (3,2) EX #2: Differentiate 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 − 2𝑦𝑦 2 = 2 at (1, 1)
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

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EX #3: Find
𝑑𝑑
: 𝑦𝑦 3 + 5𝑦𝑦 2 − 5𝑦𝑦 − 𝑥𝑥 2 = −4 EX #4: Find 𝑦𝑦 ′ for 𝑦𝑦𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑 = 𝜋𝜋
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

EX #5: Differentiate: cos 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 + 𝑦𝑦 EX #6: Differentiate: ln 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 = sin 𝑥𝑥

EX #7: Given 𝑥𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 7

A. Find the equation of the tangent line at 𝑥𝑥 = (−1,2).

B. Find the equation of the normal line at 𝑥𝑥 = (−1, 2)

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Topic 3.6: Calculating Higher-Order Derivatives
𝑑𝑑
When finding higher-order derivatives using implicit differentiation, be sure to solve for 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
before
𝑑𝑑
finding the second derivative, or higher. The subsequent derivatives will have a 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 term. For each of
these terms, you can make a substitution to be able to put your final derivative in terms of x and y.

𝑑𝑑 2
EX. #8: Find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 2
given 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥

EX #9: Find the points at which the graph of 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥𝑦𝑦 + 𝑦𝑦 2 = 27

has a either a horizontal or vertical tangent line.

© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link] 9

 Lesson 4: Derivatives of Inverse Functions
Topic 3.3: Differentiating Inverse Functions
Recall from previous courses that a function, 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥), that is one-to-one will pass the horizontal
line test and will therefore, have a unique inverse function 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥). We often say that the inverse
function “undoes” the original function 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥). This can be seen in the test to prove two functions are
inverses of each other, since the composition of the two functions produces the identity function.
𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥

Definition of an Inverse:

A function g is the inverse function of the function f if 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 for each 𝑥𝑥 in the domain
of g and 𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) = 𝑥𝑥 for each 𝑥𝑥 in the domain of f. The function 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) is denoted by 𝑓𝑓 −1 (𝑥𝑥).

Reflective Property of Inverse Functions:

The graph of f contains the point ( , ) if and only if the graph of 𝑓𝑓 −1 contains the point ( , ).

EX #1: Use the reflective property of inverse functions 𝒙𝒙 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒙𝒙

and the function values for 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) in the
table at right, to complete the table of values for their 3 2 −1
respective inverse functions, 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑥𝑥 and 𝑔𝑔−1 𝑥𝑥 . 1 −1 0
Then, use them to answer each of the questions below.
−1 4 3

A. The table of values for 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑥𝑥 : B. The table of values for 𝑔𝑔−1 (𝑥𝑥):

𝒙𝒙 𝒇𝒇− (𝒙𝒙) 𝒙𝒙 −
(𝒙𝒙)

Use the tables above to evaluate each of the following expressions below:

C. 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔−1 0 D. 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑓𝑓 −1 E. 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑔𝑔−1 −1 F. 𝑔𝑔−1 𝑓𝑓 −1 4

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 The Existence of an Inverse Function:

1. A function has an inverse function if and only if it is one-to-one.

2. If f is strictly monotonic on its entire domain, (either increasing or decreasing on its

entire domain) then it is one-to-one and therefore has an inverse function.

The relationship between a composite function and its inverse is stated below. If you use the chain
rule and differentiate both sides, you can find a formula for the derivative of an inverse.

𝑓𝑓 𝑓𝑓 −1 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥

EX #2: Given 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑥 − 3 and 𝑓𝑓 ′ 2 = 4. Find the value of 𝑓𝑓 −1 5 ′

GOAL: How do we find the derivative of the inverse function of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) at 𝑥𝑥 = ?

© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link] 11
 To Find the Derivative of an Inverse Function:
Let 𝑓𝑓 and 𝑔𝑔 be inverse functions, such that 𝑓𝑓 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑔𝑔 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 where 𝑓𝑓 = and 𝑔𝑔 = .
To find ′
( ) for a point ( , ) on 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙 .
1. Find 𝑓𝑓 ′ (𝑥𝑥)
2. If you are only given b, set = 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) to find a.
3. Find 𝑓𝑓 ′ ( )
1
4. 𝑔𝑔′ ( ) =
′
NOTE: 𝒇𝒇− 𝒙𝒙 =
𝒇𝒇 𝒇𝒇 𝒙𝒙

*** Inverse functions have reciprocal slopes at corresponding points.***

EX #3: Find 𝑔𝑔′ −1 ; where 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) is the inverse of 𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥).

𝒙𝒙 𝒇𝒇(𝒙𝒙) 𝒇𝒇′ (𝒙𝒙) 𝒙𝒙 ′

(𝒙𝒙)

2 5 0

3 −1 −4

−1 4 6

EX #4: Let 𝑔𝑔 be the inverse of 𝑓𝑓. Calculate 𝑔𝑔′ (−9) for 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑥 3 + 5𝑥𝑥

© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link] 12

There are questions where you will need to use a calculator to find approximations accurate to
three decimal places. Here’s an example of such a task.

EX #5: If 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 4𝑥𝑥 7 − 𝑥𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑥 − 5 , find (𝑓𝑓 −1 )′ (3) accurate to three decimal places.

1. Solve 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 3 , this will give you 𝑥𝑥 =

2. Differentiate 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥
3. Evaluate 𝑓𝑓 ′ at the value from step 1, using all the decimal values, no early rounding.
1
4. Use your result in the inverse derivative formula 𝑔𝑔′ =

Derivatives of Other Bases

Let a be a positive real number (a ≠ 1) and let u be a differentiable function of x.

𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑
1. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
𝑑𝑑
= (𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑑
2. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
= (𝑙𝑙𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑 1 𝑑𝑑
3. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
log 𝑥𝑥 = ( 𝑛𝑛 )𝑑𝑑
4. 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
log 𝑢𝑢 = ( 𝑛𝑛 ) 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑

EX #6: Find the derivative of each of the following.

A. 𝑦𝑦 = 3𝑑𝑑 B. 𝑦𝑦 = 43𝑑𝑑

2 2
C. 𝑦𝑦 = 5𝑑𝑑 D. 𝑦𝑦 = 53−𝑑𝑑

© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link] 13

EX #7: Find the derivative of each of the following.

A. 𝑦𝑦 = log 5 𝑥𝑥 B. 𝑦𝑦 = log 3 (𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛 𝑥𝑥)

C. 𝑦𝑦 = log 𝑥𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑑 3
D. 𝑦𝑦 = log 2 2𝑥𝑥 + 1

EX #8: Find an equation of the tangent line of 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 6𝑑𝑑 where 𝑥𝑥 = 2.

1.3
EX #9: A bacteria is growing according to the function = 1+ .3 . for 0 where ( ) is the
weight of the culture in ounces and is in hours. Find the weight of the culture after 0 hour,
2 hours, 8 hours. What is the limit as approaches infinity?

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EX #10: Inverse Derivatives by Tables 𝒙𝒙 𝒇𝒇 𝒇𝒇′ ′ −

Use the table at right to find each of −3 2 5 0 4

the indicated values below. State the
ordered pairs for the inverse function 0 5 −1 −5 1
−
(𝒙𝒙) in the column provided.
2 4 −3 1 2

4 2 2 −1 −3

A. Find 𝑓𝑓 −1 4 ′
B. Find 𝑔𝑔−1 −3 ′

C. Write the equation for the line tangent to the graph of 𝑔𝑔−1 (𝑥𝑥) when 𝑥𝑥 = 2.

D. Estimate the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (3). Use the result to explain the behavior of the graph of the function g
when 𝑥𝑥 = 3.

© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link] 15

 Lesson 5: Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Topic 3.4: Differentiating Inverse Trigonometric Functions
In this final lesson for the unit we can take the derivative of an inverse trigonometric function using the
ratios of a right triangle and implicit differentiation. We will start with sine inverse. Let’s derive!

EX #1: Use the Pythagorean Theorem, properties of right triangle trigonometry and implicit
differentiation to derive the inverse trigonometric function formulas.
𝑑𝑑
A. Given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
sin−1 𝑥𝑥

1
x

y
1 − 𝑥𝑥 2

𝑑𝑑
B. Given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 −1 𝑥𝑥 , find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
cos−1 𝑥𝑥

1 − 𝑥𝑥 2
y
x

𝑑𝑑
C. Given 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑛𝑛−1 𝑥𝑥, find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
tan−1 𝑥𝑥

y
1

16
© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link]
 Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

NOTEWORTHY: On previous exams, it is most important to know the inverse formulas for sine, cosine,
and tangent. You can memorize them or learn to derive them!

𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
arcsin 𝑢𝑢 = arccsc 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 1

𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′
arccos 𝑢𝑢 = arcsec 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 1 − 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑢𝑢 𝑢𝑢2 − 1

𝑑𝑑 𝑢𝑢′ 𝑑𝑑 −𝑢𝑢′
arctan 𝑢𝑢 = arccot 𝑢𝑢 =
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑢𝑢2 𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 1 + 𝑢𝑢2

EX #2: Differentiate.

A. 𝑦𝑦 = sin−1 5𝑥𝑥 B. 𝑦𝑦 = tan−1 2𝑥𝑥 + 1

C. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑠𝑠 𝑥𝑥 2 D. 𝑦𝑦 = sin−1 (𝑥𝑥 2 − 1)

E. 𝑦𝑦 = tan−1 (cos 𝑥𝑥) F. 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑛𝑛−1 (𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑑 )

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 𝑑𝑑
EX #3: Find an equation of the tangent line to the graph of the function 𝑦𝑦 = arctan 2
at
𝜋𝜋
the point 2, 4 .

𝑑𝑑
EX #4: Find 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 when tan 4𝑥𝑥 − 𝑦𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑥. [Hint: all trig functions will disappear in your answer.]

EX #5: Let g be the inverse of the function 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥𝑥, 0 ≤ 𝑥𝑥 ≤ 𝜋𝜋 . Find the value of 𝑔𝑔′ (1).

𝜋𝜋
EX #6: Find the slope-intercept form of the tangent line at 4
, −1 to the graph of
2
𝑥𝑥 + 𝑥𝑥 tan −1
𝑦𝑦 = 𝑦𝑦 − 1 . Round to 3 decimal places.

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© 2021 Jean Adams Flamingo [Link]