Quadratic Equations and Complex Numbers Guide
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Topics Particulars Page No.
Chapter 1. Quadratic Equations ............................................................3 - 28
1. Polynomial ............................................................................................................................. 3
2. Quadratic equation ................................................................................................................ 3
3. Properties related to nature of roots of quadratic equation .................................................... 6
4. Condition for common roots of equations .............................................................................. 7
5. Relation between roots and coefficients of a polynomial equation .......................................... 8
6. Relation between roots of f(x) = 0 and its derivative f'(x) = 0 ................................................... 9
7. Quadratic expression ........................................................................................................... 10
8. Sign of quadratic expression ................................................................................................ 11
9. Sign scheme for rational expressions ................................................................................... 12
10. Position of a number with respect to roots of an equation ................................................... 13
11. Analysis of cubic equation ................................................................................................... 18
12. Equation and inequation containing absolute value ............................................................ 18
13. Formation of new equations with the help of given equations .............................................. 19
14. Quadratic expression in two variables ................................................................................. 19
15. Miscellaneous Examples ...................................................................................................... 20
16. Unsolved Exercises .............................................................................................................. 23
Chapter 2. Complex Numbers ............................................................. 29 - 55
1. Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 29
2. Complex Numbers ............................................................................................................... 30
3. Algebra of Complex Numbers ............................................................................................... 30
4. Multiplicative inverse and cunjugate of a complex number ................................................. 30
5. Modulus of a Complex Number ............................................................................................ 31
6. Argand Plane and Geometrical Representation of Complex Numbers .................................. 35
7. Eulerian Representation of a Complex Number ................................................................... 37
8. De’Moivre’s Theorem ............................................................................................................ 38
9. Cube Roots of Unity ............................................................................................................. 38
10. Geometry of Complex Numbers ............................................................................................ 40
11. Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operations on Complex Numbers ......................... 42
12. Miscellaneous Examples ...................................................................................................... 46
13 Unsolved Exercises .............................................................................................................. 50
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Chapter 3. Permutation And Combinations ..................................... 59 - 98
1. The Factorial ........................................................................................................................ 59
2. Exponent of Prime p in n ! ................................................................................................... 60
3 Number of Divisors and Sum of Divisors ............................................................................. 61
4. Fundamental Principles of Counting .................................................................................... 62
5. Definition of Permutations ................................................................................................... 63
6. Number of permutations without repetition ......................................................................... 64
7. Number of permutations with repetition .............................................................................. 65
8. Conditional permutations .................................................................................................... 66
9. Circular Permutations ......................................................................................................... 67
10. Definition of Combination .................................................................................................... 69
11. Number of Combinations without repetition ........................................................................ 70
12 Number of Combinations with repetition ............................................................................. 71
13. Division into Groups ............................................................................................................ 72
14. Multinomial Theorem ........................................................................................................... 75
15. Miscellaneous Examples ...................................................................................................... 79
16. Unsolved Exercises .............................................................................................................. 92
Answer key .......................................................................................... 99 - 97
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
CHAPTER
1 QUADRATIC EQUATION
1. POLYNOMIALL
Algebraic expression containing many terms of the form cxn, n being a non-negative integer is called
a polynomial. i.e., f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + .... + an – 1xn – 1 + anxn, where x is a variable, a0, a1, a2 ......
an are constants an 0
Example : 4x4 + 3x3 – 7x2 + 5x + 3, 3x3 + x2 – 3x + 5.
1. Real polynomial : Let a0, a1, a2 .... an be real numbers and x is a real variable.
Then f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + ..... + anxn is called real polynomial of real variable x with real
coefficients.
Example : 3x3 – 4x2 + 5x – 4, x2 – 2x + 1 etc. are real polynomials.
2. Complex polynomial : If a0, a1, a2 ..... an be complex numbers and x is a varying complex number.
Then f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + a3x3 + .... + anxn is called complex polynomial of complex variable x with
complex coefficients.
Example : 3x2 – (2 + 4i)x + (5i – 4), x3 – 5i x2 + (1 + 2i)x + 4 etc. are complex polynomials.
3. Degree of polynomial : Highest power of variable x in a polynomial is called degree of polynomial.
Example : f (x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + .... + an – 1xn – 1 is a n – 1 degree polynomial.
f (x) = 4x3 + 3x2 – 7x + 5 is a 3 degree polynomial.
f (x) = 3x – 4 is single degree polynomial or linear polynomial.
f (x) = bx is an odd linear polynomial.
A polynomial of second degree is generally called a quadratic polynomial. Polynomials of degree 3
and 4 are known as cubic and biquadratic polynomials respectively.
4. Polynomial equation : If f (x) is a polynomial, real or complex, then f (x) = 0 is called a polynomial
equation.
2. QUADRATIC EQUATION
Types of Quadratic Equation :
A quadratic polynomial f (x) when equated to zero is called quadratic equation.
Example : 3x2 + 7x + 5 = 0, –9x2 + 7x + 5 = 0, x2 + 2x = 0, 2x2 = 0
or
An equation in which the highest power of the unknown quantity is two is called quadratic equation.
Quadratic equations are of two types :
(1) Purely quadratic equation : A quadratic equation in which the term containing the first degree of
the unknown quantity is absent is called a purely quadratic equation.
i.e. ax2 + c = 0 where a, c C and a 0
(2) Adfected quadratic equation : A quadratic equation which contains terms of first as well as second
degrees of the unknown quantity is called an adfected quadratic equation.
i.e. ax2 + bx + c = 0 where a, b, c C and a 0, b 0
(3) Roots of a quadratic equation : The values of variable x which satisfy the quadratic equation is
called roots of quadratic equation.
Note :-
An equation of degree n has roots, real or imaginary.
Surd and imaginary roots always occur in pairs in a polynomial equation with real coefficients i.e. If 2 – 3i is a root
of an equation, then 2 + 3i is also its root. Similarly if 2 + 3 is a root of given equation, then 2 – 3 is also its root.
An odd degree equation has at least one real root whose sign is opposite to that of its last term (constant
term), provided that the coefficient of highest degree term is positive.
Every equation of an even degree whose constant term is negative and the coefficient of highest degree
term is positive has at least two real roots, one positive and one negative.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
Solution of Quadratic Equaiton :
(1) Factorization method : Let ax2 + bx + c = a(x – )(x – ) = 0. Then x = and x = will satisfy the given
equation.
Hence, factorize the equation and equating each factor to zero gives roots of the equation.
Example : 3x2 – 2x + 1 = 0 (x – 1)(3x + 1) = 0
x = 1, –1/3
(2) Hindu method (Sri Dharacharya method) : By completing the perfect square as
b c
ax2 + bx + c = 0 x2 + x 0
a a
2 2
b b b2 4ac b b2 4 ac
Adding and subtracting , x 0 which gives, x
2a 2a 4a2 2a
2
Hence the quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0 (a 0) has two roots, given by
b b2 4ac b b2 4ac
,
2a 2a
Note :- Every quadratic equation has two and only two roots.
Nature of Roots :
In quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, the term b2 – 4ac is called discriminant of the equation, which
plays an important role in finding the nature of the roots. It is denoted by or D.
1. If a, b, c R and a 0, then :
(i) If D < 0, then equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has non-real complex roots.
b D b D
(ii) If D > 0, the equaiton ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real and distinct roots, namely ,
2a 2a
and then ax2 + bx + c = a(x – )(x – ) .... (i)
(iii) If D = 0, then equation ax2 + bx + c has has real and equal roots
b
and then ax2 + bx + c = a(x – )2 .... (ii)
2a
To represent the quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c in form (i) and (ii), transform it into linear
factors.
(iv) If D 0, then equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has real roots.
2. If a, b, c Q 0, then :
(i) If D > 0 and D is a perfect square roots are unequal and rational.
(ii) If D > 0 and D is not a perfect square roots are irrational and unequal.
3. Conjugate roots :
The irrational and complex roots of a quadratic equation always occur in pairs. Therefore
(i) If one root be + i then other rooth will be – i.
(ii) If one root be + then other root will be – .
4. If D1 and D2 be the discriminants of two quadratic equations, then
(i) If D1 + D2 0, then
(a) At least one of D1 and D2 0.
(b) If D1 < 0 then D2 > 0.
(ii) If D1 + D2 < 0, then
(a) At least one of D1 and D2 < 0.
(b) If D1 > 0 then D2 < 0.
Illustration 1: If is a root of 4x2 + 2x – 1 = 0, then other root of the equation is given by 43 – 3.
Solution : Let be other root of the given equation 4x2 + 2x = 0, of which is a root.
2 1
Then sum of roots
4 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
1
is a root of 4x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
2
1
42 + 2 – 1 = 0 42 = 1 – 2 ; 22 =
2
43 = – 22 ; 43 – 3 = – 22 – 3
1 1 1
2 22
2 2 2
Nature of Roots of Quadratic Equation ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0, a, b, c are are real numbers.
(i) The roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are real equal iff D = b2 – 4ac = 0.
(ii) If D > 0, the roots are real and unequal.
(iii) If D = a perfect square, then roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are are rational provided a, b, c are rational.
Otherwise roots are irrational
(iv) The above example suggests that if a = 1 and b, c are integers and the roots are rational, then roots
of the quadratic equation must be integers.
(v) If be an irrational root of the quadratic equation, then is also a root of the quadratic
equation provided all the coefficients are rational.
(vi) If D < 0, the roots are imaginary numbers. If + i is one root of the given equation, with real
coefficients 0, then the other root must be its conjugate – i and vice-versa; where , R
and i 1 . In other words we can say that complex roots of an equation (if it exists) always
occur in conjugate pairs.
(vii) If roots of the given quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 are equal in magnitude but opposite in
signs, then b = 0 = coefficient of x.
b
i.e. If , – are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then sum of roots = () 0
a
b = 0.
Observation : The roots of x2 – 4 = 0 are x = + 2, – 2 and that of x2 + 9 = 0 are 3i and –3i.
(viii) If roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are reciprocal, then coefficient of x2 = constant term
1 c
i.e. a = c. (In this case product of roots = 1 = . )
a
Observation : The roots of 2x2 + 5x + 2 = 0 are – 2 and –1/2 as roots are reciprocal as coefficient of
x2 = constant term = 2
(ix) If the sum of coefficients of ax2 + bx + c = 0 is zero (i.e. if a + b + c = 0), then the roots of the equation
and 1 and c/a.
Similarly if a – b + c = 0, then roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 are – 1 and –c/a.
(x) If the quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two roots (real or complex), then it becomes an
identity and in this case a = b = c = 0.
Proof :
Let x1, x2, x3 be three distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0
then ax12 bx1 c 0 .... (i)
ax22 bx2 c 0 .... (ii)
ax32 bx3 c 0 .... (iii)
By (i) – (ii), a(x1 + x2) + b = 0 .... (iv) (x1 x2)
By (ii) – (iii), a(x2 + x3) + b = 0 .... (v) (x2 x3)
Now (iv), (v), a = 0, b = 0 (x1 x3)
In equation (i) putting a = b = 0, we get c = 0
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
(xi) A quadratic equation, whose roots are and can be written as
(x – ) (x – ) = 0 = x2 – ( + )x +
i.e. ax2 + bx + c a(x – )(x – ).
Illustration 2 : Discuss the nature of roots of x2 – 23x – 1 = 0.
Solution : Here we observe that
D = b2 – 4ac = (–23)2 – 4.1.(–1) = 12 + 4 = 16 = 42
and roots of the given equation is
b D b D 2 3 4 2 3 4
& i.e. , i.e. 3 + 2, 3 – 2.
2a 2a 2 2
Thus the roots of the given equation are irrational.
Illustration 3: Discuss the nature or roots of x2 – 2008x + 2007 = 0.
Solution : Here, D = (2008)2 – 4.2007 = (2007 + 1)2 – 4.1.2007
= (2007 – 1)2 = (2006)2 = a perfect square.
2008 2006 2008 2006
Roots are ,
2 2
i.e. 2007 and 1 are roots of the given equation.
3. PROPERTIES RELATED TO NATURE OF ROOTS OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
(i) Let D1 and D2 be the discriminants of two given quadratic equations
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x2 + b2x + c2 = 0 respectively and D1 + D2 0.
The at least one of D1 & D2 is 0
At least one of the equations has real roots.
Illustration 4: Discuss the nature of roots of equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + cx + d = 0, where a, b,
c, d are real numbers and ac = 2(b + d).
Solution : Let D1 and D2 be discriminants of the given equations x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + cx + d = 0
respectively.
Then D1 = a2 – 4b and D2 = c2 – 4d.
Now D1 + D2 = a2 – 4b + c2 – 4d
= a2 + c2 – 4(b + d)
= a2 + c2 – 2ac [ ac = 2(b + b)]
= (a – c)2 0
Consequently at least one of the given equatins has real roots.
(i) If D1 + D2 < 0, then at least one of D1 and D2 < 0
at least one of the given equations has imaginary roots.
For example, let us consider two quadratic equation x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 and x2 + 2x + 4 = 0.
Here D1 = 16 – 12 = 4 & D2 = 4 – 16 = – 12
D1 + D2 = 4 – 12 = – 8 < 0
at least one of the given equation has imaginary roots.
Here x2 + 2x + 4 = 0 has imaginary roots.
(ii) If D1D2 < 0
Then the equation (x1x2 + b1x + c1) (a2x2 + b2x + c2) = 0 has two real roots.
In the above example we observe that D1D2 = 4 × 12 = – 48 < 0.
Hence the equation (x1x2 + b1x + c1)(a2x2 + b2x + c2) = 0 has two real and two complex roots.
(iii) D1D2 > 0
Either D1 > 0 and D2 > 0
(a1x2 + b1x + c1) (a2x2 + b2x + c2) = 0 has four real roots.
or D1 < 0 and D2 < 0
(a1x2 + b1x + c1) (a2x2 + b2x + c2) = 0 has four complex roots.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
(iv) D1D2 = 0
D1 > 0 and D2 = 0 or D1 = 0 and D2 > 0
In this case (a1x2 + b1x + c1) (a2x2 + b2x + c2) = 0 has two equal real roots and two distinct real roots.
or D1 < 0 and D2 = 0 or D2 = 0 or D1 = 0 and D2 < 0
In this case (a1x2 + b1x + c1) (a2X2 + b2x + c2) = 0 has two equal real roots and two imaginary roots.
4. CONDITION FOR COMMON ROOTS OF EQUATIONS
(i) Condition for One Common Root between two Quadratic Equations
Let be a common root between given two quadratic equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
Then a2 + b + c = 0
and a12 + b1 + c1 = 0.
By cross-multiplication, we have
2 1
bc1 b1c a1c ac1 ab1 a1b
bc1 b1c a1c ac1
a1c ac1 ab1 a1b
(a1c – ac1)2 = (ab1 – a1b) (bc1 – b1c), which is the required condition.
Remark : Let and be other roots of the equations;
c c c c
then & 1 & 1 .
a a1 a a1
The quadratic equation with other roots of the equations is given by
2 c c1 x cc1
x2 – ( + )x + = 0 x 2
0
a a1 aa1
Illustration 5: If the quadratic equation x2 + ax + b = 0 and x2 + bx + a = 0 (a b) have a common
root, then find the numerical value of a + b.
Solution : Let be a common root between given quadratic equations.
Then 2 + a + b = 0
2 + b + a = 0
On subtraction (a – b) + b – a = 0 = 1.
The common root is 1. Putting = 1, we get
1 + a + b = 0 a + b = – 1 |a + b| = 1
Absolute value of (a + b) = 1
Numerical value of a + b is – 1.
Illustration 6: If the equation x2 + ax + bc = 0 and x2 + bx + ca = 0 have a common root, then find the
condition and the quadratic equation with other roots of the equation.
Solution : Let , be the roots of x2 + ax + bc = 0 and , be that of x2 + bx + ca = 0 so that is a
common root.
Then 2 + a + bc = 0; + = – a, = bc
2 + b + ca = 0; + = – b, = ca
Solving by cross-multiplication, we have
2 1
2 2
a c b c bc ca b a
2 1
c(a b)(a b) c(b a) b a
= – (a + b) = c a + b + c = 0
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
Which is the required condition for a common root between given equations.
also + bc = c and = ca = c
=b =a
Thus the quadratic equation with roots & is
x2 – ( + )x + = 0
x2 – (a + b)x + ab = 0
x2 + cx + ab = 0
(ii) Condition for two Quadratic Equations to have both Roots Common
Let , be roots of given quadratic equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0
b b1 a b
a a1 a1 b
c c a c
1
a a1 a1 c1
a b c
. Which is the required condition.
a1 b1 c1
Note :- When both roots are common, then the two quadratic equations are identical.
Illustration 1: Find a relation between a, b, c so that two quadratic equations
ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 1003x2 + 1505x + 2007 = 0 have a common root.
Solution : We observe that the discriminant of the quadratic equation
1003x2 + 1505x + 2007 = 0 is (1505)2 – 4 × 1003 × 2007 < 0
Root of the equation are complex
We knwo that complex roots of an equation occur in conjugate pairs, and in this case
whenever be a common root between given equations, other root automatically
becomes common.
Hence the given equations have both roots common and consequantly
a b c ac
1003 1505 2007 3010
2b = a + c a, b, c are in A.P.
which is the required relation.
5. RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS AND COEFFICIENTS OF A POLYNOMIAL EQUATION
a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + a3xn – 3 + ..... + an – 1 x + an = 0.
Let 1, 2, 3, .... n – 1, n be the roots of the givne equation
a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + a3xn – 3 + ..... + an – 1 x + an = 0
Then a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + a3xn – 3 + ..... + an – 1 x + an
0(x – 1)(x – 2)(x – 3) .... (x – n) = 0
0[xn – (1 + 2 + .... n)xn – 1 + (12 + 13 + 14 + ..... + 1n + 23 + ..... + n – 1n)xn – 2
– (123 + 124 + .... + n – 2 n – 1n)xn – 3 + .... + (–1)n 1234 .... n] = 0.
a0 a0 (1 2 .... n ) a0 (1 2 1 3 ..... n 1 n )
a0 a3 a2
n
a1 coeff. of x n 1
i 1 2 3 .... n sum of all roots = (1)1
i 1 a0
(1)1
coeff. of x n
i j 1 2 1 3 .... n 1 n sum of product of roots taken two at a time
1 i j n
a2 coeff. of x n 2
= (1)2 (1)2
a0 coeff. of x n
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
1 i j k n
i j k 1 2 3 12 4 ..... n 2 n 1 n
a3 coeff. of x n 3
= sum of product of roots taken three at a time (1)3 (1)3
a0 coeff. of x n
an constant term
Product of all roots = a1a2a3 .... an = (–1)n (1)n
a0 coeff. of x n
Illustration 8: Find the condition in order that the equation a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + .... + an – 1 x + an =
0 has real roots (a0 0).
Solution : Let 1, 2, 3, ....., n be the real roots of the given equation.
Then
a
i 1 2 3 ..... n a1
0
a a
i j 1 2 1 3 ..... 1 n 2 3 ..... n 1 n (1)2 . 2 2
1 i j n a0 a0
From well-known inequality we know that
2
21 22 23 ..... 2n 1 2 3 .... n
n n
2 2
a1 a a1
2 2
2. 2
( i ) 2 i j ( i ) 2
a0 a0 a02
2
n n2 n n
2 2 2
na1 2na0a2 a1 (n 1)a1 2na0a2 0
which is the required condition.
Note :- The roots of the equation a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + a2xn – 2 + a3xn – 3 + .... + an – 1 x + an = 0 can’t be real if (n – 1) a12
– 2na2a0 < 0.
6. RELATION BETWEEN ROOTS OF F(X) = 0 AND ITS DERIVATIVE F'(X) = 0
f (x) be a continuous function and f (x) = 0 has n real roots, then f' (x) = 0 has (n – 1) roots,
f'' (x) = 0 has (n – 2) roots, f''' (x) = 0 has (n – 3) real roots and so on .....
Illustration 9: Find the number of real roots of the equation
(x – 7)2007 + (x + 72)2007 + (x – 73)2007 + .... +(x – 72007)2007 = 0
Solution : Let f (x) = (x – 7)2007 + (x – 72)2007 + (x – 73)2007 + .... + (x – 72007)2007.
So that f' (x) = 2007 [(x – 7)2006 + (x – 72)2006 + (x – 73)2006 + ..... + (x – 72007)2006]
Clearly f' (x) > 0 for all x R and hence
f (x) is increasing
f (x) = 0 has one real and 2006 imaginary roots as every equation of an odd degree
has at least one rest root.
Illustration 10: The equations ax2 + bx + a = 0, x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 have two roots common, then
find the value of a + b.
Solution : We have x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0
(x – 1) (x2 + x + 1) – 2x(x – 1) = 0
(x – 1) (x2 + x – 2x + 1) = 0 (x – 1) (x2 – x + 1) = 0
x = 1, – , –2, where being non-real cubic roots of unity.
Since the given equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and x3 – 2x2 + 2x – 1 = 0 have two common
roots, hence –, –2 are the common roots consequently
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
a2 – b + a = 0 and a4 – b4 – b2 + a = 0
a(1 + 2) – b = 0 and a(1 + ) – b2 = 0
–a – b = 0 and – a2 – b2 = 0
(a + b) = 0 and (a + b)2 = 0
a+b=0
Note :- When the given equations have a real root common, then a = – 2.
Illustration 11: Find the condition that px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0 has exactly one real roots, where p, q, r, s
R.
Solution : Let f (x) = px3 + qx2 + rx + s
so that f'(x) = 3px2 + 2qx + r
Now f (x) = 0 has all real roots, if f'(x) = 0 has real roots.
i.e. D 0
4q2 – 12pr 0 q2 – 3pr 0
But when q2 – 3pr < 0, no root of f'(x) = 0 is real and hence f (x) = 0 has exactly one real root.
7. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
An expression of the form ax2 + bx + c, where 0 a, b, c R is called a quadratic expression or
quadratic polynomial in independent variable x.
b c
Let y = f (x) = ax2 + bx + c = a x 2 x = a[x2 – ( + )x + ] = [(x – )(x – ); & are roots
a a
of ax2 + bx + c = 0.
Thus ax2 + bx + c = a(x – ) (x – ),
where & are roots of the corresponding quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
2 2
2 b b b2 b b2 4ac
Also y f ( x ) a x 2 x . c a x
2a 2a 4a 2a 4a
2
D b 2
y a x ; D b 4ac
4a 2a
b D
which represents a parabola with vertex at , .
2a 4a
Q.1 If the difference of the roots of the equation x2 + kx + 7 = 0 is 6, then the possible values of k are
(a) 4 (b) –4 (c) ±8 (d) ±6
Q.2 If one root of equation x2 – ix – (1 + i) = 0 is 1 + i, then the other root is
(a) 1 – i (b) –1 + i (c) –1 (d) –1 – i
2 1/p
Q.3 If the equation (3x) + (27 × 3 – 15)x + 4 = 0 has equal roots then p =
(a) 0 (b) –2 (c) –1/2 (d) –1/3
Q.4 If are 2 = 5 – 3, 2 = 5 – 3, then the equation having and as its roots is
(a) 3x2 + 19x + 3 = 0 (b) 3x2 – 19x + 3 = 0
2
(c) 3x – 19x – 3 = 0 (d) x2 – 16x + 1 = 0
Q.5 The set of values of p for which the roots of the equation 3x2 + 2x + p(p – 1) = 0 are of opposite
sign is
(a) (–, 0) (b) (0, 1) (c) (1, ) (d) (0, )
Answers :
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (b)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
8. SIGN OF QUADRATIC EXPRESSION
We have seen that
ax2 + bx + c = a(x – ) (x – ); & being roots of corresponding equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
which shows that the sign of ax2 + bx + c depends on ‘a’.
Case-I : D - 0 ( + are real & equal)
In this case ax2 + bx + c = a(x – )2 > 0, if a > 0
< 0, if a < 0
i.e. the quadratic expression ax2 + bx + c is positive or negative according as a > 0 or a < 0. It has
value equal to zero at x = . Graphically it is shown as below :
D=0
a>0
b
(– , 0)
2a
ax2 + bx + c 0, b f ( x) 0,
xR (– , 0) xR
2a D=0
a<0
min (ax 2 + bx + c) = 0, where a > 0 max (ax2 + bx + c) = 0, if a < 0
Graph of y = f (x) touches x-axis.
Case-II : D < 0 (b2 – 4ac < 0),
In this case the roots of the corresponding equation are conjugate complex numbers say p + iq & p – iq.
Let = p + iq, = p – iq.
Now, ax2 + bx + c = a(x –)(x – )
= a[(x – p) – iq][(x – p) + iq];
= a[(x – p)2 + q2] = 0 according as a = 0; because (x – p)2 + q2 > 0
which shows that the given expression ax2 + bx + c is always +ve or –ve according as
a > 0 or a < 0.
Graphically it is shown as below.
D<0
a>0
2
ax + bx + c > 0,
xR b D
(– , – ) b D
2a 4 a (– ,– )
2a 4 a
2 –D f (x) < 0, x R
min (ax + bx + c) =
4a D<0
–b a<0
at x =
2a
Graph y = f(x) neither touches 2 –D –b
max (ax + bx + c) = at x =
nor intersects x-axis. 4a 2a
For Example :
For the quadratic expressions x2 + x + 1 and – x2 + 2x + 4, their minimum and maximum values are
3/4 and –3 respectively, which is clear from the graph given below.
D<0
a>0
1 3 min (x2 + x + 1) = 3
(– , ) 4
2
max (–x + 2x – 4) = –3
2 4
(1, –3) and –x2 + 2x –4 < 0,
2
x + x + 1 > 0, x R xR
D<0
a<0
Case-III : D > 0 i.e. (b2 – 4ac > 0),
In this cases roots are real and distinct,
i.e. , R & .
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
Let < .
For x < x < For < x < For x > x >
x–<0&x–<0 x–>0&x–<0 (x – )(x – ) > 0
(x – )(x – ) > 0 (x – )(x – ) < 0 ax2 + bx + c 0
ax + bx + c = a(x – )(x – ) 0 ax2+bx+c = a(x–)(x–) 0
2
according as 0
if a 0 according as a 0
The above cases can be interpreted on the number lines as
The sign of The sign of The sign of
2 2 2
ax + bx + c is ax + bx + c is ax + bx + c is
similar to the opposite to the similar to the
sign of a sign of a sign of a
x x x
Clearly the graph y = f (x) intersects x-axis at two points, which is apparent form the following
graphs.
D>0 b , D
(– – )
a>0 2a 4a
(, 0)
(, 0) (, 0)
(, 0)
–b –D D>0
( , ) a<0
2a 4a
D b D b
min (ax 2+bx+c) = which occurs at x max (ax2 + bx + c) which occurs at x
4a 2a 4a 2a
ax2 + bx + c 0, x (–, ] [B, ) ax2 + bx + c 0, x (–, ] [, )
and ax2 + bx + c 0, x [, ] and ax2 + bx + c 0, x [, ]
For Example : The quadratic expressions y = x2 + 5x + 6 and y = – x2 + 4x – 3 are plotted graphically
as follows
(2, 1)
D>0 –ve +ve –ve
a>0
(1, 0) (3, 0)
+ve –ve +ve D>0
(–3, 0) (–2, 0) x2 + 5x + 5 0, a<0
–5 –1 x (–, –3] [–2, )
( , ) 2
max (–x + 4x – 3) = 1 which occurs at x = 2
2 4 2
and x + 5x + 6 0, 2
x [–3, –2] –x + 4x – 3 0, in (– , 1] [3, )
2
2 and –x + 4x –3 0 in [1, 3)
min (x + 5x + 6) = – 1/4
which occurs at x = – 5/2
Clearly the graphs cross x-axis at two points.
9. SIGN SCHEME FOR RATIONAL EXPRESSIONS
( x a1 )k1 (x a2 )k2 ( x a3 )k3 .....(x an )kn
Let f (x )
(x b1 )n1 (x b2 )n2 (x b3 )n3 .....( x bm )nm
where k1, k2, k3, ...., kn, n1, n2, n3, ...., nm N
and a1, a2, a3, ...., an, b1, b2, b3, ...., bm R such that
ai bj where i = 1, 2, 3, ....., n and j = 1, 2, 3, ....., m.
In order to discuss the sign scheme of f(x) we proceed as follows :
Step I : We indicate all a'js & b'js on the number line with their respective position so that we have
n + m + 1 section on the number line.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
Step II : We write +ve, –ve alternatively from right most region of the number line keeping in view that
if the index of critical points (aj or bj) is even, then we retain sign to the immediate left of the
point. The concept will be clear from the following illustrated example :
x 2 5x 6
Let us consider the sign scheme of
x 2 5x 4
1, 2, 3, 4 are critical points where x 1, 4.
+ve +ve +ve –ve –ve
1 2 3 4
Since all the indices are odd, so we write +ve, –ve alternatively from right most region of the
number line.
x 2 5x 6
Thus 0 , x (–, 1) [2, 3] (4, )
x 2 5x 4
x 2 5x 6
and 0 , x (1, 2] [3, 4)
x 2 5x 4
Now let us take another example :
(x 2)2000 ( x 1)199 ( x 4)200 ( x 3)2007
Let f ( x)
(x 2)1008 ( x 1)2005 ( x 4)305 (x 5)2004
Here critical points are 1, 2, 4, 5, –1, –2, –3, –4. Out of which –1, –4, 2, 5 are points of
discontinuties. Here we observe that index of (x – 1), (x + 3), (x + 1), (x + 4) are odd where as
index of (x + 2), (x – 4), (x – 2), (x – 5) are even. The graph illustrates the sign scheme
+ve –ve +ve +ve +ve
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 4 5
10. POSITION OF A NUMBER WITH RESPECT TO ROOTS OF AN EQUATION
Let , be real roots of f(x) = ax2 + bx + c = 0 and k = R. y
Case-I: k is less than both the roots f(x) = 0
(a) When a > 0 b
–
k O 2a
b x
We see from f(k) > 0, D 0 and k < – .... (1)
2a
(b) When a < 0 y
We can see from graph f(k) < 0, D 0 and K < – b/2a ....(2) k
x
From (1) and (2) O – b
2a
We conclude that when k is less thn both the roots of f(k )
f(x) = 0 we must have af(k) > 0 y
D 0 and K < – b/2a
f(k )
Case-II: k is greater than both the roots of f(x) = 0
(a) When a > 0 O –b /2a
x
k
b
We can see from graph f(k) > 0, D 0, k > – .... (1)
2a y
(b) When a < 0
k
b x
0 b
We can see from f(k) > 0, D 0, k > – .... (2) –
2a
2a f(k)
From (1) and (2)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
we conclude that when k is greater than both the roots of f(x) = 0 we must have af(k) > 0
and k > – b/2a. y
Case-III: k lies between both the roots of f(x) = 0
(a) When a > 0 b
–
b 0 2a k
x
But K can be smaller, greater or equal to –
2a f( k )
Only two conditions are thee f(k) < 0 and D > 0 .... (1)
(b) We can see from graph f(k) > 0 and D > 0 y
b f (k )
But k can be smaller, greater or equal to –
2a x
0 –
b k
2a
b
i.e. no conclusion can be made for –
2a
Only two conditions are there f(k) > 0 and D > 0 .... (2)
From (1) and (2)
we conclude that when k lies between the roots f(x) = 0 we must have
af(k) < 0 and D > 0.
Illustration 12: Let us consider following two quadratic equations x2 – 4x + 3 = 0 and –2x2 + 5x – 2 = 0.
(–1, f(1))
(5, f(5))
(2, 0)
(–1, 0) (1, 0) (3, 0) (5, 0)
(2, f(2))
Solution : It is obvious from figure that – 1 is less than both roots and 5 is greater than both the
roots of f(x) = 0 = x2 – 4x + 3. x = 2 lies between the roots of f(x) = 0. Here f(–1) = 8 > 0,
f(5) = 8 > 0, f(2) = – 1 < 0.
(–1, 0)
1 (1, 0) (2, 0)
( , 0)
2
Also from the graph of f(x) – 2x2 + 5x – 2, it is clear that –1 and 5 are respectively less
than and greater than both the roots of f(x) = 0 and 1 lies between the roots f(–1) = –
9 < 0, f(5) = – 27 < 0, f(1) = 1 > 0
(ii) Let k1, k2 (k1 < k2) be two real numbers.
(a) The both k1 & k2 lie outside and less than both the roots of f(x) = 0,
If af(k1) > 0, af (k2) > 0
f(k1) f(k2) > 0 af (k1) < 0, af (k2) < 0 f ( k 1) f ( k 2) > 0
and k1 < k2 < –b but f (k1) f(k2) > 0 and k2 > k1 > –b
2a a
– k1 k2 k1 k2 +
b
and k1 k2
2a
(b) Both k1 & k2 lie outside and are greater than both the roots if
b
af (k1) > 0, af (k2) > 0 and k2 > k1 > .
2a
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
(c) Both k1 & k2 lie between both the roots (k1, f(k1)
if af (k1) < 0, af (k2) < 0 (k2, f(k2))
The only smaller root lies between k1 and k2
k1 k2 f(k1)f(k2) < 0
if af (k1) > 0, af(k2) < 0 combining f (k1) f (k2) < 0. (k1, f (k1))
(d) The greater root b lies between k1 & k2
(k2, f (k2 ))
b
if af (k1) < 0, af(k2) > 0 and f(k1) f(k2) < 0 & < k2.
2a
(k1, f (k1)
(k2, f(k2))
(k2, f(k2))
k1 k2
(k2, f (k2))
(k1, f (k1))
f(k 1)f(k2) < 0
Both roots lie between k1 & k2
if af(k1) > 0, af (k2) > 0
i.e. f(k1) f(k2) > 0 and
k1 k2
b
k1 k2
2a
Illustration 13: Let f(x) = 2x2 – 2(m + 1)x + m(m + 1), m R
Ror real roots of f (x) = 0,
D0
4(2m + 1)2 – 4.2m (m + 1) 0
4m2 + 4m – 2m2 – 2m + 1 0
(m + 1)2 + m2 0
Which is always non-negative for all real values of m.
Here coefficient of x2 = 2 > 0.
b 2(2m 1)
(i) When both roots of f (x) = 0 are smaller than 2, then clearly f (2) > 0 and 2.
2a 22
D=0
a=0
D>2
a=2>0
D>0 2
a=2>0 <2
<2
8 – 4(2m + 1) + m2 + m > 0 and m < 3/2
m2 – 7m + 4 > 0 and m < 3/2 7–33 7+33
2 2
7 33 3 7 33
Required interval is m ,
2 2 2
b 2(2m 1)
(ii) When both roots of f (x) = 0 are greater than 2, clearly f (2) > 0 and 2
2a 22
7 33 7 33 3
m , , and m D>0
2 2 2 a=2>0
(, 0)
7 33
m , (, 0)
2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
(iii) Both roots lie in (2, 3), we must have f (2) > 0, f (3) > 0 and 2 < –b/2a < 3.
2 3
2m 1
m2 – 7m + 4 > 0 and m2 – 11m + 12 > 0 and 2 < 3.
2
7 33 7 33 11 73 11 73 3 5
m , , , m , , and m
2 2 2 2 2 2
m does not exist satisfying above conditions.
(iv) In order that exactly on root lies in (2, 3). We must have f (2) f (3) < 0
either f (2) < 0 and f (3) > 0 or f (2) > 0 & f (3) < 0.
7 33 7 33 11 73 11 73
m , & m , ,
2 2 2 2
7 33 7 33 11 73 77 73
m , , and m ,
2 2 2 2
7 33 11 73 7 33 11 73
m , ,
2 2 2 2
(v) Let < 1 and > 1
f (1) < 0
1
2 – 2(2m + 1) + m(m + 1) < 0
m2 – 3m < 0 m(m – 3) < 0 m (0, 3)
(vi) Let < 2 and > 3. In this case 2 and 3 lies between the roots and hence f (2) < 0 and f (3) < 0.
m2 – 7m + 4 < 0 and m2 – 11m + 12 < 0
7 33 7 33 11 73 11 73
m , and m ,
2 2 2 2
7 73 7 33 2 3
m ,
2 2
(vii) Both 2 and 3 lie betwen & , hence f (2) < 0, f (3) < 0
11 73 7 33
m ,
2 2
2 3
Some Useful Results :
(i) If x = is a root repeated m times of f (x) = 0,
then f (x) can be expressed as
f (x) = (x – )m g(x)
where g(x) is a polynomial of degree (n – m).
(ii) Rolle’s Theorem :
Let f (x) be a real valued function defined on [a, b] such that
f (x) is continuous on [a, b]
f (x) is differentiable on (a, b)
and f (a) = f (b), then there exists c (a, b) such that f (c) = 0.
In otherwords, a polynomial equation f (x) = 0 has n real roots, then f (x) = 0 has (n – 1) real roots.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
More precisely, between two pair roots of f (x) = 0, there exists at least one root of f (x) = 0
(iii) Lagrange’s Theorem :
Let f (x) be a function defined on [a, b] such that it is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on (a,
f (b) f (a)
b), then there exists c (a, b) satisfying f (c) = .
ba
(iv) Descarte’s Rule of Sign :
The maximum number of positive real roots of a polynomial equation f (x) = 0 is the number of
changes of sign from positive to negative and negative to positive in f (x).
The maximum number of negative real roots of a polynomial equation f (x) = 0 is the number of
changes of sign from positive to negative and negative to positive in f (–x).
Illustration 14: The maximum possible number of real roots of equation x5 – 6x2 – 4x + 5 = 0 is
(a) 0(b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
5 2
Solution : (b) f (x) = x – 6x – 4x + 5 = 0
+ – + +
2 changes of sign maximum two positive roots.
f (–x) = – x5 – 6x2 + 4x + 5
– – + +
1 changes of sign Þ maximum one negative roots.
Total maximum possible number of real roots = 2 + 1 = 3.
Note :- Descarte’s Rule of sign simply gives the maximum number of positive or negative real roots. It doesnot
give the exact number of positive or negative real root of f (x) = 0.
Illustration 15: If a, b, c R and 3a + 4b + 6c + 12d = 0, then there exists at least one root of the
cubic equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 in (0, 1).
Solution : Here we have to show that one root of the equation ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 lie in (0, 1)
Let f '(x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d
ax 4 bx 3 cx 2
f ( x) dx k , where k is a constant of integration.
4 3 2
Here was observe that f (x) is continuous in [0, 1] differentiable in (0, 1) and f (0) = f (1) = k.
which shows that f (x) satisfies all the conditions of Rolle’s theorem and hence there
exists at least one root of f '(x) = 0 in (0, 1)
i.e. ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0 has a root lying in (0, 1).
Q.1 If , are the roots of x2 + bx – c = 0, then the equation whose roots are b and c is
(a) x2 + x – = 0 (b) x2 – x( + + )x – ( + ) = 0
2
(c) x – x( + – )x – ( + ) = 0 (d) x2 + x( + + )x + ( + ) = 0
Q.2 If the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation x2 – (sin – 2)x – (1 + sin ) = 0 is least,
then =
(a) (b) (c) (d)
4 3 2 6
Q.3 Let 2 sin2 x + 3 sin x – 2 > 0 and x2 – x – 2 < 0 (x is measured in radians). Then x lies in the interval.
5 5
(a) , (b) 1, (c) (–1, 2) (d) ,2
6 6 6 6
2 2
Q.4 2
If , are roots of the equation ax + 3x + 2 = 0 (a < 0) then is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) Dependent of a
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
Q.5 If sin and cos are the roots of the equation px2 + qx + r = 0, then the incorrect statement is
q
(a) p2 – q2 + 2pr = 0 (b) 2, 2
p
r 1 1
(c) , (d) p2 + q2 – 2pr = 0
p 2 2
Answers :
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (d)
11. ANALYSIS OF CUBIC EQUATION
Let f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a 0, with real coefficient is a cubic equation.
(i) The equation may have three real roots or one real and two non-real complex roots. Hence this
cubic equation always have one root.
(ii) If the equation f (x) = 0 has three real distinct roots then its graph will be as following for a < 0.
y
x1 x2 x3 x
Clearly the tangent is parallel to x-axis at two points x = , x = .
Hence f '() = f '() = 0 or f '(x) = 0 has two real distinct roots for which f () f () < 0
(iii) If f '(x) = 0 has no may or may not have three real distinct roots. As in following cases
y y
x x
Here f '() = f '() = 0. But f (x) = 0 has only one real root.
(iv) If x1, x2 and x2 are the roots of f (x) = 0 then
b c d
x1 x2 x 3 ; x1 x2 x2 x3 x3 x1 ; x1 x2 x3
a a a
12. EQUATION AND INEQUATION CONTAINING ABSOLUTE VALUE
1. Equations containing absolute values
x , if x 0
By definition : | x |
x , if x 0
Important forms containing absolute value :
Form I : The equation of the form |f (x) + g(x)| = |f (x)| + |g (x)| is equivalent of the system f(x).g(x)
0.
Form II : The equation of the form |f1(x)| + |f2(x)| + |f3(x)| + .... + |fn(x)) = g(x) .... (i)
Where f1(x), f2(x), f3(x) ..... fn(x), g(x) are functions of x and g(x) may be a constant.
Equations of this form can be solved by the method of interval. We first find all critical points of
f1(x), f2(x) ..... fn(x). If coefficient of x is +ve, then graph starts with +ve sign and if it is negative, then
graph starts with negative sign. Then using the definition of the absolute value, we pass form equation
(i) to a collection of system which do not contain the absolute value symbols.
2. Inequations containing absolute value
By definition, |x| < a –a < x < a (a > 0), |x| a –a x a,
|x| > a x < –a or x > a and |x| a x –a or x a
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
Illustration 16: The roots of |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| – 6 = 0 are
(a) 0, 4 (b) –1, 3 (c) 4, 2 (d) 5, 1
Solution : (a) We have |x – 2|2 + |x – 2| – 6 = 0
Let |x – 2| = X
X2 + X – 6 = 0
1 1 24
X = 2, – 3 X = 2 and X = – 3
2
x = 4 or x = 0
Illustration 17 The set of all real numbers x for which x2 – |x + 2| + x > 0, is
(a) –(, –2) (2, ) (b) (–, –2) (2, )
(c) (–, –1) (1, ) (d) (2, )
Solution : (b) Case-I : If x + 2 0 i.e. x – 2, we get
x2 – x – 2 + x > 0 x2 – 2 > 0 (x – 2)(x + 2) > 0 + +
x (–, –2) (2, ) –2 2
But x – 2
x [–2, –2) (2, ) ..... (i)
Case-II : x + 2 < 0 i.e. x < –2, then
x2 + x + 2 + x > 0 x2 + 2x + 2 > 0
(x + 1)2 + 1 > 0. Which is true for all x
x (–, –2) ..... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get, x (–, –2) (2, )
13. FORMATION OF NEW EQUATIONS WITH THE HELP OF GIVEN EQUATIONS
Let us consider a polynomial equation of n degree
a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ..... + an = 0 .... (i)
The general root of this equation is x. To find a new equation having general root y, where y = f (x),
replace x by g(x) in (i) where x = g(y) obtained from y = f(x). Under condition, let us have an illustration.
Illustration 18: If , , are the roots of x2 + x2 + x + 9 = 0. Then find the equation whose roots are
1 1 1
, , .
1 1 1
x 1 y 1
Solution : Let y x
x 1 y 1
x 1
Hence to obtained new equation replace x by which is given by
x 1
3 2
x 1 x 1 x 1
90
x 1 x 1 x 1
(x + 1)3 + (x + 1) (x – 1) + (x + 1) (x – 1)2 + 9(x – 1)3 = 0
12x3 – 24x2 + 29x + 10 = 0
14. QUADRATIC EXPRESSION IN TWO VARIABLES
ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0, is a general quadratic expression in two variables x and y. The
expression can be resolved into two linear rational factors if
= abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2 = 0
Illustration 19: Find the value of k if x2 + 4xy + y2 + 4x + 2y + k = 0 can be resolved into two linear factors.
Solution : Comparing with ax2 + 2hxy + by2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0,
we have, a = 1, b = 1, h = 2, g = 2, f = 1, c = k
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
= abc + 2fgh – af2 – bg2 – ch2
1×1×k+2×1×2×2–1×1–1×4–k×4=0
3k = 3 k = 1.
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Solve the equation 3x 2 6 x 7 5x 2 10 x 14 4 2x x 2 .
Solution : 3x 2 6 x 7 5x 2 10 x 14 4 2x x 2
i.e., 3( x 1)2 4 5( x 1)2 9 5 ( x 1)2
LHS 4 9 5, since (x + 1)2 is always positive or zero.
RHS 5. Hence LHS = RHS only when RHS = 5 i.e., when x = 1
k 1 k 2
Example 2 : If the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 be and , prove that (a + b +c)2 = b2 – 4ac.
k k 1
Solution : Given equation is ax2 + bx + c = 0 ... (1)
k 1 k 2
Roots of equation (1) are and
k k 1
k 1 k 2 b
... (2)
k k 1 a
k 2 c
and ... (3)
k a
2a
From (3), k = . Putting the value of k in (2), we gett
ca
c a 2c b (c a)2 4ac b
or
2a c a a 2a(c a) a
or, a(c + a)2 + 4a2c = – 2abc – 2a2b or (c + a)2 + 4ac = – 2bc – 2ab
or (c + a)2 + 2b (c + a) = – 4ac or (c + a) (c + a + 2b) = – 4ac
or (a + b + c – b) (a + b + c + b) = – 4ac or (a + b + c)2 – b2 = –4ac
or (a + b + c)2 = b2 – 4ac.
Example 3 : Solve the equation x(x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) = 0.5625
Solution : Multiplying separately x(x + 3) and (x + 1) (x + 2) we obtain
(x2 + 3x) (x2 + 3x + 2) = 0.5625
Introducing an auxiliary unknown y = x2 + 3x, we get, after simple transformations, a qua-
dratic equation
y2 + 2y – 0.5625 = 0,
whose roots are y1 = 0.25 and y2 = – 2.25. Returning to the initial unknown, we infer that
(*) is equivalent to two equations.
x2 + 3x – 0.25 = 0 and x2 + 3x + 2.25 = 0.
3 10 3 10
The first equation has two different roots, x = and x = , and the second
2 2
equation has one root of multiplicity 2, x = – 3/2.
Example 4 : Prove that the roots of the equation (x – c) + (x – c) + (x – b) (x – d) = 0 are real for all
values of if a < b < c < d
Solution : x2 (+ 1 ) – x { (a + c) + (b + d)} + ac + bd = 0
Roots are real, if the discriminant is greater than zero
(20)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
{ (a + c) + (b + d )}2 – 4 ( + 1) (ac + bd) > 0
2 (a – c)2 + 2 {(a + c) (b + d) – 2ac – 2bd} + (b–d)2 > 0 for all .
The two conditions required are (i) coefficient of 2 should be positive and (ii) discrimi-
nant should be negative.
Discriminant = 4 {(a + c) – (b + d) – 2ac – 2bd}2 – 4 {(a – c) (b – d)}2 < 0
i.e, {(a + c) – (b + d) – 2ac – 2bd – (a – c) (b – d)} {(a – c) (b – d) – 2ac –2bd}
ie. – 4 (a – d) (b – c) (a – b) (c – d) < 0
Which is true if a < b < c < d
Example 5 : The number of solutions of the equation 4x (x – 3) – 5|2x – 3| + 13 = 0 is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
Solution : 2
(d) 4x(x – 3) –5|2x – 3| + 13 = (2x – 3) – 5|2x – 3| + 4 = 0
As (2x – 3)2 |2x – 3|2, this gives |2x – 3| = 1 or 4 giving 4 solutions.
1
Example 6 :
The equation log5 x + log(x2 +3) 25 = log255 10 has
(a) No solution (b) One solution (c) Two solutions (d) Four solutions
Solution : (b) The equation can be written as
1 1
log x + log5 (x2 + 3) = log5 10
2 2
leading to x x 2 3 = 10 i.e., (x2 + 5) (x2 – 2) = 0
Of the two values x = ± 2 log x exists only when x = 2.
Example 7 : For what value of m does the sum of the squares of the roots of the equation (3 + m)x2 +
(2m + 5)x – (m + 4) = 0 assumes the least value ?
Solution : (3 + m)x2 + (2m + 5)x – (m + 4) = 0
2m 5 (m 4)
+ = – and = –
3m 3 m
(2m 5)2 2(m 4)(m 3) 6m2 34m 49
s = 2 + 2 = ( + )2 – 2 = =
(m 3)2 m2 6m 9
m2(6 – s) + 2m(17 – 3s) + (49 – 9s) = 0
For m to be real, discriminant must be 0
(17 – 3s)2 – (6 – s) (49 – 9s) 0
s–50 s5
6m2 34m 49
Least value of s = 5, and this corresponds to = 5 (i.e.) m2 + 4m + 4 = 0 or m = – 2.
2
m 6m 9
Example 8 : The roots of x2 – 8 |x| + 12 = 0
(a) Do not form a progression (b) Form an A..P. with Zero sum
(c) Form an A.P. with non-zero sum (d) Form a G.P.
Solution : 2
(b) The equation is x – 8 |x| + 12 = (|x|– 6) (|x|– 2) = 0
or x = –6, –2, 2, 6 which form an A.P. with zero sum
Example 9 : Without actually solving the equation x2 – 6x + 4 = 0. Show that both the solution lie
1 1
outside [1, 5]. Prove that the solution lie one each of the intervals ,1 and 5, 5 .
2 2
Solution : 2
f(x) = x – 6x + 4 = (x – 1) (x – 5) – 1 and (x – 1) (x – 5) < 0 in (1, 5) so that f(x) < 0 in [1, 5] and
the two solutions are outside [1, 5] Also.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
1 11 5 1 11 1
f(x) = x x + and f = f > 0 giving f(1) < 0 and
2 2 4 2 2 2
11
f(5). f 2 < 0. f(x), being a polynomial is continuous for all x and it has to cross the x-axis
1 1 1
once at least in ,1 and 5,5 . If follows that there is one root each in ,1 and
2 2 2
1
5,5 .
2
Example 10 : If x and y are real satisfy the equation 9x2 + 2xy + y2 – 92x – 20y + 244 = 0. Show that 3 x
6 and 1 y 10.
Solution : Arranged as a quadratic equation in x, the given equation is
9x2 + 2(y – 46) x + (y2 – 20y + 244) = 0.
As x is real 4(y – 46)2 – 4.9 (y2 – 20y + 244) 0,
i.e., (y – 1) (y – 10) 0 leading to 1 y 10.
As a quadratic in y, the equation is y2 + 2(x – 10)y + (9x2 – 92x + 244) = 0.
As y is real, 4(x – 10)2 – 4(9x2 – 92x + 244) 0,
i.e., (x – 3) (x – 6) 0 leading to 3 x 6.
x 3 y 3 z3 3 xyz 77
3 3 3
= .
x y z 3 xyz 317
As 77.4 = 308 < 317 and 77.5 = 385 > 317, the result follows.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
UNSOLVED EXERCISE
SECTION-A (a x)(b x)
(Single Correct Option) 10. If x is real, the minimum value of
cx
1. If = cos 2/7 + i sin 2/7, p = + 2 + 4 and for a > c, b > c & x > –c is
q = 3 + 5 + 6, then the equation whose roots (a) (b + a)
are p, q is (b) c2 + a2
(a) x2 – x + 2 = 0 (b) x2 + x – 2 = 0 (c) ((a – c) + (b – c))2
2
(c) x – x – 2 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 2 = 0 (d) None of these
x x2 11. If ax2 + 2bx + c = 0 and a1x2 + 2b1x + c1 = 0 have a
2. The solution of | x | is common root and a/a1, b/b1, c/c1 are in A.P., then
x 1 | x 1| a1, b1, c1 are in
(a) x 0 (b) x > 0 (a) A.P. (b) G.P.
(c) x (1, ) (d) None of these (c) H.P. (d) None of these
3. The number of real roots of the equation 1 + a1x 12. The range of values of a for which all the roots of
+ a2x2 + ... + anxn = 0 where |x| < 1/3 and |an| < 2 the equation (a – 1)(1 + x + x2)2 = (a + 1)(1 + x2 + x4)
is are imaginary is
(a) n, if n is even (a) (–, –2] (b) (2, )
(b) 1 if n is odd (c) –2 < a < 2 (d) None of these
(c) 0 for any natural number n 13. The number of positive integral solutions of
(d) None of these
4. Let and be the roots of the equation x2 + x + 1 x 2 (3 x 4)3 ( x 2)4
0 is
= 0. The equation whose roots are 19, 7 is (x 5)5 (2 x 7)6
(a) x2 – x – 1 = 0 (b) x2 – x + 1 = 0 (a) Four (b) Three
(c) x2 + x – 1 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 1 = 0 (c) Two (d) Only one
5. The number of solutions of the equation 1! + 2! + 14. If y = 2[x] + 3 = 3[x – 2] + 5, then [x + y] is ([x]
3! + .... +(x – 1)! + x! = k2 and k I are denotes the integral part of x)
(a) Two (b) Four (a) 10 (b) 15
(c) Three (d) No solution (c) 12 (d) None of these
2
6. For the equation |x – 2x – 3| = b which statement 15. The solution set of the following equations of
or statements are true
2
(a) For b < 0 there are no solutions 4(log2 x ) 1 2log2 y
2
(b) For b = 0 there are three solutions log2 x log2 y
(c) For 0 < b < 1 there are four solutions (a) (2, 2) (b) (2, 2)
(d) For b = 1 there are two solutions (c) (2, 1) (d) None of these
7. The solution set of (3/5)x = x – x2 – 9 is 16. The number of positive integral solution of the
(a) (b) All real equation 7x2 – 2xy + 3y2 = 27 is
(c) All x N (d) None (a) One (b) Two
8. If x is real, then the maximum value of y = 2(a – (c) Three (d) No solution
x)(x + (x2 + b2)) 17. Values of a for which exactly one root of 5x2 + (a +
(a) a2 + b2 (b) a2 – b2 1)x + a = 0 lies in the interval 1 < x < 3 is
(c) a 2 (d) None of these (a) a > 2
9. If 0 p , then the quadratic equation (cos p – (b) –12 < a < –3
1)x2 + (cos p)x + sin p = 0 (c) a > 0
(a) Real roots (d) None
(b) Imaginary roots 18. The number of real roots of (6 – x)4 + (8 – x)4 = 16
(c) Nothing can be said is
(d) None of these (a) 0 (b) 2
(c) 4 (d) None of these
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
19. The number of real solutions of the equation 30. The equation whose roots are the nth power of
x the roots of the equation x2 – 2x cos + 1 = 0 is
9 2 given by
3 x x is
10
(a) x2 + 2x cos n + 1 = 0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (b) x2 – 2x cos n + 1 = 0
(c) 2 (d) None of these (c) x2 – 2x sin n + 1 = 0
20. The equation (x – a) + (x – b)3 + (x – c)3 = 0, has
3 (d) x2 + 2x sin n + 1 = 0
(a) All the roots real x2 2x 1
31. The greatest and the least value of
(b) One real and two imaginary roots x 2 2x 7
(c) Three real roots namely x = a, x = b, x = c where x is real, are
(d) None of these (a) 1 and 0 (b) –1 and 0
21. If f(x) = x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 – x + 4 then f(–5 + 2–4) is (c) 1 and 2 (d) None of these
(a) –160 (b) 160 log (3 2 x x 2 )
32. The equation | x 1| ( x1) ( x 3)| x |
(c) 0 (d) None of these
has
22. The value of p for which both the roots of the
equation 4x2 – 20px + (25p2 + 15p – 66) = 0 are (a) Unique (b) Two solution
less than 2, lies in (c) No solution (d) More than two
(a) (4/5, 2) (b) (2, ) 33. The system of equation |x – 1| + 3y = 4, x – |y – 1
(c) (–1, –4/5) (d) (–, –1) | = 2 has
23. If 5{x} = x + [x] and [x] – {x} = 1/2, where {x} and [x] (a) No solution
are fractional and integral part of x then the (b) A unique solution
number of solutions of the equation is (c) Two solution
(a) One (b) Two (d) More than two solution
(c) Three (d) No solution 34. The number of ordered 4-tuple (x, y, z, w) (x, y, z,
24. The solution set of the equation |x + 1| – |x| + w [0, 10]) which satisfies the inequality
3|x – 1| – 2|x – 2| = x + 2 is 2 2 2 2
2sin x 3cos y 4 sin z 5cos w
120 is
(a) [2, ) {–2} (b) (–, 0] [1, )
(a) 0 (b) 144
(c) (–, 0] [2, ) (d) None of these
(c) 81 (d) Infinite
25. If the roots of the equation x2 + 2ax + b = 0, are
35. The number of real solutions of the system of
real and distinct and they differ by at most 2m,
then b lies in the interval 2z 2 2x2 2y 2
(a) (a2 – m2, a2) (b) [a2 – m2, a2) equation x , y , z is
1 z2 1 x2 1 y2
(c) (a2, a2 + m2) (d) None of these
(a) 1 (b) 2
26. Let F(x) be a function defined by F(x) = x – [x],
where [x] is the greatest integer less than or equal (c) 3 (d) 4
to x. Then the number of solutions of F(x) + F(1/ 36. If , , are the roots of the equation x3 + a0x2 +
x) = 1 is/are a1x + a2 = 0, then (1 – 2)(1 – 2)(1 – 2) is equal to
(a) 0 (b) Infinite (a) (1 + a1)2 – (a0 + a2)2
(c) 1 (d) 2 (b) (1 + a1)2 + (a0 + a2)2
27. If the roots of the equations x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = (c) (1 – a1)2 + (a0 – a2)2
0 are real and less than 3, then (d) None of these
(a) a < 2 (b) 2 a 3 SECTION-B
(c) 3 < a 4 (d) a > 4 (Assertion-Reason)
28. The harmonic mean of the roots of the equation 1. Statement-1 : The equation whose roots are
(5 + 2)x2 – (4 + 5)x + 8 + 25 = 0 is reciprocal of the roots of the equation
(a) 2 (b) 4 10x2 – x – 5 = 0 is 5x2 + x – 10 = 0.
(c) 6 (d) 8 Statement-2 : To obtain a quadratic equation
29. The root of the equation 2(1 + i)x2 – 4(2 – i)x – 5 – whose roots are reciprocal of the roots of the
3i = 0 which has greater modulus is given equation ax 2 + bx + c = 0 change the
(a) (3 – 5i)/2 (b) (5 – 3i)/2 coefficients a, b, c to c, b, a. (c 0).
(c) (3 – i)/2 (d) None of these
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; (a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1 Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; (b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
Statement-1 Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. (c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. (d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
2. Statement-1: If a and b are integers and roots of 6. Statement-1 : If ax2 + bx + c = 0 and 1000x2 + 1504x
x2 + ax + b = 0 are rational then they must be + 2008 = 0 have a common root, then a, b, c are in
integers. A.P. (where a, b, c are real numbers).
Statement-2: If the co-efficient of x2 in a quadratic Statement-2 : If a, b, c, a1, b1, c1, all are non-zero
equation is unity then its roots must be integers. and both roots of equations ax2 + bx + c = 0 and
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; a b c
a1x2 + b1x + c1 = 0 are common then .
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for a1 b1 c1
Statement-1 (a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for Statement-1
Statement-1 (b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. Statement-1
3. Statements-1: The equation (x – a) (x – c) + (x – (c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
b)(x – d) = 0 where a < b < c < d has non real roots (d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
if > 0.
SECTION-C
Statements-2: The equation (a, b, c R) ax2 + bx
+ c = 0 has non-real roots if b2 – 4ac < 0. (Previous Years Questions)
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 1. Let and be the roots of equation x2 – 6x – 2 =
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for 0. If an = n – n, for n 1, then the value of
Statement-1 a10 – 2a8
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 2a9 is
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
Statement-1 (a) 6 (b) – 6
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. (3) 3 (d) – 3
2. Let and be the roots of equation px2 + qx + r =
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
4. Statement-1 : There is just one quadratic equation 1 1
0, p 0. If p, q and r are in AP and + = 4, then
with real coefficients, one of whose roots is α β
1 the value of | – | is
. 61 2 17
3 7 (a) (b)
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 9 9
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for 34 2 13
Statement-1 (c) (d)
9 9
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 3. Let and be the roots of x2 – 6x – 2 = 0, with
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for > . If an = n – n for n 1, then the value of
Statement-1
a10 – 2a8
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
2a0 is
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
2 (a) 1
5. Statement-1 : The roots of x 2 2008 x + 501
(b) 2
= 0 are irrational.
(c) 3
Statement-2 : If the discriminant of the equation
(d) 4
ax2 + bx + c = 0, a 0 (a, b, c R) is a perfect
square then the roots are rational.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
4. Let p and q be real numbers such that p 0, p3 12. The equation x + 1 – x – 1 = 4x – 1 hass
q and p3 – q. If and are non-zero complex
(a) no solution (b) one solution
numbers satisfying + = – p and 3 + 3 = q,
(c) two solutions
α β (d) more than two solutions
then a quadratic equation having and as itss
β α 3 (log x)2 +log x– 5
roots is 13. The equation x 4 2 2 4
= 2 hass
(a) (p3 + q)x2 – (p2 + 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0 (a) atleast one real solution
(b) (p3 + q)x2 – (p3 – 2q)x + (p3 + q) = 0 (b) exactly three real solutions
(c) (p3 – q)x2 – (5p2 – 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0 (c) exactly one irrational solution
(d) complex roots
(d) (p3 – q)x2 – (5p2 + 2q)x + (p3 – q) = 0
14. If and are the roots of x2 + px + q = 0 and 4, 4
5. Let , be the roots of the equation x2 – px + r =
are the roots of x2 – rx + s = 0, then the equation
0 and /2, 2 be the roots of the equation
x2 – 4qx + 2q2 – r = 0 has always
x2 – qx + r = 0. Then, the value of r is
(a) two real roots
(a) 2/9 (p – q)(2q – p) (b) 2/9 (q – p)(2p – q)
(b) two positive roots
(c) 2/9 (q – 2p)(2q – p) (d) 2/9 (2p – q)(2q – p)
(c) two negative roots
6. If a, b, c are the sides of a triangle ABC such that
(d) one positive and one negative root
x2 – 2 (a + b + c)x + 3(ab + bc + ca) = 0 has real
roots, then 2 2
15. The equation x – =1– hass
4 5 x –1 x–1
(a) < (b) > (a) no root (b) one root
3 3
4 5 1 5 (c) two equal roots
(c) , (d) , (d) infinitely many roots
3 3 3 3
7. If one root is square of the other root of the 16. The number of real solutions of the equation |x|2
equation x2 + px + q = 0, then the relation between – 3|x| + 2 = 0 is
p and q is (a) 4 (b) 1
(a) p3 – q(3p – 1) + q2 = 0 (c) 3 (d) 2
(b) p3 – q(3p + 1) + q2 = 0 17. Both the roots of the equation (x – b)(x – c) + (x –
(c) p3 + q(3p – 1) + q2 = 0 a)(x – c)(x – b) = 0 are always
(d) p3 + q(3p + 1) + q2 = 0 (a) positive (b) negative
8. The set of all real number x for which x2 – |x + 2| (c) real (d) none of these
+ x > 0 is 18. Let a > 0, b > 0 and c > 0. Then, both the roots of
(a) (– , – 2)(2, ) the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(a) are real and negative
(b) (– ,– 2) ( 2, ) (b) have negative real parts
(c) (– , – 1)(1, ) (c) have positive real parts
(d) ( 2, ) (d) none of above
19. If the equations x2 + 2x + 3 = 0 and ax2 + bx + c = 0,
9. The number of solutions of log4(x – 1) = log2(x – 3)
a, b, cR have a common root, then a : b : c is:
is
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 : 1
(a) 3 (b) 1
(c) 1 : 3 : 2 (d) 3 : 1 : 2
(c) 2 (d) 0
2 20. A value of b for which the equations x2 + bx – 1 =
10. For the equation 3x + px + 3 = 0, p > 0, if one of
0, x2 + x + b = 0 have one root in common in
the root is square of the other, then p is equal to
(a) 1/3 (b) 1 (a) – 2 (b) – i 3
(c) 3 (d) 2/3
(c) i 5 (d) 2
11. If and ( < ) are the roots of the equation x2
+ bx + c = 0, where c < 0 < b, then 21. Let a, b be the roots of the equation, (x – a)(x – b)
(a) 0 < < (b) < 0 < < || = c, c 0. Then the roots of the equation (x – )
(c) < < 0 (d) < 0 < || < (x – ) + c = 0 are
(a) a, c (b) b, c
(c) a, b (d) a + c, b + c
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
22. If aR and the equation – 3(x – [x]2)+ 2(x – [x])+ a2 5. If one root of a quadratic equation be p + q, the
= 0 (where, [x] denotes the greatest integer x) equation is
has no integral solution, then all possible values (a) x2 – 2px + 2pq = 0
of a lie in the interval (b) x2 – 2px + (p2 – q2) = 0
(a) (– 1, 0)(0, 1) (b) (1, 2) (c) x2 + 2px + (p2 + q2) = 0
(c) (– 2, – 1) (d) (– , – 2)(2, ) (d) x2 – 2px + (p2 – q) = 0
23. 2
For all 'x', x + 2ax + (10 – 3a) > 0, then the interval 6. If a, b, c are in A.P. and ax2 – 2bx + c = 0 and fgx2 –
in which 'a' lies is 2egx + ef = 0 have a common root, then e, f, g are
(a) a < – 5 (b) – 5 < a < 2 (a) In A.P. (b) In G.P.
(c) a > 5 (d) 2 < a < 5 (c) In H.P. (d) None of these
24. If the roots of the equation x2 – 2ax + a2 + a – 3 = 7. If , are the roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 and the
0 are real and less than 3, then equation has 1/, 1/ also for its roots, then
(a) a < 2 (b) 2 a 3 (a) a = c (b) b = a
(c) 3 < a 4 (d) a > 4 (c) a = – c (d) b = a = c
25. The real number k for which the equation, 2x3 +
3x + k = 0 has two distinct real roots in [0, 1] 8. The number of solutions of 3x2 6 x 7
(a) lies between 1 and 2 5x 2 10 x 14 4 2 x x 2 is
(b) lies between 2 and 3 (a) One (b) Two
(c) lies between – 1 and 0 (c) Three (d) Four
(d) does not exist 9. The real roots of the equation x2 + 5|x| + 4 = 0
26. Let a, b, c be real numbers, a 0. If a is a root of are
a2x2 + bx + c = 0, is the root of a2x2 + 2bx + 2c = 0 (a) {–1, –4} (b) {1, 4}
has a root that always satisfies
(c) {–4, 4} (d) None of these
α +β β 10. 2
Let , be the roots of x + x + 1 = 0. Then the
(a) = (b) = +
2 2 equation whose roots are 229 and 1004
(c) = (d) < < (a) x2 – x – 1 = 0 (b) x2 – x + 1 = 0
27. The largest interval for which x12 – x9 + x4 – x + 1 > 0 is (c) x2 + x – 1 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 1 = 0
(a) – 4 < x 0 (b) 0 < x < 1 11. If the expression a (b – c )x + b2(c2 – a2)x + c2(a2 –
2 2 2 2
(c) – 100 < x < 100 (d) – < x < b2) is a perfect square, then
(a) a, b, c are in A.P.
SECTION-D
(b) a2, b2, c2 are in A.P.
(School / Board pattern)
(c) a2, b2, c2 are in H.P.
1. The number of roots of the equation x 2 (x2 – (d) a2, b2, c2 are in G.P.
4x + 3) = 0 is 12. The necessary and sufficient condition for the
(a) 1 (b) 2 equation (1 – a2)x2 + 2ax – 1 = 0 to have roots
(c) 3 (d) 4 lying in the interval (0, 1) is
2. The number of integral roots of the equation (a) a > 0 (b) a < 0
(c) a > 2 (d) None of these
(x 3) 4 x 1 (x 8) 6 x 1 1 is
13. If x be real and 2x + x – 3 = 18/2x2 + x, then x is
2
(a) 1 (b) 4 equal to
(c) 5 (d) 6
3. The value of ‘a’ for which the equation x3 + ax + 1 3 3
(a) 2, (b) 2,
= 0 and x4 + ax2 + 1 = 0, have a common root is 2 2
(a) a = 2 (b) a = – 2 (c) {–2, 3, 1 – 1} (d) {3, –2, 1, – 1}
(c) a = 0 (d) None of these 14. Given that tan A and tan B are the roots of x2 – ax
4. If x + px + 1 is a factor of the expression ax3 + bx +
2
+ b = 0. The value of sin2 (A + B) is
c, then a2 a2
(a) a2 + c2 = – ab (a) 2 2 (b)
a 1 b a2 b2
(b) a2 – c2 = – ab
(c) a2 – c2 = ab a2 a2
(c) (d) 2
(d) None of these (b a)2 b (1 a)2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
15. The value of , for which the equation x2 – (sin 18. If the roots of the quadratic equation x2 – 4x –
– 2)x – (1 + sin ) = 0 has roots whose sum of log3a = 0 are real, then the least value of a is
square is least is (a) 81 (b) 1/81
(a) /4 (b) /3 (c) 1/64 (d) None of these
(c) /2 (d) /6 19. If , are the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c =
2 2
16. If (ax + c)y + (a'x + c') = 0 and x is a rational 0, then the value of the determinant
function of y and ac is negative, then 1 cos( ) cos
(a) ac' + a'c = 0 (b) a/a' = c/c'
cos( ) 1 cos is
(c) a2 + c2 = a'2 + c'2 (d) aa' + cc' = 1
cos cos 1
17. The values of the parameter a for which the
quadratic equation (1 – 2a)x2 – 6ax – 1 = 0 and ax2 (a) sin ( + ) (b) sin sin
– x + 1 = 0 have at least one root in common are (c) 1 + cos ( + ) (d) None of these
(a) a = 0, a = 1/2 20. The real values of a for which the quadratic
(b) a = 1/2, a = 2/9 equation 2x2 – (a3 + 8a – 1)x + a2 – 4a = 0 possesses
(c) a = 2/9 roots of opposite signs are given by
(d) a = 0, a = 1/2, a = 2/9 (a) a > 5 (b) 0 < a < 4
(c) a > 0 (d) a > 7
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
CHAPTER
2 COMPLEX NUMBER
1. INTRODUCTION
You may recall that the equation
x2 + 4 = 0 .... (1)
has no solution in the set of real numbers because the square of every real number is either
positive or zero. Therefore, we feel the necessity to extend the system of real numbers to a new
kind of system, namely, complex number system that allows the square root of negative numbers.
The Greeks were the first to recognize the fact that square root of a negative number does not
exist in the real number system. But the indian mathematician Mahavira (A.D. 850) was the first
to state this difficulty clearly as he mentioned in his work Ganitasara Sangraha that “in the nature
of things a negative (quantity) is not a square (quantity), it has, therefore no square root ....”
Now, the solutions of equation (1) are
x 2 1
We assume that square root of –1 is denoted by the symbol i (called imaginary unit and pronounced
as iota), where is a number such that i2 = – 1. So, the solution of (1) can be written as x = ± 2i.
The symbol i was first introduced in mathematics by the famous Swiss Mathematician, Leonhard
Euler (1707–1783) in 1748, possibly because i is the first letter of the Latin word ‘imaginarius’.
Note :- If a < 0, then a |a |.i
Integral Powers of i
We have, i 1, i2 1. Therefore,
i3 = i2 × i = (–1) × i = – i,
i4 = i2 × i2 = (–1) × (–1) = 1.
TRICKS (S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
For any n
1, when n is even
1. i 2n (i2 )n (1)n
–1, when n is odd
i , when n is even
2. i 2n1 (i 2n )i (1)n i
– i , when n is odd
The sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero. For example,
i10 + i11 + i12 + i13 = 0
1
Also, for any n , the value of i–n is found out by writing this as and solving in.
in
Thus, any integral power of i can be expressed in terms of ±1 or ± i.
For any two real numbers a and b, a × b = ab is true only when at least one of a and b is either
zero or positive. If both a and b are positive real numbers, then the calculation
a b (a)(b) ab is wrong.
The correct calculation is
a b ( 1 a )( 1 b )
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
(i a ) (i b ) i 2 ( a )(i b )
i 2 ( a b ) (1)( ab ) ab .
Thus, the calculation 2 3 (2) (3) 6 is wrong.
The correct result is 2 3 (i 2)(i 3)
i 2 ( 2 3) 6 .
2. COMPLEX NUMBERS
An expression of the form x + iy, where x and y are real numbers and i 1, is called a complex
nums not hold good in case of complex numbers having non-zero imaginary parts. For example,
the statement 8 + 5i > 4 + 2i makes no sense.
3. ALGEBRA OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. Addition : For two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2, the subtraction of z2 from z1 is
defined as
z = z1 – z2 = (a1 + a2) + i (b1 + b2)
2. Subtraction : For two complex numbers z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2, the subtraction of z2 from z1
is defined as
z1 – z2 = z1 + (–z2) = (a1 – a2) + i (b1 – b2).
3. Multiplication : Multiplication of two complex numbers z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id is defined as
z1·z2 = (a + ib) · (c + id) = (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc)
The product of complex numbers can be easily computed if we actually carry out the multiplication
as given below :
(a + ib) (c + id) = ac + iad + ibc + i2bd
= ac + i(ad + bc) – bd ( i2 = – 1)
= (ac – bd) + i(ad + bc).
4. Division : Division of two complex numbers
z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2,
where x2 + iy2 0, is defined as
z1 x1 iy1 (x1 iy1 )(x2 iy2 )
z2 x2 iy2 (x2 iy2 )(x2 iy2 )
x x y y i (x y x y ) x x y y i (x y x y )
= 1 2 1 2 2 22 1 1 2 = 1 22 12 2 1 21 21 2
x2 y 2 x2 y 2 x2 y 2
4. MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSE AND CUNJUGATE OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
1. Multiplicative Inverse of a Non-zero Complex Number : Multiplicative inverse of a non-zero
complex number z = a + ib is defined as
1 1 1 a ib a ib a b
z 1 2 2
2 2
i 2
z a ib a ib a ib a b a b a b2
Re(z) [ Im(z)]
i.e., z 1 i
| z |2 | z |2
Conjugate of a Complex Number
Conjugate of a complex number z = a + ib is defined as z a ib.
For example, 4 5i 4 5i and 4 5i 4 5i. io
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
IMPORTANT POINT(S) TO NOTE
Geometrically, the conjugate of z is the reflection or point image of z in the real axis.
Y
Imaginary axis
P ( z)
O X
–
Q (z)
Properties of Conjugate
1. (z ) z 2. z z if and only if z is purely real
3. z z if and only if z is purely imaginary 4. z z 2Re(z) and z z 2i m (z)
5. z1 z2 z1 z2 6. z1 z2 z1 z2
z z
7. z1 z2 z1 · z2 8. 1 1 , z2 0
z2 z2
9. If z = f (z1), then z f (z1 )
10. z n (z )n
11. z1 z2 z1 z2 2Re(z1 z2 ) 2Re(z1 z2 )
Note :-
If z lies in the first quadrant, then z lies in the fourth quadrant and vice-versa.
If z lies in the second quadrant, then z lies in the third quadrant and vice-versa.
z z is purely real whereas z z is purely imaginary.
a ib
Method of writing the Complex Number in the form A + iB
c id
a ib (a ib)(c id )
We have,
c id (c id )(c id )
[Multiplying the numerator and the denominator by the conjugate of the denominator]
(ac bd ) (bc ad ) ac bd bc ad
2 i 2
c2 d 2 c d2 c d2
ac bd bc ad
= A + iB, where A = 2 2
and B 2 .
c d c d2
TRICKS(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
a ib
To put the complex number in the form A + iB, multiply the numerator and the denominator
c id
by the conjugate of the denominator.
5. MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Modulus of a complex number z = a + ib, denoted as mod (z) or |z|, is defined as
| z | a2 b2 , where a = Re(z), b = Im(z).
Sometimes, |z| is called absolute value of z, Note that |z| 0.
For example, if z = 3 + 2i, then | z | 32 22 13.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
CAUTION
Then |z| symbol used here is different from |x| symbol used for real numbers.
Properties of Modulus
1. |z| 0 and |z| = 0 if and only if z = 0, i.e., x = 0, y = 0
2. | z | | z | | z | | z |.
2
3. zz | z |
Explanation
Let z a ib,| z | a2 b2 . Then
2
zz (a ib)(a ib) a 2 b2 a 2 b2 |z | .
2
4. –|z| Re(z) |z| and –|z| Im (z) |z|
Explanation
Let z = a + ib, then |z|2 = a2 + b2.
But a2 a2 + b2 ( b2 0)
Thus, a2 |z|2 |a|2 |z|2 |a |z|
–|z| a |z|. ( |x| k – k x k)
– |z| Re(z) |z|.
Similarly, –|z| Im(z) |z|.
5. |zn| = |z|n
6. |z1z2| = |z1||z2|
z1 | z1 |
7.
z2 | z2 |
8. |z1 ± z2| |z1| + |z2|
Exaplanation
| z1 z2 |2 (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 )
(z1 z2 )(z1 z2 ) z1 z1 z2 z2 z1 z2 z2 z1
| z1 |2 | z2 |2 (z1 z2 z1 z2 )
| z1 |2 | z2 |2 2Re(z1 z2 ) | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2| z1 z2 | ( | z | = |z|)
| z1 |2 | z2 |2 2| z1 || z2 | | z1 |2| z2 |2 2| z1 || z2 | (| z | | z |)
(| z1 | | z2 |)2
|z1 + z2|2 (|z1| + |z2|)2.
Taking positive square roots, we get
|z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|.
9. |z1 – z2| |z1| – |z2|
10. |z2 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2)
Explanation :
Let z1 = a1 + ib1 and z2 = a2 + ib2, then
z1 + z2 = (a1 + a2) + i(b1 + b2) and z1 – z2 = (a1 – a2) + i(b1 – b2)
Thus,|z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2
= (a1 + a2)2 + (b1 + b2)2 + (a1 – a2)2 + (b1 – b2)2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
= 2(a12 a22 ) 2(b12 b22 ) [ (a + b)2 + (a – b)2 = 2(a2 + b2)]
= 2(a12 b12 ) 2(a22 b22 ) 2| z1 |2 2| z2 |2 .
11. |z1 + z2|2 = |z1|2 + |z2|2 + 2Re (z1 z2 ).
Explanation
| z1 z2 |2 (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 ) (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 )
z1 z1 z2 z2 z1 z2 z2 z1 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 )
| z1 |2 | z2 |2 2Re(z1 z2 ) [z z 2Re(z)]
12. | z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 2Re(z1 z2 )
Explanation
| z1 z2 |2 (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 ) (z1 z2 )(z1 z2 )
z1 z1 z2 z2 z1 z2 z2 z1 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 z1 z2 (z1 z2 )
| z1 |2 | z2 |2 2Re(z1 z2 )
z1
13. | z1 z2 |2 | z1 |2 | z2 |2 is purely imaginary
z2
z
or, Re 1 0
z2
IMPORTANT POINT(S) TO NOTE
Gemetrically, |z| represents the distance of point P fromthe origin, i.e., |z| = OP
Y
P (z )
O M X
Most of the complex equations are solve using the property zz | z |2 .
Square Roots of a Complex Number
Let z = a + ib and let the square root of z be the complex number x + iy. Then
a ib x iy or (a + ib) = (x + iy)2 = (x2 – y2) + (2xy)i
Equating real and imaginary part, we get
a = x2 – y2 ...(1)
and, b = 2xy ...(2)
2
Now, x2 + y2 = x 2
y2 4 x 2y 2 = a2 b2 ...(3)
Solving the equation (1) and (3), we get
a2 b2 a a2 b2 a
x=±
2 and y = ± 2
From (2), we can determine the sign of xy. If xy > 0, then x and y will have same sign. Thus
a 2 b2 a a 2 b2 a
a ib i
2 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
If xy < 0, then
a 2 b2 a a2 b2 a
a ib i
2 2
1 iz
Illustration 1: Find the locus of complex number z if 1.
z i
1 iz
Solution : Given 1
z i
i 4 i 3z zi
1 |i 3 | 1 |z + i| = |z – i|
z i zi
Which represents the equation of perpendicular bisector of i and –i and that will be
the x-axis.
1
Illustration 2: Find the least and greatest value of |z| which satisfies z a , where a R.
z
1 1
Solution : Let z = r(cos + i sin ) then (cos i sin )
z r
1 1 1 1
a z z | z| a r a
z z | z | r
r2 + ar – 1 0 and r2 – ar – 1 0
a a2 4 a a2 4 a a2 4 a a2 4
r or r and r
2 2 2 2
a a2 4 a a2 4 a a2 4 a a2 4
r , rmax ; rmin
2 2 2 2
n
1 sin i cos n n
Illustration 3: If n N, prove that cos n i sin n
1 sin i cos 2 2
Solution : We have 1 + sin + i cos = 1 + cos i sin
2 2
2cos2 2i sin cos
4 2 4 2 4 2
2cos cos i sin 2cos ei(/4 /2)
4 2 4 2 4 2 2 2
Similarly , 1 sin i cos 2cos2 2i sin cos
2 2 4 2 4 2
2cos e i( / 4 /2)
4 2
n
i
n
1 sin i cos e 4 2
1 sin i cos
i 4 2
e
in
2 n n
e cos n i sin n
2 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
200 50
Q.1 If i k i p x iy , then (x, y) is equal to
k 0 p 1
(a) (0, 1) (b) (1, –1) (c) (2, 3) (d) (4, 8)
n
1i
Q.2 The smallest integer for which 1 is
1i
(a) n = 8 (b) n = 12 (c) n = 16 (d) n = 4
x y
Q.3 If z = x – iy and z1/3 = p + iq then /(p2 + q2) is equal to
p q
(a) 1 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) –2
1i
Q.4 If x then the expression 2x4 – 2x2 + x + 3 equals
2
i i 3 i 3 i
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) (d)
2 2 2 2
Q.5 The complex numbers sin x + i cos 2x and cos x – i sin 2x are conjugate to each other, for
n1
(a) x = n (b) x (c) x = 0 (d) No value of x
2
Answers :
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. ARGAND PLANE AND GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Then, any complex number
z = x + iy = (x, y) may be represented by a unique point P whose coordinates are (x, y).
The representation of complex numbers as points in a plane forms an Argand diagram.
The plane on which complex numbers are represented is known as the complex plane or Argand’s
plane or Gaussian plane. The x-axis is called the real axis and y-axis the imaginary axis.
The complex number z = x + iy is known as the affix of the point (x, y) which it represents.
Polar Form of a Complex Number
Y
(+ve imaginary axis)
P (z )
r y
O x M (+ve real axis) X
Let O be the origin and OX and OY be the x-axis and y-axis, respectively. Let z = x + iy be a complex
number represented by the point P(x, y).
Draw PM OX. Then,
OM = x and PM = y. Join OP. Let OP = r and XOP = . Then,
z = x + iy = r (cos + i sin )
This form of z is called polar or trigonometric form.
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
x = r cos .... (1)
and, y = r sin .... (2)
Squaring (1) and (2) and adding, we get
r2 = x2 + y2 or r x 2 y 2 | z |
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
Thus, r is known and is equal to the modulus of the complex number z.
Substituting the value of r in (1) and (2), we get
x y .... (3)
cos and sin
2 2 2 2
x y x y
y
Dividing (2) by (1), we get tan .
x
The form z = r (cos + i sin ) = rei of the complex number z is called exponential form.
Any value of satisfying (3) is known as ampmlitude or argument of z and written as = arg (z) or
= amp z.
IMPORTANT POINT(S) TO NOTE
The unique value of such that – < for which x = r cos and y = r sin , is known as the
principal value of the argument.
The general value of argument is (2n + ), where n is an integer and is the principal value or arg (z).
While reducing a complex number to polar form, we always take the principal value.
The complex number z = r (cos + i sin ) can also be written as r cis
r ( c os + i s in )
r cis
Argument is taken as positive or negative according as it is measured in the anticlockwise direction
or clockwise direction.
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
If x > 0, y > 0 (i.e., z is in first quadrant), then
y
arg z = = tan–1
x
If x < 0, y > 0 (i.e., z is in second quadrant), then
y
arg z tan1
| x |
If x < 0, y < 0 (i.e., z is in third quadrant), then
y
arg z tan1
x
If x > 0, y < 0 (i.e., z is in fourth quadrant), then
|y |
arg z tan1
x
Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.
0, if x 0
arg(x i 0)
, if x 0
/ 2, if y 0
arg(0 iy )
3 / 2, if y 0
If arg z or , then z is purely imaginary.
2 2
If arg z = 0 or , then z is purely real.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
Properties of Argument
1. arg (z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2)
z
2. arg 1 arg z1 arg z2
z2
z
3. arg 2arg z
z
4. arg (zn) = n arg z
z z
5. If arg 2 , then arg 1 2k , k I.
z1 z2
1
6. arg z arg z arg
z
7.
arg (zz ) arg | z |2 arg (positive real number) = 0.
8. arg (iz) = arg (i) + arg z = + arg z
2
Particular Cases of Polar Form
1. 1 = 1 + i0 = cos 0 + i sin 0
2. –1 = – 1 + i 0 = cos + i sin
3. i 0 i1 cos i sin
2 2
4. i 0 i (1) cos i sin
2 2
5. 1 i 2 cos i sin
4 4
3 3
6. 1 i 2 cos i sin
4 4
7. EULERIAN REPRESENTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
Since ei = cos + i sin , thus any non-zero complex number z = x + iy = r(cos + sin ) can be
represented in Eulerian form as
z = rei = r (cos + i sin ),
where |z| = r and = arg (z).
KEY POINT(S) TO REMEMBER
ei e i e i e i
cos and sin
2 2i
Logarithm of a Complex Number
y
log (x + iy) = loge (rei) = loge r + i log e ( x 2 y 2 ) i tan1
x
loge(z) = loge |z| + i arg (z)
CAUTION
Since the argument of a complex number is not unique, the log of a complex number cannot be
unique. In general,
loge(z) = loge|z| + i [2k + arg (z)], k I
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
KEY POINT(S) TO REMEMBER
i
i i i
log i loge e 2
,log(log i ) log log i log log( / 2)
2 2 2 2
Vector Representation of a Complex Number
If P is the point (a, b) on the argand plane corresponding to the complex number z = a + ib.
Then, OP aiˆ bjˆ,
OP a2 b2 | z |
b
and, arg (z) = direction or the vector OP tan1
a
8. DE’MOIVRE’S THEOREM
If n is any integer, then
(cos + i sin )n = cos n + i sin n
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
If n is any rational number, then cos n + i sin n is one of the values of (cos + i sin )n.
(cos + i sin )–n = cos (– n) + i sin (–n) = cos n – i sin (n) .
(cos – i sin )n = [cos (–) + i sin (–)]n = cos (–n) + i sin (–n) = cos n – i sin n.
1
= (cos + i sin )–1 = cos – i sin .
cos i sin
The theorem cannot be applied to (cos + i sin )n
i.e., must be same with cos and sin both.
The theorem is not directly applicable to (sin + i cos )n, rather
2
n
(sin i cos ) cos i sin cos n i sin
2 2 2 2
(cos 1 + i sin 1) (cos 2 + i sin 2) .... (cos n + i sin n)
= cos (1 + 2 + ... + n) + i sin (1 + 2 + ... + n).
Roots of a Complex Number
If z = r (cos + i cos ) and n is a positive integer, then
1 1
2k 2k
z n r n cos i sin
n n
where k = 0, 1, 2, 3, .... (n – 1).
9. CUBE ROOTS OF UNITY
Cube roots of unity
Let z = 11/3 or z3 – 1 = 0 (z – 1)(x2 + z + 1) = 0.
1 i 3 1 i 3
i.e., z 1, ,
2 2
1 i 3 1 i 3
Put, , then 2 . Thus, cube roots of unity are 1, , 2.
2 2
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
1. 1 + + 2 = 0
2. 3 = 1
3. 3n = 1, 3n + 1 = , 3n + 2 = 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
2 i 2 i
4. 2 and ()2 , 3 , e 3 , 2 e 3
Imaginary
axis
–1 , 3
2 2
2
3
O 2
Real axis
(1, 0)
3
–1 , –3
2 2
5. If a + b + c2 = 0, then a = b = c provided a, b, c are real.
6. If these roots are marked on the argand plane, then these are vertices of an equilateral triangle
with circumcentre at origin.
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Let n be an integer. Then, there exists integer k such that either n = 3k + 1 or 3k + 2.
n = 3k n = 3k = (3)k = 1k = 1.
n = 3k + 1 n = 3k + 1 = (3)k · 2 = 1 · = .
n = 3k + 2 n = 3k + 2 = (3)k · 2 = 1 · 2 = 2
Thus, any integral power of is either 1 or or 2.
Fourth Roots of Unity
The four, fourth roots of unity are given by the solution set of the equation x4 – 1 = 0
(x2 – 1) (x2 + 1) = 0 x = ± 1, ± i
Fourth roots of unity are vertices of a square which lie on coordinate axes.
Some Useful Relations
1. x2 + y2 = (x + iy) (x – iy)
2. x3 + y3 = (x + y) (x + y)(x + y2)
3. x3 – y3 = (x – y) (x – y) (x – y2)
4. x2 + xy + y2 = (x – y)(x – y2), in particular, x2 + x + 1 = (x – ) (x – 2)
5. x2 – xy + y2 = (x + y) (x + y2), in particular, x2 – x + 1 = (x + ) (x + 2)
6. x2 + y2 + z2 – xy – xz – yz = (x + y + z2) (x + y2 + z)
7. x3 + y3 + z3 – 3xyz = (x + y + z) (x + y + 2z) (x + 2y + z)
nth roots of Unity
Since 1 = cos 0 + i sin 0, therefore,
(1)1/n = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/n
2r 0 2r 0 2r 2r
cos i sin ; r = 0, 1, 2, ...., (n – 1) cos i sin ; r = 0, 1, 2, ...., (n – 1
n n n n
2r
i
e n ; r = 0, 1, 2, ...., (n – 1) = 1, e(i2/n), e(i4/n), ...., e[i2(n – 1)/n]
= 1, , 2, 3, ...., n – 1, where = e(i2/n)
Properties of nth Roots of Unity
1. 1 + + 2 + .... + n – 1 = 0
2. 1 · · .... n–1 = (–1)n–1
3. The n, nth roots of unity lie on the unit circle |z| = 1 and form the vertices of a regular polygon of
n sides.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
Explanation
In the argand plane, the n roots are equally inclined at angle 2/n to each other and they have the
same magnitude. Hence, the roots form the vertices of a regular n-sided polygon.
4. The n, nth roots of unity form a G.P. with common ratio e(i2/n)
10. GEOMETRY OF COMPLEX NUMBERS
1. Distance formula : The distance between two points P(z1) and Q(z2) is given by
PQ = |z2 – z1| = | affix of Q – affix of P|
Q(z2)
P ( z1 )
2. Section formula : If R(z) divides the line segment joining P(z1) and Q(z2) in the ratio m1 : m2
(m1,m2 > 0), then
m z m2 z1
(i) For internal division z 1 2
m1 m2
m1 z2 m2 z1
(ii) For external division z
m1 m2
3. Equation of the perpendicular bisector : If P(z1) and Q(z2) are two fixed points and R(z) is moving
point such that it is always at equal distance from P(z1) and Q(z2) then locus of R(z) is perpendicular
bisector of PQ
P ( z1 )
i.e., PR = QR or |z – z1| = |z – z2|
|z – z1|2 = |z – z2|2
After solving, R(z)
z (z1 z2 ) z (z1 z2 ) | z1 |2 | z2 |2
Q (z2)
4. Equation of a straight line :
(i) Parametric form : Equation of a straight joining the points having affixes z1 and z2 is z = tz1 +
(1 – t)z2, when t
(ii) Non-parametric form : Equation of a straight line joining the points having affixes z1 and z2
z z 1
is z1 z1 1 0 z(z1 z2 ) z (z1 z2 ) z1 z2 z2 z1 0
z2 z2 1
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
Three points z1, z2 and z3 are collinear if,
z1 z1 1
z2 z2 1 0
z3 z3 1
If three points A(z1), B(z2), C(z3) are collinear, then slope of AB = slope of BC = slope of AC
z1 z2 z2 z3 z1 z3
z1 z2 z2 z3 z1 z3
z z z z
If z1, z2, z3 are collinear, then arg 3 1 0 i.e. 3 1 is purely real.
z2 z1 z2 z1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
(iii) General equation of a straight line : The general equation of a straight line is of the form
az az b 0, where a is complex number and b is real number.
(iv) Slope of a line : The complex slope of the line
a coeff. of z Re(a) (a a )
az az b 0 is and real slope of the line is i .
a coeff. of z m(a) (a a )
Explanation
Put z = x + iy in the equation az az b 0, where b R
we get (a a)x i (a a)y b 0
aa
whose slope , which is a real quantity.
i (a a )
(v) Length of perpendicular : The length of perpendicular from a point z1 to the line
|az1 az1 b | |az1 az1 b |
az az b 0 is given by or .
|a | | a | 2|a|
(vi) No heading the pair of lines joining the points z1, z2 and z3, z4 are perpendicular if
z z
arg 1 2
z3 z4 2
z1 z2
is purely imaginary
z3 z4
5. Equation of circle :
(i) The equation of a circle whose centre is at point having affix z0 and radius r is |z – z0| = r
(ii) If the centre of the circle is at origin and radius r, then its equations is |z| = r.
P( x )
r
C(z 0)
(iii) General equation of circle
The equation of a circle in the argand plane is of the form
zz az az b 0 .... (1)
where b is purely real
The circle represented by (1) has centre at –a and radius = |a|2 b .
(iv) Equation of circle in diameter form
The equation of a circle described on A(z1) and B(z2) as its diameter is
(z z2 )(z z1 ) ( z z1 )(z z1 ) 0
Explanation
Let a circle be described on A(z1) and B(z2) as its diameter, then for any point P(z) on the circle
z z2 P ( z)
AP BP arg
z z1 2
z z2 z z2 A ( z1 ) B(z2)
0
z z1 z z1
(z z2 )(z z1 ) ( z z2 )(z z1 ) 0
(v) |z – z0| < r represens interior of the circle |z – z0| = r and |z – z0| > r represents exterior for
the circle |z – z0| = r.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
(vi) If A, B and C are three points in argand plane such that AC = AB and CAB = then use the
rotation about A to find ei, but if AC AB use coni method.
i z3 z1
AC AB e or (z3 – z1) = (z2 – z1)ei or e i .
z2 z1
(vii) If four points z1, z2, z3 and z4 are con-cyclic then
(z4 z1 )(z2 z3 ) (z2 z3 )(z4 z1 )
is = real or, arg , 0
(z4 z2 )(z1 z3 ) (z1 z3 )(z4 z2 )
Q.1 If |z – 4 + 3i | 2, then
(a) 3 |z| 4 (b) 3 |z| 6 (c) 3 |z| 7 (d) 1 |z| 2
Q.2 If |z1 – 1|< 1, |z2 – 2| < 2, |z3 – 3| < 3, then |z1 + z2 + z3| is less then
(a) 7 (b) 12 (c) 14 (d) 6
Q.3 Let 3 – i and 2 + i be the affixes of two points A and B in the argand plane and P represents the
complex number z = x + iy, then the locus of P if |z – 3 + i| = |z – 2 – i| is
(a) Circle on AB as diameter (b) The line AB
(c) The perpendicular bisector of AB (d) An ellipse
Q.4 For a complex number z, the minimum value of |z| + |z – 2| is equal to
(a) –2 (b) 0 (c) 4 (d) 2
Q.5 The inequality |z – 4| < |z – 2| represents the region given by
(a) Re(z) > 0 (b) Re(z) < 0 (c) Re(z) > 3 (d) Re(z) < 3
Answers :
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d)
11. GEOMETRICAL REPRESENTATION OF ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON COMPLEX NUMBERS
I. Geometrical Representation of Conjugate of
(a) Complex Number : Let z = x + iy be any complex number. It is represented
by a point P(x, y) in the argand plane.
Y
P ( z)
X X
O –
Q ( z)
Y
Now, z x iy , z will be represented by the point Q(x, –y).
Clearly, Q is the image of the point P in the real axis.
Note :- Let z = x + iy and |z| = r, arg z = , then
z = x + iy = r (cos + i sin ),
z = x – iy = r (cos – i sin ) = r [cos (–) + i sin (–)]
Hence, arg(z ) .
II. Geometrical Representation of z1 + z2
Let P1, P2 represent two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2, respectively in the complex
plane, then P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2). Join the origin O with the points P1 and P2. Complete the
parallelogram OP1PP2 with OP1 and OP2 as two adjacent sides. Let the coordinates of P be (x, y).
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
P(z1 + z2)
z 2)
P 2(
|z |
2
z|
2
P 1 ( z1 )
+
1
|z
| z1|
X X
O
Y
Since the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other, OP and P1P2 have the same mid-point.
x 0 y 0 x1 x2 y1 y2
, ,
2 2 2 2
x x1 x2 y y y
and 1 2
2 2 2 2
x = x1 and y = y1 + y2.
The coordinates of P are (x1 + x2, y1 + y2). Hence, the point P represents the complex number
(x1 + x2) + i(y1 + y2) = (x1 + iy1) + (x2 + iy2) = z1 + z2.
Cor. We know that sum of two sides of triangle is greater than the third side.
In OPP1, OP OP1 + P1P .... (1)
(The equality holds when the points O, P1 and P are collinear)
But OP = |z1 + z2|, OP1 = |z1|, P1P = OP2 = |z2|
From (1), we have |z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|, which is called the triangle inequality.
III. Geometrical Representation of z1 – z2
Let P1, P2 represent two complex numbers z1 = x1 + iy1 and z2 = x2 + iy2, respectively in the complex
plane, then P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2). Join the origin O with the points P1 and P2. Produce P2O to
P2 such that OP2 = OP2. Since P2P2 is bisected at O(0, 0), the coordinates of P2 are (–x2, –y2).
P2 represents the complex number –x2 – iy2 = – z2.
Complete the parallelogram OP1QP2 with OP1 and OP2 as two adjacent sides. Then, Q represents
the sum of the complex numbers z1 and –z2, i.e., z1 – z2 and OQ = |z1 – z2|.
Y
P(z1 + z2)
P2(z2)
O P 1 ( z1 – z2 )
X |z
–z
1
2| X
P2(–z2) Q (z1 – z2)
Y
Cor. 1. Complete the parallelogram OP1PP2, then P represents the complex number z1 + z2.
We know that the sum of the squares of the diagonals of a parallelogram is equal to the sum of
the squares of the four sides.
In parallelogram OP1PP2, (OP)2 + (P2P1)2 = (OP1)2 + (P1P)2 + (OP2)2 + (P2P1)2
But P1P = OP2 and P2P = OP1
(OP)2 + (P2P1)2 = 2(OP2)2 + 2(OP2)2
Also, OP = |z1 + z2|, P2P1 = OQ = |z1 – z2|,
OP1 = |z1|, OP2 = |z2|
|z1 + z2|2 + |z1 – z2|2 = 2(|z1|2 + |z2|2).
Cor. 2. Since the absolute difference of two sides of a triangle is less than the third side, we have
in OP2P2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
|OP1 – OP2| P2P1
i.e., ||z1| – |z2|| |z1 – z2|.
This inequality is also called triangle inequality and it is deducible from the triangle inequality, as
givne below :
|z1| = |(z1 – Z2) + z2| |z1 – z2| + z2|
|z1| – |z2| |z1 – z2| .... (1)
Interchanging z1 and z2 in (1), we have
|z2| – |z1| |z2 – z1|
– (|z1| – |z1|) |z1 – z2| .... (2) [ |z2 – z1| = |–(z1 – z2)| = |z1 – z2|, since |–z| = |z|]
Combining (1) and (2), we have
||z1| – |z2|| |z1 – z2|.
IV. Geometrical Representation of the Product z1z2
Let the complex numbers
z1 = r1(cos 1 + i sin 1) and z2 = r2 (cos 2 + i sin 2)
be represented by the points P and Q, respectively, in the Argand plane. Join OP and OQ. Then,
Y R( z1 z2 )
Q (z2)
r2 P(z1)
1
2 r1
1
O 1 A X
OP = r1, XOP = 1
OQ = r2, XOQ = 2.
z1 r1e i1 r1 i (i 2 )
e
z2 r2 ei2 r2
z1
V. Geometrical Representation of the Quotient , z2 0
z2
Let the complex numbers
z1 = r1 (cos 1 + i sin 1) and z2 = r2(cos 2 + i sin 2)
Y
P(z1)
r1 Q(z2)
r2 z1
R
z2
1 2 1–2
O 1 A X
be represented by the points P and Q, respectively in the Argand plane. Join OP and OQ. Then,
OP = r, XOP = 1
OQ = r2, XOQ = 2.
Let A represents the number 1 on the real axis. On side OA, construct a triangle OAR similar to the
triangle OQP
OR OA OR 1 r
or or 1
OP OQ r1 r2 r2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
XOR = QOP = XOP – XOP – XOQ = 1 – 2.
r
Thus, the point R has polar coordinates 1 , 1 2 .
r2
Hence, R represents the complex number
r1 r cos 1 i sin 1 z1
[cos (1 – 2) + i sin (1 – 2)] = 1 ·
r2 r2 cos 2 i sin 2 z2
Note :- If P(z1) and Q(z2) are two points in the Argand plane then arg (z2 – z1) = the angle which PQ makes
with real axis.
TRICK(S) FOR PROBLEM SOLVING
If z is a variable point and z1, z2 are two fixed points in the argand plane, then
(i) |z – z1| = |z – z2| Locus of z is the perpendicular bisector of the line segment joining z1
and z2.
(ii) |z – z1| + |z – z2| = constant ( |z1 – z2|) Locus z is an ellipse.
(iii) |z – z1| + |z – z2| = |z1 – z2| Locus of z is the line segment joining z1 and z2
(iv) |z – z1| – |z – z2| = |z1 – z2| Locus of z is a straight line joining z1 and z2 but z does not lie
between z1 and z2.
(v) |z – z1| – |z – z2| = constant ( |z – z2|) Locus of z is a hyperbola.
(vi) |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = |z1 – z2|2 Locus of z is a circle with z1 and z2 as the extremities of
diameter.
(vii) |z – z1| = k |z – z2|, (k 1) Locus of z is a circle.
z z1
(viii) arg a (fixed) Locus of z is a segment of circle.
z z2
z z1
(ix) arg Locus of z is a circle with z1 and z2 as the vertices of diameter.
z z2 2
z z1
(x) arg 0 or Locus of z is a straight line passing through z1 and z2.
z z2
||z1| – |z2|| |z1 + z2| |z1| + |z2|
Thus, |z1| + |z2| is the greatest possible value of |z1 + z2| and ||z1| – |z2|| is the least possible
value of |z1 + z2|.
1 a a2 4 a a2 4
If z a , the greatest and least values of |z| are respectively, and .
z 2 2
1
The area of the triangle whose vertices are z, iz and z + iz is |z|2.
2
3 2
The area of the triangle with vertices z, wz and z + wz is |z| .
4
If z 1, z 2, z 3 be the vertices of an equilateral triangle and z 0 be the circumcentre, then
z12 z22 z32 3z02 .
If z1, z2, z3 be the vertices of a triangl, then the triangle is equilateral iff (z1 – z2)2 + (z3 – z1)2 = 0
or, z12 z22 z32 z1 z2 z2 z3 z3 z1
1 1 1
or, 0.
z1 z2 z2 z3 z 3 z1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
The equation |z – z1|2 + |z – z2|2 = k (where k is a real number) will represent in circle with centre
1 1 1
at (z1 – z2) and radius 2k | z1 z2 |2 , provided k | z1 z2 |2 .
2 2 2
The one and only one case in which |z1| + |z2| + .... + |zn| = |z1 + z2 + .... + zn| is that the numbers
z1, z2, .... zn have the same amplitude.
If three points z1, z2, z3 connected by relation az1 + bz2 + cz3 = 0 where a + b + c = 0, then the three
points are collinear.
If z is a complex number, then ez is periodic.
If three complex numbers are in A.P., then they lie on a straight line in the complex plane.
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Find the value of expression 1. (2 – ) (2 – 2) + 2.(3 – )(3 – 2) + .... + (n – 1) (n – ) (n –
2), where is an imaginary cube root of unity.
Solution : We have, (z – 1) (z – ) (z – 2) z3 – 1
1(2 – )(2 – 2) + 2(3 – 2) + ....+ (n – 1)(n – )(n – 2)
n n n n
(r 1)(r )(r 2 ) (r 3 1) r 3 1
r 2 r 2 r 2 r 2
n n 2 2
3 n(n 1) n(n 1)
r 1 1 1 (n 1) n
r 1 r 2 2 2
Example 2 : Find the square root of 8 – 15 i.
Solution : Here y = – 15 < 0
Re(z) | z | | z | Re(z) 1
8 15i i (5 3i )
2 2
2
(1 i) x 2i (2 3i)y i
Example 3 : The values of x and y satisfying the equation i are
31 3i
(a) x = – 1, y = 3 (b) x = 3, y = –1 (c) x = 0, y = 1 (d) x = 1, y = 0
(1 i) x 2i (2 3i)y i
Solution : (b) i (4 + 2i)x + (9 – 7i) y – 3i – 3 = 10i
3i 3i
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get 2x – 7y = 13 and 4x + 9y = 3.
Example 4 : z1, z2 and z3 are three non-zero numbers such that z1 z2 z3, and a = |z1|, b = |z2|, c = |z3|.
a b c 2
z3 z3 z1
If b c a 0, then show that arg arg .
z
2 z
2 1 z
c a b Imaginary axis
a b c z2 z1
Solution : We have b c a = – (a + b + c) z(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
3
c a b 3 2
O Real axis
(a b c)
{(a b)2 (b c)2 (c a)2 } 0
2
Now a, b and c are positive, as modulus of non-zero complex numbers
a=b=c
So z1, z2 and z3 lie on a circle with centre at origin.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
z
Now arg 3 arg(z3 ) arg(z2 ) 3 2
z2
2
z z
arg 3 1 2BAC 2
z2 z1
Now 2 = (3 – 2) (As we know that angle subtended by a chord on centre of a circle is
double the angle subtended by the same chord at any point ont eh circumference of the
circle). Hence Proved.
Example 5 : Consider a square ABCD such that z1, z2, z3 and z4 represent its vertices A, B, C and D
respectively. Express ‘z3’ and ‘z4’ in terms of z1 and z2.
Solution : Consider the rotation of AB about A through an angle /4.
A(z1) D(z4)
/4
B( z 2 ) C(z3)
z3 z1 | z3 z1 | i/4
We get e 2 cos i sin
z2 z1 | z2 z1 | 4 4
z3 = z1 + (z2 – z1)(1 + i)
z z | z z | i /2
Similarly, 4 1 4 1 e i
z2 z1 | z2 z1 |
z4 + i (z2 – z1)
1
Example 6 : In a geometrical progression, first term and common ratio are both
2
3 i . Then find
the absolute value of the nth term of the progression.
1 1
Solution : Here a
2
3 i .r
2
3i
n
1
Tn ar
n1
2
3i
3 1
Put r cos , r sin .
2 2
These give r = 1 and ,
6
n
n n
Tn = [r(cos + i sin )] = cos i sin cos i sin
n
6 6 6 6
n n
|Tn | cos2 i sin2 1
6 6
Example 7 : Consider a quadratic equation az2 + bz + c = 0 where a, b, c are complex numbers. Find the
condition that the equation has
(i) One purely imaginary root (ii) One purely real root
(iii) Two purely imaginary roots (iv) Two purely real roots
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
Solution : (i) Let z1 (purely imaginary) be a root of the given equation z1 = – z1
and az12 + bz1 + c = 0 ..... (i)
2
az12 bz1 c 0 az1 bz1 c 0 az12 bz1 c 0 (as z1 z1 ) ..... (ii)
Now (i) and (ii) must have one common root. Then required condition becomes
(bc cb ) (bc ac )2
2
(bc cb )(ab ab) (ca ac )2 0
(ab ab) (ab ab)
(ii) Let z1 (purely real) be a root of the given eqution z1 z1 and az12 + bz1 + c = 0
.... (1)
2 2 2
az1 bz1 c 0 az1 bz1 c 0 az1 bz1 c 0 ..... (2)
Now (1) and (2) must have one common root.
z12 z1 1
(bc bc) (ac ac) (ab ab)
Required codition is
(bc cb )(ab ab) (ca ac )2 0
(iii) Let z1 and z2 be two purely imaginary roots then
z1 z1 , z2 z2
Now az2 + bz + c = 0 ..... (i)
2
az2 bz c 0 az bz c 0 az 2 bz c 0 ..... (ii)
Equation (i) and (ii) must be identical as their root are same
a b c
a b c
(iv) Let z1 and z2 be two purely real roots then
z1 z1 , z2 z2
In this case az2 + bz + c = 0
2 2
az bz c 0 az bz c 0
Equation (i) and (ii) must be identical, as their root are same
a b c
a b c
Example 8 : Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz + q = 0, where the coefficients p and q may be
complex numbers. Let A and B represent z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If AOB = 0
and OA = OB, where O is the origin, then establish a relation between p, q and .
Solution : From diagram,
z2 = z1ei B(z2)
2
z1 and z2 are roots of z + pz + q = 0
z1 + z2 = –p and z1z2 = q O A ( z1 )
i
z1 + z1e = –p
p pe i
z1 z2
1 e i 1 ei
p2 e i
z1 z2 q
(1 e i )2
2
2
p e q[1 cos i sin ] q 2cos i 2sin cos
2 i 2
2 2 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
2
q 2cos cos i sin
2 2 2
2 i 2 i 2 2
p e q.4cos e p 4q cos
2 2
Example 9 : Find the minimum value of la + b + c2l, where a, b, and c are all not equal integers and
( 1) is a cube root of unity.
Solution : Let x = |a + b + c2|
x2 = la + b + c2 l2 = (a + b + c2) (a b c2 ) [a, b, c are integer , a a ]
= (a + b +c2) (a + b2 + c); 2 and 2
1
x2 = a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca = [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
2 1
x [(a – b)2 + (b – c)2 + (c – a)2]
2
Since a, b, c are integers but not all simultaneously equal hence we may assume two of
them equal,
say b = c but a b and a c.
(b – c)2 = 0, (a – b)2 1 and (a – c)2 1, as the difference between two consecutive
integers is ± 1.
2 1
x [1 0 1] 1
2
|x| 1 or |x| – 1 But |x| –ve min |x| = 1.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
UNSOLVED EXERCISE
SECTION-A
(Single Correct Option) 1 i 3
11. The value of 2 is
(I) COMPLEX NUMBER IN IOTA FORM 1
1
48 i 1
3 3
1. If i 324 x iy , then the ordered (a) 20 (b) 9
2 2 (c) 5/4 (d) 4/5
pair (x, y) is
3 i 3
(a) (0, 2) (b) (0, 1) 12. If x = is a complex number, then the
2
(c) (1, 0) (d) (1, 1) value of (x2 + 3x)2 (x2 + 3x + 1) is
2. 1 + i2 + i4 + ......i2n is (a) –9/8 (b) 6
(a) Positive (c) –18 (d) 36
(b) Negative 13. If (x + iy)1/3 = 2 + 3i , then 3x + 2y is equal to
(c) 0 (a) –20 (b) –60
(d) Cannot be determined (c) –120 (d) –18
3. If z = (1 + 3i)/(1 – 2i), then the value of z24 is
cos30 i sin 30
(a) 224 (1 + i) (b) 224 14. The value of is equal to
o
cos60 isin 60
(c) 224 i (d) None of these
4. One of the values of i is i (a) i (b) – i
(a) e–/2 (b) e/2 1 3i 1 3i
(c) (d)
(c) e (d) e– 2 2
(II) CONJUGATE & MODULUS OF A COMPLEX NO.
5. Convert (i + 1)/ cos – isin in polar form.
4 4 15. The number of solutions of the equation z2 + |z|2
(a) cos(/4) + isin(/4) = 0, where z C is
(b) cos(/2) – isin(/2) (a) One (b) Two
(c) 2[cos( / 4) i sin( / 4)]
(c) Three (d) Infinitely many
16. If iz3 + z2 – z + i = 0 then
(d) 2[cos( / 2) i sin( / 2)] (a) |z| = 0 (b) |z| = 1
6. If z = e2/3, then 1 + z + 3z2 + 2z3 + 2z4 + 3z5 is equal (c) |z| = 2 (d) None of these
to 17. If and are different complex numbers with
(a) –3ei/3 (b) 3ei/3
|| = 1 then
(c) 3e2i/3 (d) –3e2i/3 1
7. 3 3
If value of (1 + i) + ( 1 – i) is equal to (a) 0 (b) 1/2
(a) 1 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) 2
(c) 0 (d) –4 18. Among the complex numbers z satisfying the
condition |z + 1 – i| 1, the number having the
8. If ( 3i 1)100 299 (a ib), then a2 + b2 is equal to
o
least positive argument is
(a) 4 (b) 3 (a) 1 – i
(c) 2 (d) 0 (b) –1 + i
9. The value of (1 + 3i)4 (1 – 3i)4 is (c) –i
(d) None of these.
(a) –16 (b) 16
19. If z = x + iy and w = (1 – iz)/(z – i), then |w| = 1
(c) 14 (d) –14
implies that, in the complex plane
10. If 2x = 3 + 5i, then the value of 2x3 + 2x2 – 7x + 72
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis
is
(b) z lies on the real axis
(a) 4 (b) –4
(c) z lies on the unit circle
(c) 8 (d) –8
(d) None of these
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
20. The minimum value of |z| + |z – i| is 28. Let z1 = 6 + i and z2 = 4 – 3i. Let z be a complex
(a) 0 (b) 1 z z1
(c) 2 (d) None of these number such that
z2 z 2
21. z1 and z2 are two complex numbers with |z1| =
(a) |z – (5 – i)| = 5 (b) |z – (5 – i)| = 5
|z2|. If the real part of z1 is positive and the
(c) |z – (5 + i)| = 5 (d) |z – (5 + i)| = 5
z1 z2 2
imaginary part of z2 is negative, then is z z 1
z1 z2 29. If log 2 , then he possible
1/ 3 2 z
(a) 0 (b) Real and positive
(c) Real and negative (d) Purely imaginary values of |z| are given by
(a) |z| < 1/3 (b) |z| = 1
5z2
22. If is purely an imaginary number, then (c) |z| = 5 (d) 1 < |z| < 5
7 z1 30. If and are two different complex numbers with
2z1 3z2
is equal to
o 1, then is equal to
o
2z1 3z2 1
(a) 5/7 (b) 7/9 (a) 1/2 (b) 0
(c) 25/49 (d) None of these (c) –1 (d) 1
23. The distances of the roots of the equation |Cos ( 3 i)3 (3i 4) 2
1|z3 + | Cos 2|z2 + |Cos 3|z + |Cos 4| = 3, from 31. If z , then z is equal to
o
(8 6i) 2
z = 0, are
(a) 8 (b) 2
(a) Greater than 2/3
(c) 5 (d) 4
(b) Less than 2/3
32. Let w 1 be complex number. If w = 1 and
(c) Greater than |Cos 1| + |Cos 2| + |Cos 3|
+ |Cos 4| w 1
z= , then Re(z) is equal to
o
(d) Less than |Cos 1| + |Cos 2| + |Cos 3| + w 1
|Cos 4| 1
24. For any two complex numbers z1, z2; (a) 1 (b)
2 2
| w 1|
1 z1 z2 z1 z2 is equal too (c) Re(w) (d) 0
33. The value of |z| + |z – 3| + |z – i|2 is minimum,
2 2
(a) 1 z 1
2
1 z
2
2
when z equals
(b) 1 z 1 z
2 2
2
1 2 (a) 2 – i (b) 45 + 3i
3
(c) 1 z 1 z
2 2
1 2 i i
(c) 1 + (d) 1 –
3 3
(d) 1 z 1 z
2 2
1 2 34. Let z1 z 2 and z1 z 2 . If z1 has positive real part
25. Complex numbers whose real and imaginary and z 2 has negative imaginary part. Then,
parts, x and y are inegers and satisfy the equaion z 2 z1
3x2 – |xy| – 2y2 + 7 = 0 z1 z 2 may be
(a) Do not exist (a) 0
(b) Exist and form a conjugate pair (b) real and positive
(c) Form two conjugate pairs (c) real and negtive
(d) Do not form conjugate pairs (d) None of these
26. The greatest and the least absolute value of z + 1, 35. The complex number z = x + iy, which satisfies the
where |z + 4| 3 are respectively
z 3i
(a) 6 and 0 (b) 10 and 6 equation 1 , lie on
z 3i
(c) 4 and 3 (d) None of these
(a) the X-axis
27. If |z| 3, the least value of |z + 1/z| is
(b) the straight line y = 3
(a) 8/3 (b) 3/8
(c) a circle passing through the origin
(c) 10/3 (d) None of these
(d) None of the above
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
36. If z1 = 2 2(1 i) and z2 = 1 + i 3 , then z12 z32 is z z
equal to 43. If z = r(cos + isin), then the value of is
z z
(a) 128 i (b) 64i (a) cos 2 (b) 2 cos 2
(c) –64 i (d) –128 i (c) 2 cos (d) 2 sin
37. If z1, z2 and z3 are complex numbers such that (III) ARGUMENT OF A COMPLEX NUMBER
1 1 1 44. The locus of z moving in the Argand plane such
z1 z 2 z 3 1 , z z z is
z1 z 2 z 3 1 2 3 z 2
that arg is
(a) 3 (b) 1 z 2 2
(c) greater than 3 (d) less than 1 (a) A straight line
38. If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such that (b) A circle, centre origin, radius 2
|z1| = |z2|+ |z1 – z2|,then (c) A circle, centre origin, radius 2
z1 z1 (d) None of these
(a) Im z 0 (b) Re z 0 45. In Argand’s diagram, the locus given by arg
2 2
z1 z1 1 2i z 1 3i
(c) Re z Im z (d) None of these 4
2 2 (a) Is a straight line through the origin
50 (b) Is the straight line passing through the points
3 3
39. If i
25
3 (x iy), where x and y aree 2 – 2i and 5 – 3i
2 2 (c) Is a circle drawn with the line joining 1 + 2i
real, then the ordered pair (x, y) is and 1 – 3i as a diameter
(a) (–3, 0) (b) (0, 3) (d) Is none of the above
1 3 46. Given that |z – a| = a, where z is a point in the
(c) (0, –3) (d) 2 2 z 2a
Argand’s plane, then equals
z1 z
2 2 2
40. If z1 z 2 z1 z 2 , then z is (a) i tan (arg z) (b) i cot (arg z)
2
(c) tan (arg z) (d) None of these
(a) purely real
47. The point of intersection of the curves arg(z – 3i)
(b) purely imaginary
= 3/4 and arg(2z + 1 – 2i) = /4 is
(c) zero of purely imaginary
(d) neither real nor imaginary
3 9
(a) i (b) 1 + 3i
41. If z1, z2 , ......., zn are complex numbers such that 4 4
(c) 1 + i (d) None of these
z1 z 2 .......... z n 1, then
100
z 2 z 2 .............. z n 48. If z 0, then arg z dx is (Where |z| denotess
x 0
is equal to modulus and [.] denotes greatest integer function)
(a) z1z 2 z 3......z n (a) 0 (b) Not defined
(c) 100 (d) None of these
(b) z1 | | z 2 | ........ z n
a ib
1 1 1 49. The value of Arg i ln , where a and b
(c) z z ............. z a ib
1 2 n are real numbers, is
(d) n (e) n (a) 0 or (b) /2
(c) Not defined (d) None of these
42. If z1 2 cos isin and
4 4 z i z 2i
50. If arg and , then equations,
zi z 2i
z 2 3 cos isin , then |z1z 2 | is are;
3 3
(a) 0, if > 0, < 0 (b) 0, if < 0, > 0
(a) 6 (b) 2
(c) 0, if > 0, > 0 (d) 0, if < 0, < 0
(c) 6 (d) 3
(e) 2 3
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
51. If z(2 – i2 3) 2 i( 3 i) 4 , then amplitude of z (c) z3 = iz1 + (1 – i)z2 (d) z3 = (1 + i)z1 + z2
is 60. Let z1 be a fixed point on the circle of radius 1
centred at the origin in the argand plane and
(a) (b) z1 1. Consider an equilateral triangle inscribed
6 4 in the circle with z1, z2 and z3 as the vertices taken
in the counter clockwise direction. Then, z1 z2 z3 is
(c) (d) None of these
6 equal to
52. Among the complex number z satisfying 2 3
(a) z1 (b) z1
condition |z+ 1 – i| 1, the number having least
4
positive argument is (c) z1 (d) z 1
(a) 1 – i (b) 1 + i 61. Suppose that z1, z2 and z3 are three vertices of
(c) –i (d) None of the above an equilatral triangle in the argand plane. Let
53. If the conjugate of (x + iy)(1 – 2i) is 1 + i, then 1
= ( 3 i) and be a non-zero complexx
1 i 1 i 2
(a) x – iy = (b) x + iy = numbers. The points z1 + , z2 + z3 + will
1 2i 1 2i
be
1 1
(c) x = (d) x = – (a) the vertices of an equilateral triangle
5 5 (b) the vertices of an isosceles triangle
54. If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers
(c) collinear
z
such that |z1 + z2| = |z1|+ |z2|, then arg 1 is (d) the vertices of a scalene triangle
z2
(V) Demoiver’s Theorem, Cube roots & nth roots of unity
(a) 0 (b) –
62. If ( 1) is a cube root of unity, then
(c) – (d)
2 2 1 1 i 2 2
4 1 i 1 2 1 equals
55. If z , then z is (where, z is complexx
1 i i i 1 1
conjugate of z )
(a) 2(1 + i) (b) (1 + i) (a) 0 (b) 1
2 4 (c) i (d)
(c) (d) 63. The value of the expression
1 i 1 i 8 8
i 3 i 3
56. If – < arg (z)< – , then arg (z) – argg (– z) is is
2 2 2
(a) (b) – (a) –1 (b) 0
(c) /2 (d) –/2 (c) 1 (d) None of these
(IV) ROTATION OF A COMPLEX NUMBER 10
2k 2k
64. The value of cos 11 i 3 sin is
57. A triangle with vertics represented by complex k 1 11
numbers z0, z1, z2 has opposite side lengths in ratio (a) 1 (b) –1
2 : 6 : 3 1 respectively. Then (c) –i (d) i
(a) (z2 – z0)4 = – 9(7 + 43)(z1 – z0)4 65. If and are the roots of x2 – x + 1 = 0, then the
(b) (z2 – z0)4 = 9(7 + 43)(z1 – z0)4 equation whose roots are 100 and 100 are
(c) (z2 – z0)4 = (7 + 43)(z1 – z0)4 (a) x2 – x + 1 = 0 (b) x2 + x – 1 = 0
2
(c) x – x – 1 = 0 (d) x2 + x + 1 = 0
(d) None of these
15 15
58. The area of the triangle on the Argand diagram
formed by the complex numbers z, iz and z + iz is 66. The value of
1 i 3 1 i 3 is
20 20
(a) |z|2 (b) 1/2 |z|2 1 i 1 i
(c) |z|2/3 (d) None of these (a) –26 (b) 26
59. If the vertices of a square are z1, z2, z3 and z4 taken (c) 1 (d) 1 – 3
in the anticlockwise order, then 334 365
1 i 3 1 i 3
(a) z3 = –iz1 + (1 + i)z2 (b) z4 = (1 – i)z1 + iz2 67. If i = –1, then 4 5 3
2 2 2 2
is equal to
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
(a) 1 – i3 (b) –1 + i3 (c) An equilateral triangle
(c) i3 (d) – i3 (d) None of these
68. If are the cube roots of unity, then roots of 77. Points z1 and z2 are adjacent vertices of a regular
equation (x – 1)3 + 5 = 0 are octagon. The vertex z3 adjacent to z2 (z3 z1) is
(a) –5, –5, 5 (b) –4, 1 – 51 – 5 represented by
(c) 6, 1 – 51 + 5 (d) None of the above 1
69. If the fourth roots of unity are z1 , z2, z3 and z4 ,
(a) z2 1 i z1 z2
2
then z12 z 22 z33 z 42 is equal to
o 1
(a) 0 (b) 2
(b) z1 1 i z1 z2
2
(c) 3 (d) –14
1
4n
(c) z2 1 i z2 z1
1 cos 2 isin 2
2
(d) None of these
70. is equal to
o
1 cos isin 78. The point z in Argand’s plane moves such that
2 2 iz 1
(a) cos n – i sin (b) cos n + i sin Re 2 . The locus of z is
iz 1
(c) cos 2n – i sin2n (d) cos 2n + i sin2n
(a) A straight line (b) A circle
(VI) GEOMETRY IN COMPLEX NUMBER’S (c) An ellipse (d) None of these
71. The centre of a regular hezagon is i. One vertex is 79. If the complex numbers z1, z2 and z3 denote the
(2 + i). z is an adjacent vertex. Then z is equal to vertices of an isosceles triangle, right angled at
(a) 1 + i(1 ± 3) (b) i + 1 ± 3 z1, then (z1 – z2)2 + (z1 – z3)2 is equal to
(a) 0 (b) (z2 + z3)2
(c) 2 + i(1 ± 3) (d) None of these
(c) 2 (d) 3
72. The equation bz bz c , where b is a non-zero o 80. Let z1 and z2 be two fixed complex numbers in the
complex constant and c real, represents argand plane and z be an arbitrary point satisfying
(a) A circle (b) A straight line |z – z1| + |z – z2|= 2|z1 – z2|. Then , the locus of z
(c) Hyperbola (d) None of these will be
73. Let a, b R such that 0 < a < 1, 0 < b < 1. The (a) an ellipse
values of a and b, such that the complex numbers (b) a straight line joining z1 and z2
z1 = a + i, z2 = – 1 + bi and z3 = 0 form an equilateral (c) a parabola
triangle; are (d) a bisector of the line segment joining z1 and z2
(a) a = b = 2 – 3 81. In the argand plane, the distinct roots of 1 + z + z3
(b) a = 2 – 3, b = 2 + 3 + z4 = 0 ( z is a complex number) represent vertices
(c) a = 3, b = – 3 of
(d) None of these (a) a square
74. The locus of the centre of the circle which touches (b) an equilateral triangle
the circles |z – z1| = a and |z – z2| = b externally (c) a rhombus
(z, z1 & z2 are complex numbers) will be (d) a rectangle
(a) An ellipse (b) A circle
(c) A hyperbola (d) None of these 82. If z z z z 2 , then z lies on
75. If Arg (z2 – z1) + Arg (z3 – z1) = 2 Arg (z – z1), then (a) circle (b) a square
locus of z is a (c) an ellipse (d) a line
(a) Straight line (b) Circle 83. If 1 is a cube root of unity, then the sum of
(c) Parabola (d) Hyperbola the series S = 1 + 2 + 32 + .....+3n3n – 1 is
76. Let z1 and z 2 be non-zero complex numbers 3n
2 2 (a) (b) 3n( 1)
satisfying the equation z1 2 z1 z2 2 z2 0 . The 1
geometrical nature of the triangle whose vertices 1
are the origin and the points representing z1 and (c) (d) 0
3n
z2 is
84. The modulus of the complex number z such that
(a) An isosceles right angled triangle |z + 3 – i| = 1 and arg (z) = , is equal to
(b) A right angled riangle
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
(a) 1 (b) 2 is less than 1.
(c) 9 (d) 3 Statement–2 : |z1 + z2| < |z1| + |z2| also |cos |
SECTION-B 1.
(Assertion-Reason) (a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
2 2 Statement-1
1. Statement – 1 : If = cos i sin ,p= (b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
7 7
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
+ 2 + 4, q = 3 + 5 + 6, then the equation
Statement-1
whose roots are p and q is x2 + x + 2 = 0
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
Statement – 2 : If is root of Z7 = 1, then 1 + +
2 + ...... + 6 = 0 (d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 5. Statement–1 : The number of complex numbers
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for z satisfying |z|2 + a|z| + b = 0 (a, b R) is at the
Statement-1 most 2.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement–2 : A quadratic equation in which all
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for the coefficients are non-zero have at the most two
Statement-1 roots.
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. (a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
Statement-1
2. Statement-1: 3 + ix2y and x2 + y + 4i are conjugate
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
numbers, then x2 + y2 = 3.
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
Statement-2: If sum and product of wo complex Statement-1
numbers is real then they are conjugate complex
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
numbers.
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Section-C
Statement-1 (Previous Years Questions)
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Q.1 A complex number z is said to be
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for unimodular, if |z| 1. If z1 and z2 are com-
Statement-1
z1 – 2z2
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. plex numbers such that is
2 – z1z2
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then,
3. Statements-1: If x2 + x + 1 = 0 then the value of
the point z1 lies on a
2 2 2
1 2 1 27 1 (a) straight line parallelel to X-axis
x x 2 .... x 27 is 54. (b) straight line parallel to Y-axis
x x x
(c) circle of radius 2
Statements-2: , 2 are the roots of given
equation and (d) circle of radius 2
1 1 1 Q.2 If z is a complex number such that | z | 2,
x 1, x 2 2 1, x 3 3 2 .
x x x 1
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; then the minimum value of z +
2
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1 5
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; (a) is equal to
2
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for (b) lies in the interval (1, 2)
Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. 5
(c) is strictly greater than
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. 2
4. Statement–1 : If z 2 1 , then |z2 + 2zcos | 3 5
(d) is strictly greater than but less than
2 2
Q.3 Let z be a omplex number such that the
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
imaginary part of z is non-zero and a = z2 + z (a) equal to 1 (b) less than 1
+ 1 is real. Then, a cannot take the value (c) greater than 3 (d) equal to 3
1 Q.10 For positive integers n1, n2 the value of ex-
(a) – 1 (b) pression (1 + i)n + (1 + i3 )n + (1 + i5 )n , heree
1 1 2
3
1 3 i = – 1 is a real number, if and only if
(c) (d)
2 4 (a) n1= n2 + 1 (b) n1 = x2 – 1
Q.4 Let z = x + iy be a complex number where, x (c) n1 = n2 (d) n1 > 0, n2 > 0
and y are integers. Then, the area of the Q.11 The complex numbers sin x +i cos2x and
rectangle whose vertices are the root of the cosx -i sin2x are conjugate to each other,
equation zz 3 + zz3 = 350 , is for
(a) 48 (b) 32 (a) x = n (b) x = 0
(c) 40 (d) 80 (c) x = (n + 1 / 2) (d) no value of x
Q.5 If |z| = 1 and z ± 1, then all the values of Q.12 The points z1, z2,z3 and z4 in the complex
plane are the vertices of a parallelogram
z taken in order, if and only if
lie on
1 – z2
(a) a line not passing through the origin (a) z1 + z4 = z2 + z3 (b) z1 + z3 = z2 + z4
(b) |z| = 2 (c) z1 + z2 = z3 + z4 (d) None of the
(c) the X-axis above
(d) the Y-axis Q.13 If z = x + iy and w = (1-iz)/ (z-i), then |w| =1
Q.6 If w = + i, where 0 and z 1, satisfies implies that, in the complex plane
(a) z lies on the imaginary axis
w – wz (b) z lies on the real axis
the condition that is purely real,
1–z (c) z lies on the unit circle
then the set of values of z is (d) None of the above
(a) | z | = 1, z 2 Q.14 The inequality z 4 z 2 repreasents the
(b) | z | = 1 and z 1
region given by
(c) z = z
(a) Re (z) 0 (b) Re (z) < 0
(d) None of the above
(c) Re (z) > 0 (d) None of these
z–1
Q.7 If |z| = 1 and w = (where, z – 1), then 5
3 i 3 i
2
z+1
Q.15 If z 2 2 2 2 , then
Re (w) is
1 (a) Re (z) =0 (b) In (z) = 0
(a) 0 (b) |z – 1|2 (c) Re (z) > 0, Im (z) > 0 (d) Re(z)>0, Im
(z) < 0
1 1 2 Q.16 The complex numbers z x iy which sat--
(c) (d)
z + 1 |z + 1|2 |z + 1|2
z 5i
Q.8 For all complex numbers z1, z2 satisfying |z1| isfy the equation 1, lie on
z 5i
= 12 and |z2 – 3 – 4i|= 5, the minimum value
o f (a) the X -axis
|z1 –z2| is (b) the straight line y = 5
(a) 0 (b) 2 (c) a circle passing through the origin
(c) 7 (d) 17 (d) None of these
Q.9 If z1z2 and z3 are complex numbers such that Q.17 Let z1 and z2 be complex numbers such that
z1 z2 and |z1| = |z2|. If z1 has postiove real
1 1 1 p a r t
|z1| = |z2| = |z3| = + + = 1, then |z1 +
z1 z2 z3 |z1| = |z2|. and z2 has negative imaginary
z2 + z3| is
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
z1 z 2 cally away from origin by 3 units to reach a
part, then z z may be point z1. From z1 the particle moves 2 units
1 2
(a) zero in the direction of the vector ˆi + ˆj and then
(b) real and positive it moves through an angle /2 in anti-clock-
(c) real and negative wise direction on a circle with centre at ori-
(d) purely imaginary gin, to reach a point z2. The point z2 is given
Q.18 If z1 = a + ib and z2 = c + id are complex by
numbers such that |z 1| = |z 2| = 1 and (a) 6 + 7i (b) – 7 + 6i
Re(z1 z2 ) = 0, then the pair of complex num- (c) 7 + 6i (d) – 6 + 7i
bers w1 = a + ic and w2 = b + id satisfies Q.25 A man walks a distance of 3 units from the
(a) |w1| = 1 (b) |w2| = 1 origin towards the North-East (N 45° E) di-
(c) Re(w 1w2 ) = 0 (d) None of these r e c t i o n .
From there, he walks a distance of 4 units
Q.19 If z is a complex number of unit modulus
towards the North-West (N 45° W) direc-
1+z tion to reach a point P. Then, the position
and argument , then arg is equal
1+ z of P in the Argand plane is
to (a) 3ei π/4 + 4i (b) (3 – 4i)ei π/4
π (c) (4 + 3i)eiπ/4 (d) (3 + 4i)ei π/4
(a) – (b) –
2
(c) (d) – Q.26 The shaded region, where P = (– 1, 0), Q =
Q.20 If arg (z) < 0, then arg (– z) – arg (z) equals (–1 + 2 , 2) , R = (–1 + 2 ,– 2) , S = (1, 0) is
(a) (b) – represent by:
(c) – /2 (d) /2 Y
Q.21 Let z and w be two non-zero complex num-
bers such that |z| = |w| and arg (z) + arg Q
(w) = , then z equals
(a) w (b) – w X'
P O S
X
(c) w (d) – w
R
Q.22 If z1 and z2 are two non-zero complex num-
bers suh that |z1 + z2| = |z1| + |z2|, then arg Y'
(z1) – arg (z2) is equal to: π
π (a) |z + 1| > 2, |arg (z + 1)| <
(a) – (b) – 4
2
π π
(c) 0 (d) (b) |z + 1|< 2, |arg (z + 1)| <
2 2
Q.23 Let z1 and z2 be two distinct complex num- π
bers and let z = (1 – t)z1 + iz2 for some real (c) |z + 1| > 2, |arg (z + 1)| >
4
number t with 0 < t < 1. If arg (w) denotes
π
the principle argument of a non-zero com- (d) |z + 1|< 2, |arg (z + 1)| >
plex number w, then 2
(a) |z – z1| + |z – z2| = |z1 – z2|
(b) arg(z – z1) = arg(z – z2) Q.27 The complex numbrs z1, z2 and z3 satisfying
z – z1 z – z1 z1 – z3 1 – i 3
(c) z – z z – z = 0 = are the vertices of a triangle
2 1 2 1
z2 – z3 2
(d) arg(z – z1) = arg(z2 – z1) which is
Q.24 A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 2i, (a) of area zero
where i = –1 . It moves first horizontally (b) right angled isosceles
away from origin by 5 units and then verti-
(c) equilateral
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Complex Number
(d) obtuse angled isosceles that p2 = 4 q cos2 /2.
Q.28 Let z = cos + i sin . Then, the value of Q.3 If A, B, C represent the complex numbers z1,
15
2m – 1
z2, z3 respectively on the complex plane and
Im(z
m=1
) at = 2° is the angles at B and C are each equal to 1/2
( – ), then prove that (z2 – z3)2 = 4 (z3 –
1 1 z1)(z1 – z2) sin2 /2.
(a) (b)
sin2° 3sin2° Q.4 Let = cis2/11, = 2, = 3, = 4, =
1 1 5, = 6, µ = 7, v = 8. Calculate the val-
(c) (d) ues of
2sin2° 4sin2°
Q.29 The minimum value of |ia + b + c2|, (i) (1 – v)(1 – v2)(1 – v3)(1 – v4)(1 – v5)(1 –
where a, b and c are all not equal integers v6)(1 – v7)(1 – v8)(1 – v9)(1 – v10)
and (1) is a cube root of unity, is (ii) (i – )(i – 2)......(i – 9)(i – 10), where i
1 = –1
(a) 3 (b) (iii) ( – )( – 2).....( – 9)( – 10), where
2
(c) 1 (d) 0 1 3
=
Q.30 If ( 1) be a cube root of unity and (1 + 2
2)n = (1 + 4)n, then the least positive value (iv) 1 + + 2 + 3 + ............ + 10
of n is (v) Re ( + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
(a) 2 (b) 3 (vi) Re (1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
(c) 5 (d) 5 (vii) (µ – )(µ – 2)(µ – 3).......(µ – 9)(µ –
334 10)
1 i 3
Q.31 If i = – 1 , then 4 + 5 – + + Q.5 If 1, 1, 2, 3, 4 be the roots of x5 – 1 = 0
2 2 then prove that
365
1 i 3 1 2 3 4
. . .
3 – 2 + 2 is equal to: 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4
where is a rotational non real complex
(a) 1 – i 3 (b) –1 + i 3 root of unity.
(c) i 3 (d) – i 3 Q.6 If z1 and z2 are two complex numbers such
Q.32 If is an imaginary cube root of unity, then z1 z2
(1 + – 2)7 is equal to that z 2 0 and 1 , prove thatt
(a) 128 (b) – 128 z1 z2
(c) 1282 (d) – 12882 iz1
n k , where k is a real number. Find the
2πk 2πk z2
Q.33 The value of sin – icos is
k=1 7 7
angle between the lines from the origin to
(a) – 1 (b) 0 the points z1 + z2 and z1 – z2 in erms of k.
(c) – i (d) i Q.7 Prove that |z1| + |z2| = |1/2 (z1 + z2) +
Section-D (z1z2)| + |1/2(z1 + z2) – (z1z2)|.
(School /Board Pattern) Q.8 If z is any complex number satisfying |z – 3
Q.1 A with vertices represented by complex – 2i| 2, then the maximum value of |2z –
numbers z1, z2, z3 has angles 90°, 30°, 60° 6 + 5i| is.....
respectively. Express Q.9 Suppose z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equi-
(i) z1 in terms of z2 & z3; (ii) z2 in terms of z3 lateral triangle inscribed in the circle | z | =
& z1; (iii) z3 in terms of z1 & z2. 2. If z1 = 1 + i 3 , then z2 = ....., z3.....
Q.2 Let z1 and z2 be roots of the equation z2 + pz
Q.10 If a and b are real numbers between 0 and
+ q = 0, where the coefficients p and q may
1 such that the points z1 = a + i, z2 = 1 + bi
be complex numbers. Let A and B represent
and z3 = 0 form an equilateral triangle, then
z1 and z2 in the complex plane. If AOB =
a = ..... and b = .....
0 and OA = OB, where O is the origin, prove
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
CHAPTER PERMUTATION AND
3 COMBINATIONS
1. THE FACTORIAL
Factorial notation : Let n be a +ve integer, then the continued product of first n natural numbers
is called factorial n, to be denoted by n! or n . Also, we define 0! = 1. when n is negative or
fractional then n! is meaningless.
i.e., n! is meaningful only fo n W.
Thus,
n! = n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ....... [Link]
Illustration 1: Find n, if (n + 1)! = 12 × (n – 1) !
Solution : (n + 1)! = 12 × (n – 1)!
(n + 1) × n × (n – 1)! = 12 × (n – 1)!
n(n + 1) = 12 n = – 4, 3
but (n + 1)! is meaningful only for n = 3
Illustration 2: Prove that (n!)2 < nn . n! < (2n)! for all +ve integers n.
Solution : We have,
(n!)2 = n! n! = (1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × ........ × n) n!
Now, 1 n
2n
3n
.........
........
nn
1 × 2 × 3 × ...... × n n × n × n × ..... × n = nn
n! nn
(n!) (n!) (n!)nn (n!)2 nn (n!) .... (i)
Also,
(2n)! = 1 × 2 × 3 × ....... × n × (n + 1) × ...... × (2n – 1) × (2n)
Now, n + 1 > n
n+2>n
n+3>n
..............
..............
n+n>n
(n + 1) (n + 2) ...... (n + n) > nn
n! (n + 1) (n + 2) ...... (2n) > n! nn
(2n)! > n! . nn n! nn < (2n)! .... (ii)
From (i) and (ii), we get (n!)2 nn . n! < (2n)!
n
Q.1 Find the sum of the series r r!
r 1
n!
Q.2 Prove that = n(n – 1) (n – 2) ..... (r + 1) ; r n
r!
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Q.3 Find the last digit of (1! + 2! + 3! + ..... + 2010!)500
Q.4 Prove that : P = 21(212 – 12) (212 – 22) (212 – 32) ...... (212 – 102) is divisible by 21!
(2n)!
Q.5 Prove that : = {1 . 3 . 5 . 7 . ....... (2n – 1)} . 2n
n!
Q.6 Prove that (n! + 1) is not divisible by any natural number between 2 and n.
Q.7 Prove that the product of r consecutive positive integers is divisible by r!
Q.8 Find the number of integral values of x such that the factorial (3 – x2)! is meanigul
Answers
1. (n + 1)! – 1 3. 1 8. 3
2. EXPONENT OF A PRIME p IN n!
Let p be a prime number and n be a +ve integer. Then the last integer amongst 1, 2, 3, ..... , (n – 1),
n n
o n.
n which is divisible by p is p, where denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to
p p p
Let Ep(n) denote the exponent of prime p in the +ve integer n, then
Ep(n!) = Ep(1 . 2 . 3 . ........... (n – 1) . n)
n n n
= E p p . 2p . 3p . ........ p = E p 1. 2 . 3....... .
p p p
n
p n
Now, the last integer amongst 1, 2, 3, ...... n which is divisible by p is p 2 p
p p p
n n
Ep (n!) = E p p . 2p . 3p . ....... . 2 p
p p
n n n
= 2 E p 1 . 2 . 3 . ...... 2
p p p
Continuing in this manner we get
n n n n
E p (n!) 2 3 ..... s where s is the largest +ve integer such that p s n < p s+1
p p p p
n!
Note :- (a) E p E p (n!) E p (r !)
r!
(b) Ep (npr) = Ep (n!) – Ep((n – r)!)
(c) Ep (ncr) = Ep (n!) – Ep(r!) – Ep((n – r)!)
Illustration 3: Find the largest integer n such that 33! is divisible by 2n
33 33 33 33 33
Solution : E2(33!) = 2 3 4 5
2 2 2 2 2
= 16 + 8 + 4 + 2 + 1 = 31
Illustration 4: Find the exponent of 30 in 100!
Solution : We have 30 = 2 × 3 × 5
100 100 100 100 100 100
Now, E2 (100!) 2 3 4 5 6
2 2 2 2 2 2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
= 50 + 25 + 12 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 97
Similarly,
E3(100!) = 48 and E5(100!) = 24
Exponent of 30 in 100! = min (97, 48, 24) = 24
Illustration 5: Find the number of zeroes at the end of 100!
Solution : E2(100!) = 97
E5(100!) = 24
Therefore,
100! = 297 × 3b × 524 × 7d × ......
= 273 × (2 × 5)24 × 7d × .........
= 1024 × 273 × 3b × 7d × ........
Thus, the number of zeroes at the end of 100! is 24
Q.1 Find :
(a) E2 (100C40) (b) E2 (100P50)
Q.2 Find :
(a) E4 (100!) (b) E8 (100!)
Q.3 Find :
(a) E20 (100!) (b) E100(100!)
Answers :
1. (a) 3, (b) 50 2. (a) 48, (b) 32 3. (a) 24, (b) 12
3. NUMBER OF DIVISORS AND SUM OF DIVISORS
Let N p11 · p22 · p33 · ...... ·pkk , where p1 , p2, p3, ....., pk are natural numbers then
(a) The total number of divisors of N including 1 and N is = (1 + 1) (2 + 1) (3 + 1) ..... (k + 1)
(b) The total number of divisors of N excluding 1 and N (proper divisors) is
= (1 + 1) (2 + 1) ..... (k + 1) – 2
(c) The total number of divisors of N excluding 1 or N is = (1 + 1) (2 + 1) ...... (k + 1) – 1
(d) The sum of all divisors of N is
(p10 p11 p12 .... p11 )(p20 p21 p22 .... p22 ).....(pk0 pk1 pk2 .... pkk )
(e) The number of ways in which N can be resolved as a product of two factors is
1
2 ( 1 1)(2 1)....( k 1), If N is not a perfect square
1 ( 1)( 1)....( 1) 1 , If N is a perfect square
2 1 2 k
(f) The number of ways in which a composite number N can be resolved into two factors which are
relatively prime (or co-prime) to each other is equal to 2n – 1 where n is the number of different
factors in N.
Illustration 6: Find the number of divisors of 9600 including 1 and 9600.
Solution : Since 9600 = 27 × 31 × 52
Hence number of divisors = (7 + 1) (1 + 1) (2 + 1) = 48
Illustration 7: Find the number of proper divisors of 38808.
Solution : Since 38808 = 23 × 32 × 72 × 11
So, the number of proper divisors = (3 + 1) (2 + 1) (2 + 1) (2 + 1) – 2 = 70
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Q.1 If a, b, c, d, e are prime numbers, then find the number of divisors of ab2c2de excluding 1 as a
factor.
Q.2 Find the number of proper divisors of 1800 which are also divisible by 10.
Q.3 Find the number of odd proper divisors of 3p · 6m · 21n.
Q.4 Find the number of even proper divisors of 1008.
Q.5 Find the number of divisors of the form 4n + 2 (n 0) of the number 240.
Answers :
1. 71 2. 18 3. (p + q + 1) (q + r + 1) (r + 1) – 2 4. 23
5. 4
4. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING
(a) Multiplication Principle
If an operation can be performed in 'm' different ways, following which a second operation can be
performed in 'n' different ways, then the two operations in succession can be performed in m × n
ways. This can be extended to any finite number of operations.
Illustration 8: Anish wants to go from Dehradun to Delhi via Roorkee. There are 3 routes from
Dehradun to Roorkee and 2 routes from Roorkee to Delhi. In how many ways can he
travel from Dehradun to Delhi ?
Solution : He can go from Dehradun to Roorkee in 3 ways and Roorkee to Delhi in 2 ways so
number of ways of travel from Dehradun to Delhi via Roorkee is 3 × 2 = 6 ways.
Illustration 9: A mint prepares metallic callendars specifying months, dates and days in the form of
monthly sheets (one-plate for each month). How many types February callendars
should it prepare to serve for all the possibilities in the future years ?
Solution : The mint has to perform three operations
(i) Selecting the number of days in the February months (there can be 28 days or 29
days or 30 days), and
(ii) Selecting the first day of the February months.
The first operation can be completed in 3 ways while the second can be performed
in 7 ways.
Thus, the required number of plates = 3 × 7 = 21
Illustration 10: Find the total number of ways of answering 25 straight objective type questions,
each question having 4 choices.
Solution : Since each questions can be answered in 4 ways. So, the total number of ways of
answering 25 questions = 4 × 4 × 4 × ..... × 4 = 425
Q.1 (i) Find the number of four letter word that can be formed from the letters of the word
HISTORY. (each letter to be used at most once)
(ii) How many of them contain only consonants ?
(iii) How many of them begin and end in a consonants ?
(iv) How many of them begin with a vowel ?
(v) How many contains the letter Y ?
(vi) How many begin with T and end in a vowel ?
(vii) How many begin with T and also contain S ?
(viii) How many contain both vowels ?
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Q.2 If repetitions are not allowed, then
(i) How many three digit numbers can be formed from the six digits 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 ?
(ii) How many of these are less than 400 ?
(iii) How many are even ?
(iv) How many are odd ?
(v) How many are multiples of 5 ?
Q.3 How many car number plates can be made if each plate contains 2 different letters of English
alphabet, followed by 3 different digits ?
Q.4 Find the number of natural numbers between 100 and 1000 such that at least one of their digits
is 9 ?
ANSWER KEY :
1. (i) 840 (ii) 120 (iii) 400 (iv) 240 (v) 480 (vi) 40
(vii) 60 (viii) 240
2. (i) 120 (ii) 40 (iii) 40 (iv) 80 (v) 20
3. 468000 4. 252
(b) Addition Principle
If there are two operations such that they can be performed in dependently in m and n ways
respectively, then either of the two operations can be performed in (m + n) ways.
Illustration 11: In a class there are 60 boys and 40 girls. The teacher wants to select either a boy or a
girl to represent the class in a function. In how many ways the teacher can make this
selection ?
Solution : Here the teacher is to perform either of the following two operations :
(i) Selecting a boy among 60 boys or
(ii) Selecting a girl among 40 girls
So the teacher can select either a boy or a girls in 60 + 40 = 100 ways.
Illustration 12: A college offers 10 courses in the morning and 6 in the evening. Find the number of
ways a student can select exactly one course, either in the morning or in the
evening.
Solution : The student has ten choices from the morning courses out of which he can select one
course in 10 ways. For the evening course, he has 6 choices out of which he can select
one course in 6 ways. Hence he has total number of 10 + 6 = 16 choices.
Q.1 There are 10 candidates for an Engineering, 8 for a Medical and 4 for a MBA scholarship. In how
many ways one of these scholarships be awarded ?
Q.2 There are 11 doors in a hall; 6 on one side and 5 on the other. In how many ways a man can go
out of the room.
Q.3 There are 2012 locks and 2012 matching keys. If all the locks and keys are to be perfectly matched,
find the maximum number of trials required to open a lock.
ANSWER KEY :
1. 22 2. 11 3. 2025078
5. DEFINITION OF PERMUTATION
Each of the different arrangement that can be made by taking some or all of a number of given
things or objects at a time is called a permutation. In permutation, order of appearance of things
is taken into account.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
For example : 4 different things a, b, c and d are given, then different arrangements which can be
made by taking 2 things from 4 given things are ab, ac, ad, bc, bd, cd, ba, ca, da, cb, db, dc.
Therefore the number of permutations will be 12.
6. NUMBER OF PERMUTATIONS WITHOUT REPETITION
Arranging n objects, taken r at a time equivalent to filling r places from n things
r-places : 1 2 3 4 ............................ r
Number of choices : n(n – 1) (n – 2) (n – 3) ........... (n – (r – 1))
The number of ways of arranging is = The number of ways of filling r places.
= n (n – 1) (n – 2) ........ (n – r + 1)
n(n 1)(n 2)..........(n r 1)·(n r )! n!
= npr
(n r )! (n r )!
The number of arrangements of n different objects taken all at a time = npn = n!
n n!
Note :- (i) p0 1 (ii) npr = n . n–1pr–1
n!
Illustration 13: How many numbers of 6 digits formed by using the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 when
repetition of digit is not allowed.
Solution : Numbers can be formed = Total – Those beginning with zero = 6! – 5! = 600
Illustration 14: If 10pr = 5040, find the value of r.
10
Solution : pr = 5040 = 10 × 9 × 8 × 7 = 10p4 r = 4
Illustration 15: How many different signals can be given using any number of flags from 4 flags of
different colours ?
Solution : The total number of signals when r flags are used at a time from 4 flags is equal to the
number of arrangements of 4, taking r at a time, i.e., 4pr. Here r may be 1, 2, 3 or 4. The
total number of signals
= 4p1 + 4p2 + 4p3 + 4p4 {by the fundamental principle of addition} = 64
Q.1 If 9p5 + 5. 9p4 = 10pr then find the value of r.
Q.2 Prove that nps is divisible by npr where r s n.
Q.3 How many 4-letter words, with or without meaning, can be formed out of the letters in the
word 'LOGARITHMS', if repetition of letters is not allowed.
Q.4 How many six-digit odd numbers, greater than 6,00,000 can be formed by using the digits 5, 6,
7, 8, 9 and 0 if repetition of digits is not allowed ?
Q.5 Prove that npr = n–1pr + r . n–1pr–1
Q.6 Find the total number of 5-digit numbers of different digits in which the digit in the middle is the
largest.
Q.7 Find the number of ways in which 6 boys and 6 girls can be seated in a row so that
(i) All the girls sit together and all the boys sit together,
(ii) All the girls are never sitted together.
Q.8 If the best and the worst papers never appear together, find in how many ways 8 examination
papers can be arranged.
ANSWER KEY :
1. 5 3. 5040 4. 240 6. 3 × 3P3 + 4 × 4P3 + 5 × 5P3 + 6 × 6P3 + 7 × 7P3 + 8 × 8P3
7. (i) 2 × (6!)2 (ii) 12! – 7! 6! 8. 8! – 7! ×2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Note :- Divisibility of Numbers
Divisible by Condition
2 Whose last digit is even
3 Sum of whose digits is divisible by 3
4 Whose last two digits number is divisible by 4
5 Whose last digit is either 0 or 5
6 Which is divisible by both 2 and 3
8 Whose last three digits number is divisible by 8
9 Sum of whose digits is divisible by 9
11 The difference between the sum of digits at even places
and the sum of digits at the odd places is divisible by 11.
25 Whose last two digits are divisible by 25
7. NUMBER OF PERMUTATIONS WITH REPETITION
(a) The number of permutations of n different objects, taken r at a time, when each object may occur
once, twice thrice, ..... upto r times in any arrangement = The number of ways of filling r places
where each place can be filled by any one of n objects
r-places 1 2 3 4 ............................ r
Number of choices n n n n .........................n
The number of permutations = The number of ways of filling r places = nr
(b) The number of arrangements that can be formed by using n objects out of which p are identical
(and of one kind) q are identical (and of another kind), r are identical (and of another kind) and
n!
the rest are distinct is
p! q! r !
Illustration 16: How many words can be formed (with or without meaning) from the letters of the
word 'COMMITTEE'.
9! 9!
Solution : Number of words =
2!2!2! (2!)2
{Since the total number of letters is 9 and 2M's, 2T's and 2E's}
Illustration 17: Find the total number of permutations of n different things taken not more than r at
any number of times.
Solution : Here, we have to arrange p things out of n, 1 p r, and repetition is allowed when p
= 1, the number of permutations is n.
when p = 2, the number of permutations is n × n = n2
when p = r, the number of permutations = nr
Hence, total number of permutations is
= n + n2 + n3 + ..... + nr
n(nr 1)
=
n 1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Q.1 In how many ways the letters of the word "COMBINATORICS" can be arranged if
(a) All the vowels are always grouped together to form a contiguous block.
(b) All vowels and all consonants are alphabetically ordered.
Q.2 How many different arrangements are possible with the factor of the form a2b4c5 written in full
length ?
Q.3 Find the number of four digit numbers starting with 1 and having exactly two identical digits.
Q.4 Find the number of different words that can be formed using all the letters of the word
"DEEPMALA" if two vowels are together and the other two are also together but separated
from the first two.
Q.5 10 IIT and 2 PET students sit in a row. Find the number of ways in which exactly 3 IIT students sit
between 2 PET students.
Q.6 There are six periods in each working day of a school. Find the number of ways in which 5
subjects can be arranged if each subject is allotted at least one period and no period remains
vacant.
Q.7 Find the number of all possible selections of one or more questions from 10 given questions,
each question having an alternative.
ANSWER KEY
(9!)(5!) (13!)
1. (a) 3
(b) 2. 6930 3. 432 4. 1440 5. 16 (10!)
(2!) (8!)(5!)
6. 1800 7. 310 – 1
8. CONDITIONAL PERMUTATION
(a) Number of permutations of n different objects, taken r at a time, when a particular object is to be
always included in each arrangement, is r n – 1pr – 1
(b) Number of permutations of n different things, taken r at a time, when a particular thing is never
taken in each arrangement is n – 1Pr.
(c) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at a time when P particular things always
occur = n – PCr – P r!.
(d) Number of permutations of n dissimilar things taken r at time when p particular things never
occur = n – PCr r!.
(e) Number of permutations of n different things, taken all at a time, when m specified things always
come together is m! × (n – m + 1)!.
(f) Number of permutations of n different things, taken all at a time, when m specified things never
come together is n! – m! × (n – m + 1)!.
(g) The total number of permutations of n different things taken not more than r at a time, when
n(nr 1)
each thing may be repeated any number of times, is .
n 1
Illustration 18: All the letters of the word 'EAMCET' are arranged in all possible ways. Find the
number of such arrangements in which two vowels are not adjacent to each other.
Solution : First we arrange 3 consonants in 3! ways and then at four places 3 vowels can be placed
1 1
in 4 P3 ways. Hence the required ways = 3! × 4P3 × = 722
2! 2!
Illustration 19: p men and q women are to be seated in a row, so that no two women sit together. If
p > q, then find the number of ways in which they can be seated.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Solution : First arrange p men, in a row in p! ways. Since q < p and no two women can sit together,
in any one of the p! arrangement, there are (p + 1) places in which q women can be
arranged in p + 1Pq ways.
By the fundamental theorem, the required number of arrangement = p! p + 1Pq =
p!(p 1)!
(p q 1)!
Illustration 20: We are to form different words with the letters of the word 'INTEGER'. Let n1 be the
number of words in which I and N are never together, and n2 be the number of
n
words which begin with I and end with R. Then find 1 .
n2
Solution : We have 5 letters other than 'I' and 'N' of which two are identical (E's). We can arrange
5!
these letters in a line in ways. In any such arrangement 'I' and 'N' can be placed in 6
2!
5! 6
available gaps in 6p2 ways, so required number p = n1. Now if word start with I
2! 2
5!
and end with R then the remaining letters are 5. So, the total number of ways n2
2!
n1
30
n2
Q.1 Find the number of 4-digit numbers that can be formed from the digits, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 so
that each number contain digit 1.
Q.2 How many numbers greater than 40000 can be formed from the digit 2, 4, 5, 5, 7 ?
Q.3 Find the total number of 9 digit numbers which have all the digit different.
Q.4 Let a denotes the number of permutations of x + 2 things taken all at a time, b the number of
permutations of x things taken 11 at a time and c the number of permutations of x–11 things
taken all at a time such that a = 182 bc, then find the value of x.
Q.5 Let A {x : x is a prime number and x < 30}. Find the number of different rational numbers whose
numerator and denominator belong to A.
Q.6 How many ways are there to arrange the letters of the word 'GARDEN' with the vowels in
alphabetical order ?
Q.7 Find the number of ways in which ten candidates A1, A2, ........, A10 can be ranked such that A1 is
always above A10.
ANSWER KEY
1
1. 480 2. 48 3. 9 × 9! 4. 12 5. 91 6. 360 7. (10!)
2
9. CIRCULAR PERMUTATIONS
Consider six persons A, B, C, D, E, F to be seated on the circumference of a circular table in order
(which has no head). Now, shifting A, B, C, D, E and F one position in anticlockwise direction we
will get arrangement as follows :
D C B A F E
E C D B C A B A E F D
F
F B E A D F C E B D A C
A F E D C B
(i) (ii) (iii) (iv) (v) (vi)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
We see that the arrangements in all figures are same.
n
Pn
The number of circular permutations of n things taken all at a time is (n 1)! , if clockwise
n
and anticlockwise orders are taken as different.
Note :-
(a) The number of circular permutations of n different object is (n – 1)!
1
(b) The number of ways in which n persons can be seated to form a necklace, is (n 1)!
2
1
(c) The number of ways in which n different beads can be arranged to form a necklace, is (n 1)!
2
(d) When the positions are numbered, circular arrangement is treated as a linear arrangement.
(e) In a linear arrangements, it does not make difference whether the positions are numbered or
not.
Illustration 21: In how many ways can 8 boys and 8 girls sit in a circle so that no boys sit together ?
Solution : Since total number of ways in which boys can occupy any place is (8 – 1)! = 7! and the
8 girls can be sit accordingly in 8! ways. Hence the required number of ways are 7! × 8!
Illustration 22: Find the number of ways in which 7 beads of different colours form a necklace.
Solution : The number of ways in which 7 beads of different colours can be arranged in a circle to
form a necklace are (7 – 1) = 6!. But the clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement are
1
not different. Hence the total number of ways of arranging the beads = (6!) 360
2
Note :-
n
Pr
(i) Number of circular permutations of n different things taken r at a time is , if clockwise and
r
anticlockwise orders are taken as different.
n
Pr
(ii) Number of circular permutations of n different things taken r at a time is if clockwise and
2r
anticlockwise orders are taken as same.
Q.1 If eleven members of a committee sit at a round table so that the president and secretary always
sit together, then find the number of such arrangement.
Q.2 2012 persons were invited to a party. In how many ways can they and the host be seated at a circular
table ? In how many of these ways will two particular persons be seated on either side of the host ?
Q.3 Consider 2013 different pearls on a necklace. How many ways can the pearls be placed in on this
necklace such that 222 specific pearls always remain together ?
Q.4 How many necklace of 7 beads each can be made from 11 beads of various colours ?
Q.5 In how many ways can 10 persons sit, when 6 persons sit on round table and 4 sit on the other
round table ?
Q.6 In how many ways can 15 members of a council sit along a circular table, when the secretary is to
sit on one side of the chairman and the Deputy Secretary on the other side ?
Q.7 There are 20 persons among whom two are brothers. Find the number of ways in which we can
arrange them round a circle so that there is exactly one person between the two brothers.
Answer Key :
11
1. 9! × 2 2. 2012!, 2 × 2011! 3. 1/2 (1791!) (222!) 4. p7/14
10
5. C6 × 5! × 3! 6. 2 × 12! 7. 2 (18!)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
EXERCISE - 3.1
Q.1 Find the sum of the digits in the unit place of all numbers formed with the help of 3, 4, 5, 6 taken
all at a time.
Q.2 All the letters of the word AGAIN are permuted in all possible ways and the word so formed (with
or without meaning) are written as in dictionary then find the 50th word.
Q.3 A dictionary is printed consisting of 7 lettered words only that can be made with the letter of the
word 'CRICKET'. If the words are printed at the alphabetical order, as in an dictionary. Find the
number of word before the word 'CRICKET'.
Q.4 Find the number of ways of arranging the letter AAAAABBBCCCDEEF in a row when no two C' s are
together.
Q.5 Find the number of 4 digit numbers that can be made with the digit 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 in which at
least two digit are identical.
Q.6 Find the number of ways in which 6 rings can be worn on the four fingers of one hand.
Q.7 In how many ways can 4 prizes be distributed among 3 students, if each student can get all the 4
prizes ?
Q.8 In how many ways 3 letters can be posted in 4 letter-boxes, if all the letters are not posted in the
same letter-box.
Q.9 For some natural N, find the number of +ve integral 'x' satisfying the equation,
1! + 2! + 3! + ..... + x! = N2.
Q.10 Find the number of six digit numbers that can be formed from the digit 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 so that
digits do not repeat and the terminal digits are even.
Q.11 Find the number of ways in which letters of the word 'VALEDICTORY' be arranged so that the
vowels may never be separated.
Q.12 Find the product of all odd +ve integers less than 10000.
Q.13 Find the number of three digit numbers having only two consecutive digits identical.
Q.14 Find the number of 3-digit numbers in which the digit at hundreath's place is greater than the
other two digit.
Q.15 Find the number of permutations of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 taken all at a time are such that the
digit 1 appearing somewhere to the left of 2, 3 appearing to the left of 4 and 5 somewhere to the
left of 6. e.g. (815723946 would be one such permutation).
ANSWER KEY
13
12! P
1. 108 2. NAAIG 3. 530 4. 3 5. 505 6. 46
5! 3! 2! 3!
(10000)!
7. 34 8. 60 9. 2 10. 720 11. 967680 12. 5000
2 .(5000)!
13. 162 14. 285 15. 9.7!
10. DEFINITION OF COMBINATION
Each of the different groups or selections which can be formed by taking some or all of a number
of objects, irrespective of their arrangements, is called a combination. Suppose we want to select
three out of four persons A, B, C, D we may choose ABC or ABD or ACD or BCD. Clearly ABC, ACB,
BCA, BAC, CAB, CBA represents the same selection or group but they give rise to different
arrangements. Clearly, in a group or selection, the order in which the objects are arranged is
immaterial.
Notation : The number of all combinations of n things, taken r at a time is denoted by
n
C (n, r) or nCr or
r
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Difference between permutations and combination
(a) In a combination only selection is made whereas in a permutation not only a selection is made
but also an arrangement in a definite order is considered.
(b) In a combination, the ordering of the selected objects is immaterial where as in a permutation,
the ordering is essential.
For example AB and BA are same as combination but different in permutations.
(c) Practically to find the permuation of n different items, taken r at a time, we first select r items
from n items and then arrange them. So usually the number of permutations exceeds the number
of combinations.
(d) Each combination corresponds to many permutations.
For example the permutations ABC , BCB, BCA, BAC, CAB, CBA corresponds to the same combination
ABC.
11. NUMBER OF COMBINATIONS WITHOUT REPETITION
The number of combinations (selections or groups) that can be formed from n different objects
n!
taken r (0 r n) at a time is n C r .
r !(n r )!
Explanation : Let the total number of selections (or groups) = x. Each group contains r objects,
which can be arranged in r! ways. Hence the number of arrangements of r objects = x × (r!). But
n
P n
the number of arrangements = Pr x × r! = Pr x r C r
n n
r!
Note :-
(a) nCr is a natural number. (b) nCr = nCn – r
(c) nCr + nCr – 1 = n + 1Cr (d) nCx = nCy x = y or x + y = n
n
Cr nr 1 n
(e) n
(f) n C r .n1 C r 1
C r 1 r r
(g) If n is even then the greatest value of nCr is nCn/2 and n C n1 or nC n 1 when n is odd.
2 2
n n n n n
(h) C0 + C1 + C2 + ..... + Ch = 2
(i) nC0 + nC2 + nC4 + ..... = nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + ..... = 2n – 1
(j) 2n+1C0 + 2n + 1C1 + 2n+1C2 + ...... + 2n+1Cn = 22n
(k) nCn + n+1Cn + n+2Cn + ..... + 2n–1Cn = 2nCn+1
n
n Pr n(n 1)(n 2).....(n r 1)
(l) Cr ; n N, r W
r! r (r 1)(r 2)......2.1
Illustration 23: In a conference of 2012 persons, if each person shake hand with the other one only,
then find the total number of shake hands.
Solution : Total number of shake hands when each person shake hands with the other one only
2012 2011
= 2012 C2 = 1006 × 2011 = 2023066
2
Illustration 24: If nCr–1 = 36, nCr = 84 and nCr+1 = 126 then find the value of r.
n n
C r 1 36 C 84
Solution : Here n
and n r
Cr 84 C r 1 126
3n – 10r = –3 and 4n – 10r = 6
On solving we get n = 9 and r = 3
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Illustration 25: From 4 gentleman and 6 ladies, a committee of five is to be selected. Find the number
of ways in which the committee can be formed so that gentlemen are in majority.
Solution : The committee will consist of 4 gentleman and 1 lady or 3 gentlemen and 2 ladies
the number of committees = 4C4 × 6C1 + 4C3 × 6C2 = 66.
Q.1 There are 3 books of mathematics, 4 of science, and 5 of literature. How many different collections
can be made such that each collection consists of
(i) One of each subject, (ii) At least one book of each subject, (iii) At least one book of literature
Q.2 In how many ways we can select 4 letters from the letters of the word MISSISSIPPI.
Q.3 If 15C3r = 15Cr+3, then find the value of r.
Q.4 If n+1C3 = 2. nC2, then find the value of n.
3 5
47 50 j 56 k
Q.5 Evaluat e : C4 C3 C 53k
j 0 k 0
Q.6 If n+1Cr+1 : nCr : n–1Cr–1 = 11 : 6 : 3, then find the value of n and r.
Q.7 Prove that nCr + 4 . nCr–1 + 6 . nCr–2 + 4. nCr–3 + nCr–4 = n+4Cr
Q.8 Prove that (7C0 + 7C1) + (7C1 + 7C2) + .... + (7C6 + 7C7) = 28 – 2.
Answer Key
1. (i) 60, (ii) 3255, (iii) 3968 2. 21 3. 3
57
4. 5 5. C4 6. n = 10, r = 5
12. NO. OF COMBINATIONS WITH REPETITION AND ALL POSSIBLE SELECTION
(a) The number or combinations of n different things taken r at a time, when k particular objects
occur is n–kCr–k. If k particular objects never occur is n–kCr.
(b) The number of ways of n different things selecting at least one of them is nC1 + nC2 + nC3 + ....+ nCn =
2n – 1.
(c) The number of combinations of n identical things taking r (r n) at a time is 1.
(d) The number of ways of selecting r things out of n alike things is n + 1 (where r = 0, 1, 2, ....,n).
(e) If out of (p + q + r + s + t) things, p are alike of one kind, q are alike of second kind, r are alike of
third kind, s are alike of fourth kind and t are different, then the total number of combinations is
(p + 1) (q + 1) (s + 1) 2t – 1.
(f) Number of ways in which at least one object may be selected from 'n' objects where 'p' are alike
of one type 'q' are alike of second type and 'r' are alike of third type and rest n–(p + q + r) are
different is (p + 1) (q + 1) (r + 1) 2n – (p + q + r) – 1.
(g) The number of combinations of n objects, of which p are identical, taken r at a time is
= n–pCr + n–pCr–1 + n–pCr–2 + ....+ n–pC0 if r p and
= n–pCr + n–pCr–1 + n–pCr–2 + .... + n–pCr–p is r p.
Illustration 26: Shivam has 11 friends. In how many ways he can invite one or more of them to a party?
Solution : Required number of ways = 211 – 1 (since the case that no friend is invited i.e., 10C0 is
excluded).
Illustration 27: In how many ways a team of 10 players out of 22 players can be made if 6 particular
players are always excluded.
Solution : 6 particular players are always to be included and 4 are always excluded. Therefore, the
total number of selection, now 4 players out of 12.
Hence the number of ways = 12C4.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Q.1 In the 13 cricket players 4 are bowlers, then how many ways can form a cricket team of 11 players
in which at least 2 bowlers included ?
Q.2 There are 16 lamps in a hall. Each one of them can be switched on independently. Find the number
of ways in which the hall can be illuminated.
Q.3 There are n different books and p copies of each in a library. Find the number of ways in which
one or more than one book can be selected.
Q.4 How many different selections of 6 books can be made from 11 different books, if
(a) Two particular books are always selected;
(b) Two particular books are never selected ?
Q.5 A student is allowed to select at most n books from a collection of (2n + 1) books. If the total
number of ways in which he can select a book is 63, find the value of n.
Q.6 Find the number of ways in which one or more letters can be selected from the letters.
A B C DDDDD EEEE FFF GG.
Q.7 Find the number of combinations that can be formed with 3 orranges, 4 mangoes and 5 bananas
when it is essential to take
(a) at least one fruit (b) one fruit of each kind.
n(n 1)(2n 1)
Q.8 Prove n+1C2 + 2(2C2 + 3C2 + ..... + nC2) = .
6
Q.9 Ten persons, amongst whom are A, B and C to speak at a function. Find the number of ways in
which it can be done if A wants to speak before B and B wants to speak before C.
Q.10 Let a iˆ ˆj kˆ and r be a variable vector such that r .iˆ, r . ˆj and r .kˆ are positive integers. If
r . a 12 then find the number of values of r .
Answer Key :
1. 78 2. 216 – 1 3. (1 + p)n – 1 4. (a) 126 (b) 84 5. 3
6. 2879 7. (a) 119 (b) 60 9. 10!/6 10. 12C3
13. DIVISION INTO GROUPS
(a) The number of ways in which (m + n) different things can be divided into two groups which
(m n)!
contain m and n things respectively is m + nCm . nCn = , m n. If m = n, then the groups are of
m! n!
equal size. Division of these groups can be given by two types
(i) If order of group is important : The number of ways in which 2n different things can be
(2n)!
divided equally into two distinct groups is
2!(n!)2
(ii) If order of group is not important : The number of ways into which 2n different things can
(2n)! (2n)!
be divided equally into two distinct groups is 2
2!
2!(n!) (n!)2
(b) The number of ways in which (m + n + p + q) different things can be divided into four groups which
contain m, n, p and q things respectively is
(m n p q)
m+n+p+q
Cm . n + p + qCn . p + qCp . qCq = ,mnpq
m! n! p! q!
If m = n = p = q, then the groups are of equal size. Division of these groups can be given by two
types
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
(i) If order of group is not important : The number of ways in which 4p different things can be
(4 p)!
divided equally into 4 groups is
4!(p!)4
(ii) If order of group is important : The number of ways in which 4p different things can be
(4 p)! (4 p)!
divided equally into 4 groups is 4
4!
4!(p!) (p!)4
Note :-
(i) If order of group is not important, then the number of ways in which mn different things can be
(mn)!
divided equally into m groups is
(n!)m m!
(ii) If order of group is important, then the number of ways in which mn different things can be
(mn)! (mn)!
divided equally into m distinct groups is m
m!
(n!) m! (n!)m
Illustration 28: In how many ways can a pack of 52 cards be divided in 4 sets, three of them having 17
cards each and fourth just one card.
Solution : First we divide 52 cards into two sets which contains 1 and 51 cards respectively is
52!
. Now 51 cards can be divided equally in three sets each contains 17 cards (here
e
1! 51!
51!
order of sets is not in portant) in wayss
3!(17!)3
52! 51! 52!
Hence the required number of ways
1! 51! 3!(17!) (17!)3 3!
3
Illustration 29: In how many ways can 12 balls can be divided into grops of 5, 4 and 3 balls respectively?
Solution : Here order is not important, the number of ways in which 12 different balls can be
12!
divided into three groups of 5, 4 and 3 balls respectively, is = 27720
5! 4!3!
Q.1 The number of ways of dividing 52 cards amongst four players so that three players have 17
cards each and the fourth player just one card, is
52! 52!
(a) 3 (b) 52 ! (c) (d) None of these
(17!) 17!
Q.2 The number of ways in which five identical balls can be distributed among ten identical boxes
such that no box contains more than one ball, is
10! 10!
(a) 10 ! (b) (c) (d) None of these
5! (5!)2
Q.3 The number of ways in which mn students can be distributed equally among n sections is
(mn)! mn mn
(a) (mnn) (b) n (c) m! (d)
(m!) m! n!
Answers : 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (b)
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Principle of inclusion and exclusion
If A1, A2, . . . , Am are m sets and n(S) denotes the number of elements in the set S, then
m m s m1
m
n Ak n Ak n Ai A j . . . 1
ik
s 1
n A . . . 1 n
Ak
k 1 k 1 1 i j m i i1 i2 ... is m k 1 k 1
m
Note that if x Ak , then x belongs to at least one of Ak, 1 k m.
k 1
As another application of the principle of inclusion and exclusion, number of derangement of n
objects (number of ways in which n numbered balls (from 1 to n) can be placed in n numbered
boxes (from 1 to n), one in each box, so that no ball goes to its corresponding numbered box) is
1 1 1 (1)n
given by n! 1 . . . .
1! 2! 3! n!
Illustration 30: There are 4 balls of different colour and 4 boxes of colours same as those of the balls.
Find the number of ways to place two balls in boxes with respect to their colour.
4! 1 1
1
Solution: The required number of ways 1 = 4.3
1 1 2 = 6
2! 1! 2!
Illustration 31: Find the number of ways in which two Americans, two British, one Chinese, one Dutch
and one Egyptian can sit on a round table so that persons of the same nationality are
separated.
Solution : Total = 6!
n (A) = when A1 A2 together = 5! 2! = 240
n (B) = when B1 B2 together = 5! 2! = 240
n (A B) = n(A) + n(B) – n(A B) = 240 + 240 – 96 = 384
Hence n ( A B ) = Total – n (A B) = 6! – 384 = 720 – 384 = 336
Illustration 32: There are 3 letters and 3 envelopes, find the number of ways in which all letters are
put in the wrong envelopes.
1 1 1
Solution : The required number of ways = 3! 1 = 3 – 1 = 2
1! 2! 3!
SUM OF NUMBERS
(i) For given n different digits a1, a2, a3 ...... an the sum of the digits in the unit place of all numbers
formed (if numbers are not repeated) is (a1 + a2 + a3 + .....+ an) (– 1) !
(ii) Sum of the total numbers which can be formed with given n different digits a1, a2, .........an is
(a1 + a2 + a3 + .........+ an) (n – 1)! . (111 .........n times)
Illustration 33: Find the sum of all 4 digit numbers formed with the digits 1,2,4 and 6.
Solution : Here total 4-digit numbers will be 4 = 24. So every digit will occur 6 times at every one
of the four place. Now since the sum of the given digits = 1 + 2 + 4 + 6= 13. So the sum
of all the digits at every place of all 24 numbers = 13 x 6 = 78
So the sum of the values of all digits
at first place =78 ; at ten place = 780 ; at hundred place = 7800 ; at thousand place =
78000
the required sum = 78 + 780 + 7800 + 78000 = 86658
Important Results about points
If there are n points in a plane of which m ( < n) are collinear, then
Total number of different straight lines obtain by joining these n points is nC2 – mC2 + 1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Total number of different triangles formed by joining these n points is nC3 – mC3
n(n 3)
Number of diagonals in polygon of n sides is nC2 – n i.e
2
if m parallel lines in a plane are intersected by a family of other n parallel lines. Then total number
of parallelograms so formed is
nC × nC i.e mn(m 1)n 1)
2 2 4
14. MULTINOMIAL THEOREM
Consider the equation x1 + x2 + .... +xr = n, where ai xi bi ; ai , bi , xi I; i 1,2, . . ., r. In order to
o
find the number of solutions of the given equation satisfying the given conditions we observe
that the number of solutions is the same as the coefficient of xn in the product
x a1
x a1 1 x a1 2 . . . x b1 x x
a1 a1 1
x a1 2 . . . x b1
x a3
x a3 1 x a3 2 . . . x b3 ....... x ar
x ar 1 x ar 2 . . . x br .
For example, if we have to find the number of nonnegative integral solutions of x1 + x2 + . . . + xr =
n, then as above the required number is the coefficient of xn in
x 0 x1 . . . xn x 0 x1 . . . x n . . . x0 x1 . . . x n r brackets
= Coefficient of xn in (1 + x + x2 + . . . + xn)r
= Coefficient of xn in (1 + x + x2 + . . . )r
= Coefficient of xn in (1 – x)– r
= Coefficient of xn in 1 r x
r r 1 x 2 r r 1 r 2 x 3 . . .
2! 3!
= Coefficient of xn in 1 r C1 x r 1 C2 x2 r 2 C3 x 3 . . . n r 1 Cn nr 1 C r 1 .
If there are objects of one kind, m objects of second kind, n objects of third kind and so on; then
the number of ways of choosing r objects out of these objects is the coefficient of xr in the expansion
of
(1 + x + x2 + x3 + . . . + x) (1 + x + x2 + . . . + xm) (1 + x + x2 + . . . + xn).
Further if one object of each kind is to be included, then the number of ways of choosing r objects
out of these objects is the coefficient of xr in the expansion of
(x + x2 + x3 + . . . + x) (x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xm) (x + x2 + x3 + . . . + xn) . . .
Illustration 34: Find the number of ways of filling three boxes (named A, B and C) by 12 or less number
of identical balls, if no box is empty, box B has at least 3 balls and box C has at most 5
balls.
Solution : Suppose box A has x1 balls, box B has x2 balls and box C has x3 balls. Then,
x1 + x2 + x3 12, x1 1, x2 3, 1 x3 5
Let x4 = 12 – (x1 + x2 + x3). Then
x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 = 12 (1 x1 8, 3 x2 10, 1 x3 5 and 0 x4 7)
The required number = coefficient of x12 in
x1 x2 . . . x 8 x 3 x 4 . . . x10 x1 x2 . . . x5 x 0 x1 . . . x7
= Coefficient of x12 in
x x2 x3 .. . x3 x4 x 5 . . . x x2 . . . x 5 1 x x2 . . .
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
= Coefficient of x7 in
1 x x2 . . .1 x x2 . . .1 x x2 x3 x 4 1 x x2 . . .
= Coefficient of x7 in (1 – x)–4 (1 – x5)
= Coefficient of x7 in (1 – x5) (1 + 4C1x + 5C2x2 + 6C3 x3 + . . .)
= 10C7 – 5C2 = 110
Illustration 35: Find the number of non negative integral solutions of x1 + x2 + x3 + 4x4 = 20.
Solution : Number of non negative integral solutions of the given equation
= coefficient of x20 in (1 – x)–1 (1 – x)–1(1 – x)–1 (1 – x4)–1
= coefficient of x20 in (1 – x)– 3(1 – x4)– 1
= coefficient of x20 in (1 + 3C1x + 4C2x2 + 5C3x3 + 6C4x4 + . . . )(1 + x4 + x8 + . . . )
= 1 + 6C4 + 10C8 + 14C12 + 18C16 + 22C20 = 536.
Illustration 36: There are 10 points in a plane and 4 of them are collinear. Find the number of straight
lines joining any two of them.
Solution : A straight line can be drawn joining two points, so there will be 10C2 straight lines
joining 10 points. But 4 of them are collinear, so we shall get only one line joining any
two of these 4 points. Hence the total number of lines = 10C2 – 4C2 + 1 = 40
Illustration 37: Total number of ways in which six '+' and four '–' sings can be arranged in a line such
that no two '–' sings occur together, is
(A) 35 (B) 18 (C) 15 (D) 42
Solution (A) : First we write six '+' sings at alternate places i.e by leaving one place vacant between
two successive '+' sings. Now there are 5 places vacant between these sings and these
are two places vacant at the ends. If we write 4 '–' sings these 7 places then no two '–
' will come together. Hence total number of ways 7C4 = 35
Illustration 38: In an examination of 9 papers a candidate has to pass in more papers than the number
of papers in which he fails in order to be successful. Find the number of ways in which
he can be unsuccessful.
Solution: The candidate is unsuccessful if he fails in 9 or 8 or 7 or 6 or 5 papers.
The number of was to be unsuccessful
= 9C9 + 9C8 + 9C7 + 9C6 + 9C5 = 9C0 + 9C1 + 9C2 + 9C3 + 9C4
1 9 1
= ( C0 + 9C1 + .........+ 9C9) = .29 = 28 = 256
56
2 2
Illustration 39: Find the number of 6 digit numbers that can be made with the digits 1, 2, 3 and 4 and
having two pairs of digits.
Solution : The number will have 2 pairs and 2 different digits
The number of selections = 4C2 × 2C2, and for each selection, number of arrangements
6!
= .
2!2!
6!
Therefore, the required number of number = 4C2 × 2C2 × = 1080
2!2!
Q.1 Find the number of ways of distributing 50 identical things among 8 persons in such a way that
three of them get 8 things each, two of them get 7 things each and remaining 3 get 4 things
each.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Q.2 Five balls are to be placed in three boxes. Each can hold all the five balls. In how many different
ways can we place the balls so that no box remains empty, if
(i) balls and boxes are all different
(ii) balls are identical but boxes are different
(iii) balls are different but boxes are identical
(iv) balls as well as boxes are identical
Q.3 Show that n letters in n corresponding envelopes can be put such that none of the letters goes to
1 1 1 (1)n
the correct envelop is n! 1 ........... ways.
1! 2! 3! n!
Q.4 Find the number of onto functions from a set containing 6 elements to a set containing 3 elements.
Q.5 Find the total number of positive integral solutions of 15 x1 x2 x3 20 .
Q.6 In an examination, the maximum marks for each of the three papers are 50 each. Maximum
marks for the fourth paper is 100. Find the number of ways in which a candidate can score 60%
marks on the whole.
Q.7 Find the number of non negative integer solutions of x1x2x3x4 = 300.
Q.8 Let n = p11.p22.p33 . . . pkk where (p1, p2 . . . pk are primes and 1, 2, 3 . . . k N) then find
the number of ways in which n can be expressed as the product of two factors which are prime
to one another.
Q.9 Find the exponent of 2 in x = 20 × 19 × 18 × . . . × 11.
Q.10 The number of prime numbers among the numbers 105! + 2, 105! + 3, 105! + 4 . . . 105! + 104
and 105! + 105, is
(a) 31 (b) 32 (c) 33 (d) None of these
ANSWERS
(8!)
(1) (2) (i) 150 (ii) 6 (iii) 50 (iv) 2 (4) 540 (5) 685
(3!)2 (2!)
(6) 110551 (7) 400 (8) 2k–1 (9) 10 (10) (d)
Note :-
1. In an examination the maximum marks for each of the three papers are n and for the fourth paper
is 2n, then the number of ways in which a candidate can get 3n marks is 1/6(n + 1) (5n2 + 10n + 6).
2. The number of words that can be formed out of the letter a, b, c, d, e and f taken three together,
each word containing at least one vowel atleast is 96.
3. In a certain test, ai students gave wrong answers to at least i question, where i = 1, 2, . . . k. No
student gave more than k wrong answers then the total number of wrong answers given is a1 +
a2 + a3 . . . + ak
4. The side AB, BC and CA of a triangle ABC have 3, 4 and 5 interior points respectively on them, then
the number of triangles that can be constructed using these interior points as vertices is 205
5. Total number of ways in which six ‘+’ and four ‘–’ signs occur together is 35
6. There are four balls of different colours and four boxes same as these of the balls, then the
number of ways in which the balls, one in each box could be placed such that a ball does not go
in a box of its own colour is 9.
k(k 1)
7 Let n and k be positive integers such that n , then the number of solutions (x1, x2, .......xk),
2
x1 1, x 2 2,.....x k k ,all integers, satisfying x1 + x2 + ...+ xk = n, is mCk– 1 where m = (1/2) (2n – k2
+ k – 2)
8 The product of any r consecutive natural numbers is always divisible by r!.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
9. Number of circular permutations of n things when p alike and the rest different taken all at a
(n 1)!
time distinguish clockwise and anticlockwise arrangement is p!
.
10. Number of ways in which distinct things can be distributed to p persons if there is no restriction
to the number of things received by men = pn.
EXERCISE - 3.2
Q.1 Number of divisors of the form 4n + 2 (n 0) of the integer 240 is
(A) 4 (B) 8 (C) 10 (D) 3
Q.2 In a college of 300 students, every student reads 5 news papers & every paper is read by 60
students. The number of news papers is
(A) Atleast 30 (B) Almost 20 (C) Exactly 25 (D) None of these
Q.3 Find the number of divisors of the form 4n + 2 (n 0) of the integer 240?
Q.4 How many different nine digit numbers can be formed from the number 223355888 by rearranging
its digits so that odd digits occupy even positions ?
(A) 16 (B) 36 (C) 60 (D) 180
Q.5 How many different 9 digit numbers can be formed from the number 223355888 by rearranging
its digits, so that the odd digits occupy even position ?
Q.6 Let Tn denote the number of triangles which can be formed using the vertices of a regular polygon
of ‘n’ sides. If Tn+1 – Tn = 21, then ‘n’ equals
(A) 5 (B) 7 (C) 6 (D) 4
Q.7 Let E = {1, 2, 3, 4} & F = {1, 2}. Then the number of onto functions from E to F is
(A) 14 (B) 16 (C) 12 (D) 8
Q.8 The number of arrangements of the letters of the word BANANA in which the two N’s do not
appear adjacently is
(A) 40 (B) 60 (C) 80 (D) 100
(n2 )!
Q.9 Using permutation or otherwise, prove that is an integer, where n is a positive integer..
(n!)n
(n2 )!
Q.10 Prove that is an integer, using permutations or otherwise.
(n!)n
Q.11 A rectangle with sides 2m – 1 and 2n – 1 is divided into square of unit length by drawing parallel
lines as shown in diagram, then the number of rectangles possible with odd side length is
1 1 1 1
1 ---
1 ---
1 ---
2n-1
---
---
---
2m-1
(A) (m + n – 1)2 (B) 4m + n – 1 (C) m2n2 (D) m(m + 1) n(n + 1)
n 1 n1
Q.12 If total number of runs scored in n matches is (2 n 2) , where n > 1, and the runs
4
scored in the kth match are given by k . 2n +1– k, where 1 k n. Find n.
Q.13 If r, s, t are prime numbers and p, q are the positive integers such that LCM of p, q is r2t4s2, then
the number of ordered pair (p, q) is
(A) 252 (B) 254 (C) 225 (D) 224
(78)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Q.14 The letters of the COCHIN are permuted and all the permutations are arranged in an alphabetical
order as in an English dictionary. The number of words that appear before the word COCHIN is
(A) 360 (B) 192 (C) 96 (D) 48
Q.15 Consider all possible permutations of the letters of the word ENDEANOEL.
Match the Statements / Expressions in Column I with the Statements / Expressions in Column II
and indicate your answer by darkening the appropriate bubbles in the 4 × 4 matrix given in the
ORS.
Column I Column II
(A) The number of permutations containing the word ENDEA is (p) 5!
(B) The number of permutations in which the letter E occurs in (q) 2 × 5!
the first and the last positions is
(C) The number of permutations in which none of the letters D, L, N (r) 7 × 5!
occurs in the last five positions is
(D) The number of permutations in which the letters A, E, O (s) 21 × 5!
occur only in odd positions is
ANSWER KEY
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. 4 4. (c) 5. 60 6. (b) 7. (a)
8. (a) 11. (c) 12. 7 13. (c) 14. (c)
15. A (p), B (s), C (q), D (q)
MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES
Example 1 : Find the number of 4-letter words, that can be formed from the letters of the word
“ALLAHABAD”
Solution : We have four A's, two L's, and one each of H, B and D. Four letters from the letters of the
word ALLAHABAD would be one of the following types; (i) all same (ii) three same (iii) two
same, two same (iv) two same, two different and (v) all different
Now number of words of type (i) is 1
4!
number of words of type (ii) is 16
3!
4!
number of words of type (iii) is 6
2!2!
4!
number of words of type (iv) is 2C1 4C2 144
2!
number of words of type (v) is 5C4 4! = 120 0
Thus the required number = 1 + 16 + 6 + 144 + 120 = 287.
Example 2 : Straight lines are drawn by joining m points on a straight line to n points on another line.
Then excluding the given points, prove that the lines drawn will intersect at 1/2 mn(m – 1)
(n– 1) points. (No two lines drawn are parallel and no three lines are concurrent.)
Solution : Let A1, A2, . . . , Am be the points on the first line (say 1) and let B1, B2, . . . , Bn be the points
on the second line (say 2). Now any point on 1can be chosen in m ways and any point on
2 can be chosen in n ways. Hence number of ways of choosing a point 1 and a point on 2
is mn.
(79)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
A1 A2 A3 l1
l2
B1 B2
Hence number of lines obtained on joining a point on 1 and a point on 2 is mn. Now any
point of intersection of these lines, which can be done in mnC2 ways. Hence number of
point is mnC2. But points counted many times. For example the point A1 has been counted
nC times. Hence required number of points is
2
mnC – m. nC – n. mC = 1 mn(m 1) (n 1)
2 2 2
2
Example 3 : Find the number of nonnegative integral solutions of 2x + y + z = 21.
Solution : Clearly x = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . ., 10. Let x = k; then 0 k 10
When x = k, y + z = 21 – 2k
The number of nonnegative integral solutions
= the number of ways to distribute (21 – 2k) identical things (each thing is the number 1)
among 2 persons
= 21 – 2k + 2 – 1 C2–1 = 22 – 2kC1 = 22 – 2K
10
The required number of solutions = (22 – 2k) 22 20 18 . . . 2
k 0
11 12
=2 (1 + 2 + 3 + . . . + 11) = 2 × = 132
2
Example 4 : Find the number of numbers between 300 and 3000 that can be formed with the digits 0,
1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, no digit being repeated in any number.
Solution : Any number between 300 and 3000 must be of 3 or 4 digits
Case - I When number is of 3 digits
Hundreds place can be filled up by any one of the three digits 3, 4 and 5 in 3 ways.
Remaining two places can be filled up by remaining five digits in 5P2 ways.
5!
Number of numbers formed in this case = 3 × 5P2 = 3 × = 60
3!
5!
Case - II When number is of 4 digits number of numbers formed = 2 × 5P3 = 2 × = 120
0
2!
Required number = 60 + 120 = 180
Example 5 : In how many ways can 13 persons out of 24 persons be seated around a table.
Solution : In case of circular table the clockwise and anticlockwise orders are different, thus the
required number of circular permutations
24
P13 24!
=
13 13 11!
Example 6 : Between two junction stations A and B, there are 12 intermediate stations. The number of
ways in which a train can be made to stop at 4 of these stations so that no two of these
halting stations are consecutive, is
(a) 8C4 (b) 9C4 (c) 12C4 – 4 (d) None of these
(80)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Solution (b) : Let x1 be the number of stations before the first halting station, x2 between first and
second, x3 between second and third, x4 between third and fourth and x5 on the right of
4th stations. Then
x1 0, x5 0, x2 , x3, x4 1 satisfying x1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 = 8 ..... (i)
The total number of ways is the number of solution of the above equation
Let y2 = x2 –1, y3 = x3 – 1, y4 = x4 – 1.
Then (i) reduces to x1 + y2 + y3 + y4 + x5 = 5, where y2, y3, y4 0.
The number of solution of this equation is 5 + 5 – 1C5 – 1 = 9C4.
Example 7 : Find the number of positive integers from 1 to 1000, which are divisible by at least one of
2, 3 or 5.
Solution : Let Ak be the set of positive integers from 1 to 1000, which are divisible by k.
Obviously we have to find n A2 A3 A5 . If [.] denotes the greatest integer function, then n(A2),
1000 1000 1000
2 500, n A3 3 333, n A5 5 200 ,
n A2 A3 166, n A3 A5 66, n A2 A5 100, n A2 A3 A5 33.
Hence n A2 A3 A5 500 333 200 166 66 100 33 734
Note that number of positive integers from 1 to 1000, which are not divisible by any of 2,
3 or 5 is 1000 – n A2 A3 A5 266
Example 8 : Find the sum of all the four digits numbers that can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2 and 3.
Solution : The number of four digits numbers that can be formed using 0, 1, 2 and 3 is 3 × 4 × 4 × 4 = 192
192
When we add all these numbers, then number of units = (0 + 1 + 2 + 3) = 288.
4
Number of tens = 288, number of hundreds = 288.
192
Finally number of thousands = (1 + 2 + 3) = 384.
3
Hence required sum = 384 × 1000 + 288 × 100 + 288 × 10 + 288 = 415968.
Example 9 : A person writes letters to six friends and address the corresponding envelopes. In how
many ways can the letters be placed in the envelopes so that (i) at least two of them are in
the wrong envelopes (ii) all the letters are in the wrong envelopes
Solution : (i) The number of all the possible ways of putting 6 letters into 6 envelopes is 6!. There
is only one way of putting all the letters correctly into the corresponding envelopes.
Hence if there is a mistake, at least 2 letters will be in the wrong envelope.
Hence the required answer is 6! – 1 = 719.
(ii) Using the result of derangements, the required number of ways
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= 6! 1 720 1 1
1! 2! 3! 4! 5! 6! 2 6 24 120 720
= 360 – 120 + 30 – 6 + 1 = 265. 8
Example 10 : Show that the number of rectangles of any size on a chess board is k 3 .
Y k 1
P
O
N U T
M
K R S
J
I
Q
ABC D FG H
X
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Solution : A rectangle can be fixed on the chess board if and only if we fix two points on x-axis and
two points on y-axis. For example in order to fix the rectangle RSTU, we fix B and G on x-
axis and K and M on y-axis and vice versa.
Hence total number of rectangles on the chess board is the number of ways of choosing
two points on x-axis (which can be done in 9C2 ways) and two points on y-axis (which can
8
also be done is 9C2 ways). Hence require number is (9 C2 )2 k 3 .
k 1
Example 11 : The sum of all the four digit even numbers which can be formed by using the digits 0, 1, 2,
3, 4 and 5 if repetition of digits is allowed is
(a) 1765980 (b) 1756980 (c) 1769580 (d) 1759680
Solution (c) :
Last place can be filled by 0, 2, 4
So total sum = 5 × 6 × 6 (0 + 2 + 4) + 5 × 6 × 3 × 10 (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) + 5 × 6 × 3 × 100 (0
+ 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5) + 6 × 6 × 3 × 1000 (0 + 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5)
= 180 × 6 + 900 × 15 + 9000 × 15 + 10800 × 15
= 1080 + 13500 + 135000 + 1620000 = 1769580
Example 12 : In a unique hockey series between India & Pakistan, they decide to play till a team wins 5
matches . The number of ways in which the series can be won by India, if no match ends in
a draw is
(a) 126 (B) 252 (C) 225 (D) None of those
Solution (a) : India wins exactly in 5 matches looses in none 5C0 ways
India wins exactly in 6 matches wins the 6th and looses anyone in the 1st five
5C1 ways and so on.
Total number of ways = 5C0 + 5C1 + 6C2 + 7C3 + 8C4 = 126
Example 13 : Five balls of different colours are to be placed in three boxes of different sizes. Each box
can hold all five balls. Find the number of ways in which we can place the balls in the boxes
(order is not considered in the box) so that no box remains empty.
Solution: One possible arrangement is 2 2 1
Three such arrangements are possible. Therefore, the number of ways is (5C2)(3C2)(1C1)(3)
= 90
The other possible arrangements 1 1 3
Three such arrangements are possible. In this case, the number of ways is (5C1)(4C1)(3C3)(3)
= 60
Hence, the total number of ways is 90 + 60 = 150
Example 14 : The number of ways of choosing a committee of 2 women and 3 men from 5 women and
6 men, if Mr. A refuses to serve on the committee if Mr. B is a member and Mr. B can only
serve, if Miss C is the member of the committee, is
(a) 60 (b) 84 (c) 124 (d) None of these
Solution (c) : (i) Miss C is taken
(a) B included A excluded 4C1 . 4C2 = 24
(b) B excluded 4C1 . 5C3 = 40
(ii) Miss C is not taken
B does not comes ; 4C2 . 5C3 = 60 Total = 124
Example 15 : In how many ways can a pack of 52 cards be
(i) distributed equally among four players in order?
(ii) divided into 4 groups of 13 cards each?
(iii) divided into four sets of 20, 15, 10, 7 cards?
(iv) divided into four sets, three of them having 15 cards each and the fourth having 7 cards?
(82)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Solution : (i) From 52 cards of the pack, 13 cards can be given to the first player in 52C13 ways.
From the remaining 39 cards, 13 cards can be given to the second player in 39C13
ways.
From the remaining 26 cards, 13 cards can be given to the second player in 26C13
ways.
The remaining 13 cards can be given to the fourth player in 13C13 = 1 way.
By fundamental theorem, the number of ways of dividing 52 cards equally among
four players
52! 39! 26! 52!
= 52 C13 × 39C13 × 26C13 × 13C13 = 1
13!39! 13!26! 13!13! (13!)4
(ii) By standard result, the number of ways of forming 4 groups, each of 13 cards =
52!
4!(13!)4
(iii) Here the sets have unequal number of cards, hence the required number of ways
52! 32! 17! 52!
= 52C20 × 32C15 × 17C10 × 7C7 = 1
20!32! 15!17! 10!7! 20! 15! 10! 7!
52! 52!
(iv) By standard result, the required number of ways =
15!15!15!7!3! 15!3 .3!7!
Example 16 : A bag contains 3 one rupee coins, 4 fifty paisa coins and 5 ten paisa coins. How many
selection of money can be formed by taking atleast one coin from the bag.
Solution : Here are 3 things of first kind, 4 things of second kind and 4 things of third kind so the total
number of selections
= (3 + 1)(4 + 1)(5 + 1) – 1 = 119
Example 17 : Messages are conveyed by arranging 4 white , 1 blue and 3 red flags on a pole . Flags of the
same colour are alike . If a message is transmitted by the order in which the colours are
arranged then the total number of messages that can be transmitted if exactly 6 flags are
used is –
(a) 45 (b) 65 (c) 125 (d) 185
Solution (d) : We will consider the following cases,
I case : 4 alike and 2 others alike
II case : 4 alike and 2 different
III case : 3 alike and 3 others alike
IV case : 3 alike and 2 other alike and 1 different
6! 6! 6! 6!
Total ways = 1 1 1 2 C1 = 15 + 30 + 20 + 120 = 185.
4! 2! 4! 3! 3! 3! 2!
Example 18 : Find the total number of ways of selecting five letters from letters of the word
INDEPENDENT.
Solution : There are 11 letters in the given word which are as follows (NNN) (EEE) (DD)IPT
Five letters can be selected in the following manners :
(i) All letters different : 6C5 = 6
(ii) Two similar and three different : 3C1, 5C3 = 30
(iii) Three similar and two different : 2C1. 5C2 = 20
(iv) Three similar and two similar : 2C1. 2C1 = 4
(v) Two similar, two similar and one different : 3C2. 4C1 = 12
Total selections = 6 + 30 + 20 + 4 + 12 = 72
Example 19 : Find The sum of the divisors of 25. 34. 52
Solution : Any divisor of 25. 34. 52 is of the form 2a, 3b. 5c where 0 a 5, 0 b 4 and 0 c 2 .
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
5 4 2
Hence the sum of the divisors = 2a 3b 5c
a 0 b 0 c 0
26 1 35 1 53 1
= (1 + 2 +....25) (1 + 3 +....+ 34) (1 + 5 + 52) =
2 1 3 1 5 1
= 63 121 31 32.71.112. 31 .
Example 20 : There are 20 questions in a question paper. If no two students solve the same combination
of questions but solve equal number of questions then the maximum number of students
who appeared in the examination.
Solution : If r questions are solved by each student then the number of possible selections of questions
is 20Cr
the number of students = 20Cr
(each student has solved different combinations of questions)
the maximum number of students = maximum value of 20Cr = 20C10
because 20C10 is the largest among 20C0, 20C20 being the made one
Example 21 : Find the number of integers which lie between 1 and 106 and which have the sum of the
digits equal to 12 ?
Solution : Consider the product (x0 + x1 + x2 . . . + x9) (x0 + x1 + x2 . . . + x9) . . . 6 factors. The number
of ways in which the sum of the digits will be equal to 12 is equal to the coefficient of x12
in the above product.
So, required number of ways = coefficient of x12 in (x0 + x1 + x2 + . . . + x9)6
= coefficient of x12 in (1 – x10)6 ( 1 – x)–6 = coefficient of x12 in (1 – x)–6 (1 – 6C1 x10 + . . .)
= coefficient of x12 in (1 – x)–6 – 6C1. coefficient of x2 in (1 – x)–6
= 12 + 6 – 1 C6 – 1 – 6C1 × 2 + 6 – 1C6– 1 = 17C5 – 6 × 7C5 = 6062.
Example 22 : There are three coplanar parallel lines. If any p points are taken on each the lines, find the
maximum number of triangles with vertices at these points.
3p p 3p (3p 1) (3p 2) 3p (p 1) (p 2)
Solution : Maximum no. of triangles = C3 3 ( C3 ) =
6
p
= [9 p2 9 p 2 p2 3p 2] p [4 p2 3p] = p2 [4p – 3]
2
Example 23 : Show that the number of combinations of n letters out of 3n letters of which n are a' s, n
are b' s and the rest are unequal is (n + 2). 2n – 1.
Solution: From na's we have 0, 1, 2, 3 . . ., n a’s From nb’ we may have 0, 1, 2, 3 . . . , n b’s, while for
each of the rest n letters we may have 2 combinations 0 or 1. Thus the required number of
combinations is thus = Coefficient of xn in
(1 + x + x2 + . . . + xn) (1 + x + x2 + . . . + xn) (1 + x) (1 + x) + . . . (1 + x)
2
n
= Coefficient of x in
1 x n1
. 1 x
n
2
1 x
= Coefficient of xn in (1 – xn + 1)2 (1 + x)n (1 – x)– 2
Since (1 – xn + 1)2 will not contain xn, we have required number of combinations
= Coefficient of xn in (1 + x)n. (1 – x)– 2
= Coefficient of xn in [2 – (1 – x)]n (1 – x)–2
= Coefficient of xn in 2n (1 – x)–2 – nC1 2n – 1 + nC1. 2n – 2. (1 – x)0 – nC3. 2n – 3 (1 – x) +
. . . + (– 1)n. nCn (1 – x)n – 2
n n –
= Coefficient of x in 2 (1 – x) – n. 22 n – 1. (1 – x)– 1
n 1! n.2n1 2n.
= 2n. n 1 n.2n1 2n1. n 2
n!
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Example 24 : Find the sum of all the numbers of four different digits that can be made by using the
digits 0, 1, 2 and 3.
Solution : The number of numbers with 0 in the units place = 3! = 6
The number of numbers with 1 or 2 or 3 in the units place = 3! – 2! = 4
The sum of the digits in the units = 6 × 0 + 4 × 1 + 4 × 3 = 24
Similarly for the tens and the hundreds places.
The number of numbers with 1 or 2 or 3 in the thousands place = 3!
the sum of the digits in the thousands place = 6 × 1 + 6 × 2 + 6 × 3 = 36
the required sum 36 × 1000 + 24 × 1000 + 24 × 10 + 24 = 38664
Example 25 : Find the number of times the digit 3 will be written when listing the integers from 1 to
1000.
Solution : A three digit block from 000 to 999 mean 1000 numbers, each number constituting 3
digits. Hence, total digit which we have to write is 3000 . Since the total number of digits is
10 (0 to 9) no digit is filled preferentially.
3000
number of times we write 3 = = 300 .
10
Alternative :
Any one block can be selected in 3C1 ways and the digit 3 can be filled in it. Now the
remaining two blocks can be filled in 9 9 = 81 ways (excluding the digit 3)
Total number of times digit 3 is used = 3C1 . 9 . 9 = 243
Similarly any two blocks can be selected in 3C2 ways and the digit 3 can be put in both of
them. Remaining one block can be filled in 9 ways .
Total number of times digit 3 is used = 3C2 . 2 . 9
When all the blocks are taken we have used digit 3 in 3C3 .3 times
Thus the total number of times digit 3 will be written = (3C1 . 92) 1 + (3C2 . 9) 2 + 3C3 . 3 =
300
Example 26 : If a denotes the number of permutations of x + 2 things taken all at a time, b the number
of permutations of x thins taken 11 at a time and c the number of permutations of x = 11
things taken all at a time such that a = 182 bc, then find the value of x.
x 2
Solution : Px 2 = a a = ( x +2 )!
xP = b b = x!
11 and x + 11Px + 11 = c = c (x – 11)! a = 182 bc
(x 11)!
x!
(x + 2)! = 182 (x – 11)! (x + 2 ) (x + 1) = 182 = 14 x 13 x + 1 = 13 x = 12
(x 11)!
Example 27 : Natural numbers less than 104 and divisible by 4 and consisting of only the digits 0, 1, 2,
3, 4 & 5 (no repetition) are formed . Find the number of ways of formation of such number
is :
Solution : 4 digit number last two digit can be
Total 4 digit number = 4 × 3 × 3 + 3 × 3 × 4 = 72
3 digit number
Total 3 digit number = 4 × 3 + 3 × 4 = 24
Total 2 digit number = 6
Total 1 digit number = 1
Total numbers = 72 + 24 + 6 + 1 = 103
Example 28 : How many numbers can be formed with the digits 1,2,3,4,3,2,1 so that the odd digits
always occupy the odd place.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Solution : There are 4 odd digits (1,1,3,3) and 4 odd place (first, third, fifth and seventh ).
At these places the odd digits can be arranged in 6 ways
then at the remaining 3 places, the remaining three digits (2,2,4) can be arranged in 3
ways
The required of number of numbers = 6 × 3 =18
Example 29 : There are three coplanar parallel lines. If any p points are taken on each of the lines, find
the maximum number of triangles with vertices at these points.
Solution : The number of triangles with vertices on different lines = pC1 × pC1 × pC1 = p3
The number of triangles with 2 vertices on one line and the third vertex on any one of the
other two lines
p(p 1)
= 3C1 {pC2 × 2pC1} = 6p.
2
the required number of triangles = p3 + 3p2(p –1) = p2 (4p – 3)
The word "maximum" ensures that no selection of points from each of the three
lines are collinear.
Example 30 : The number of different ways in which five ‘alike dashes’ and eight ‘alike dots’ can be
arranged, using only seven of these ‘dashes’ & ‘dots’ is –
(a) 1287 (b) 119 (c) 120 (d) 1235520
Solution (C) : Dashes dots arrangements
5 2 7C
2
4 3 7C
3
3 4 7C
4
2 5 7C
5
1 6 7C
6
0 7 7C
7
= 7C2 + 7C3 + 7C4 + 7C5 + 7C6 + 7C7 = 27 – 8 = 120.
Example 31 : Find the nuber of ways of selecting 5 letters of the word KHARAHARAPRIYA.
Solution : The word consists of the 14 letters AAAAA, HH, RRR, I, K, P, Y. The five letters selected can
consists of
(i) 5 letters alike : the number of selections = 1
(ii) 4 letters alike + 1 distinct letter : the number of selections = 1.6
(iii) 3 letters alike + 2 2 letters alike of second kind : the number of selections = 2.2
(iv) 3 letters alike + 2 letters distinct : the number of selections = 2. 6C2
(v) a pair of two letters alike + 1 letter distinct : the number of select ions = 3C2. 5C1
(vi) 2 letters allike + 3 letters distinct : the number of selections = 3C1.
6C
3
(vii) all the five letters distinct : the number of selections = 7C5
The total number of selection = 1 + 6 + 4 + 30 + 15 + 60 + 21 = 137.
Example 32 : In how many ways can n letters be arranged in a row so that two particular letters do not
occur either at the beginning or at the end of the row ?
Solution : First, remove the two particular things. The remaining (n – 2) things can be arranged in n –
2! ways.
In any one such arrangement of (n – 2) things, either the place to the left of all or the place
to the right of all should not be occupied by the two particular things. In the first case,
there are (n – 3) in between gaps and one outside on the right where the two particular
things can be placed. Similar is the analysis for leaving the extreme right.
Hence the total number of ways = 2 × (n – 2)C2 × (n – 2)! = (n – 2) (n – 1) (n – 2)!
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Example 33 : The different letters of the alphabet are given, Out of which five letter words are formed.
Then the numbers of words in which at least one letter is repated is
(a) 50400 (b) 840 (c) 30240 (d) 69760
Solution (d) : Number of words in which no letter is repeated = 10 x 9 x 8 x 7 x 6 = 30240
Hence, the number of words in which at least one letter is repeated = 105 – 30240 = 69760
Example 34 : In how many ways 15 books be distributed among 5 libraries so that every library receives
at least two books ?
Solution : The required number = the number of ways in which 15 books can be distributed among
the libraries without imposing any condition i.e. a library may receive no book or it may
receive all the 15 books
= the coefficient of x15 in the expansion of (1 + x + x2 +..........+ x15)5
5
1 x16
= the coefficient of x15 in
= the coefficient of x15 in (1 – x)–5
1 x
= 5 + 15 – 1C15 = 19C4 = 3876
Example 35 : Find the number of n-sided polygons that can be drawn by joining n points in a plane no
three of which are collinear. Verify the result when n = 4.
Solution : If we call the points P1, P2, ....., Pn, P1 can be joined to any one of the (n – 1) points.
Assuming that p1 is joined to P2, P2 in ist turn can be joined to any one of the remaining (n
– 2) points and so on. The total number of polygons produced is (n – 1)!. In this process
(i) every point is joined to every other point so that if we start with P21 say, no new
polygons are added, P2
(ii) a polygon got by joining P1 P2....Pn – 1P1 in this order is produced again by joining the
points in the reverse order, i.e., P1 Pn Pn – 1....P2 P1 so that every polyogn is produced
1
twice. Thus the number of distinct polygons = (n – 1)!
2
With n = 4, the only three possiblities are
P4 P4 P3
P4
P3
P3
P1
P1
P2 P1 P2
P2
Example 36 : There are 16 things of which three are alike of one kind, four alike of another kind, five
alike of a third kind and the rest are different. Show that the number of different
combinations, taking one or more at a time is 1919.
Solution : 3A's, 4B's, 5 C's and D,E,F, G are the 16 things
In any combination , we may have A, 0 time, 1 time, 2 times, 3 times i.e. A can be included
in 4 ways: similarly, B in 5 ways and C in 6 ways and D, E, F, G each in 2 ways.
Hence the total number of ways of choosing these 16 things = 4 × 5 × 6 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 =
1920.
But this counting includes the way in which each one of them is selected 0 time i.e. not
selecting any of them.
Hence the required number of combinations = 1920 – 1 = 1919
Example 37 : How many different seven digit numbers are there, the sum of whose digits is even ?
Solution : Let there be 7 blank spaces × × × × × × ×.
The position on the left can be filled in 9 ways (0 cannot be used) and each of the other in
10 ways.
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Thus, the total number of numbers that can be formed = 9 × 106.
1000000 is a number, the sum of whose digits is odd.
The next number 1000001 is a number, the sum of whose digits is even.
Thus, the alternate numbers belong to two different categories.
Hence there are 1/2 × 9 × 106 = 45 × 105 numbers, the sum of whose digits is even.
Example 38 : All the digits 1, 2, ...9 are permuted. For any permutation the nine digits occupy positions
1 to 9 some order.
(i) Ih how many permutations is the product of the digits in all sets of six consecutive
positions divisible by 7 ?
(ii) in how many of the permutations is the product of the digits in all sets of six
consecutive positions is divisible by 35 ?
Solution : 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
(i) The two extreme sets of six consecutive positions are 1 to 6 and 4 to 9 so that the
product of the digits occupying all sets of six consecutive position is divisible by seven
if the digit 7 occupies any of the three positions - 4th, 5th and 6th. The required
number of permutations = 3.8!
(ii) The product of six digits will be divisible by 35 provide both 7 and 5 appear among
the six. The given condition implies that both 5 and 7 should occupy two of the three
positions mentioned in (i) above. Thus the required number of permutations = 3P2.
7!.
Example 39 : There are p + q + r books in which there are p copies of the same title, q copies of another
title and one copy each of r different titles. The number of ways in which one or more
books can be selected is-
(a) 2p + q + r – 1 (b) (p + 1) (q + 1) 2r – 1
(c) 2p + q – 1 (2r – 1) (d) 2p + q (2r + 1) – 1
Solution (b) : Out of the p books that are alike, m(0 m p) books can be selected in only one way, so
that the total number of selection of no book or one or more books out of p copies of the
same title is p + 1.
Similarly the total number of selection of no books or one or more books out of q copies of
the same title is q + 1. The remaining r books are of r different titles and the total number
of selection of no book or one or more books is 2r as each book can be dealt with in two
ways; rejections or acceptance.
The total number of selections is (p + 1) (q + 1) 2r – 1 as total rejection is excluded.
Example 40 : The number of 5 digit numbers of the form xyzyz in which x < y is
(a) 350 (b) 360 (c) 380 (d) 390
Solution (b) : The first digit x can be any one of 1 to 8 whereas z can be any one of 0 to 9.
When x is 1, y can assume the values 2 to 9 ;
when x is 2, y can assume the values 3 to 9 and so on.
8.9
Thus the total number = (8 + 7 +............+ 1) × 10 = . 10 = 360.
2
Example 41: Three are n points in a plane, no three being collinear except m of them which are collinear.
The number of triangles that can be drawn with their vertices at three of the given points is-
(a) n – mC3 (b) nC3 – mC3 (c) nC3 – m (d) None of these
Solution (b) : Given n points the number of triangles that can be drawn by joining any three non-collinear
points nC3 out of this mC3 is to be subtracted as m points are collinear and no triangle is
possible within the m points.
Example 42 : With 17 consonants and 5 vowels the number of words of four letters that can be formed having
two different vowels in the middle and one consonant, repeated or different at each end is-
(a) 5780 (b) 2890 (c) 5440 (d) 2720
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Solution (a) : The two letters, the first and the last of the four lettered word can be chosen in (17)2 ways,
as repetition is allowed for consonants. The two vowels in the middle are distinct so that
the number of ways of filling up the two places is 5P2 = 20. The number of different words
= (17)2 . 20 = 5780.
Example 43 : Words are formed utilising all the letters of the word TUTORIALS and arranged as in a
dictionary. Find the rank of the word in this arrangement.
Solution : The nine letters of the word in the alphabetical order are A, I, L, O, R, S, T, T, U.
8!
The number of words with one of A, I, L, O, R, S in the first place = 6. = 120960.
2!
With T in the first place and anyone of A,I,L,O,R,S,T in the second place, the number of
words = 7.7! = 35280. With T, U in the first two places and anyone of A,I,L,O,R,S in the
third, the number of words = 6.6! = 4320.
With T,U,T in the first three places and any one of A,I,L in the fourth place, the number of
words = 3.5! = 360.
With T,U,T,O in the first four places and any one of A,I,L in the fifth place, the number of
words = 3.4! = 72.
With T,U,T,O,R in the first five places and A in the sixth place, the number of words = 3! =
6.
The very next word is TUTORIALS.
Hence the rank is = 120960 + 35280 + 4320 + 360 + 72 + 6 + 1 = 160999.
Example 44 : In how many ways can 5 letters be selected out of the letters of the word
CHUNCHANAKATTE?
Solution : The word consists of the 14 letters AAA, CC, HH, NN, TT, E, K, U
The 5 letters selected may consist of
(i) 3 letters alike + 2 letters alike : the number of selections = 1.4 = 4
(ii) 3 letters alike + 2 letters distinct : the number of selections = 1.7C2 = 21
(iii) a pair of 2 letters alike + 1 letter distinct : the number of selections = 5C2 .6C1 = 60
(iv) 2 letters alike + 3 letters distinct : the number of selections = 5C1 . 7C3 = 175
(v) all the five letters distinct: the number of selections = 8C5 = 56
Total number of selections = 316
Example 45 : How many different four digit numbers can be formed with the digits 0, 1, 2, 3,......., 9 so
that each number contains the digit 1 exactly once ?
Solution :
Case I : Let 1 occupy the left position. Then each of the remaining four positions can be
filled in 9 ways. Thus, there are 93 four-digit numbers with 1 as starting digit.
Case II : Let 1 occupy the 2nd or 3rd or 4th position. For each of these, the left position can
be filled in 8 ways. (0 excluded) and the other two in 9 ways.
Thus, the number of ways in this case = 3 × 8 × 92.
total number of ways = 93 + 3 × 8 × 92 = 92 × 33 = 2673.
Example 46 : The sum of 5 digit numbers in which only odd digits occur without any repetition is
(a) 277775 (b) 555550 (c) 1111100 (d) None of these
Solution (D) : The digits that make the numbers are 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9.
The number of numbers with one of these in the first place = 4!
Every one of the digits appear in all the 5 places – digital, 10th, 100th, etc.
in one or the other 5-digit number. The required sum of all the numbers is, therefore,
105 1
= 25 (104 + 103 + 102 + 10 + 1) × 4! = 600 × = 600 × 11111 = 6666600.
10 1
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
Example 47 : Find the number of 5 digit numbers that can be made of one 1, two 2’s, three 3’s, four 4’s
and five 5’s.
Solution : The selection can be made up as follows :
(a) All different digits (1, 2, 3, 4, 5). Number of such numbers = 5! = 120
(b) 2 like and 3 different digits.
The number of selection is 4C1 × 4C3 and therefore the number of such numbers
5!
= 4C1 × 4C3 × = 960
2!
5!
(c) 3 like and two different digits. Number of such numbers = 3C1 × 4C2 × = 360
3!
5!
(d) 4 like and one different digit. Number of such numbers = 2C1 × 4C1 × = 40
4!
(e) All like digits 1
(f) 2 like digits, 2 like digits of another kind and 1 different.
The number of selections = 4C2 × 3C1 and
5!
the number of such numbers = 4C2 × 3C1 × = 540
2!2!
(g) 3 like digits and 2 like digits of another kind.
Number of selections = 3C1 × 3C1 and the number of such numbers
5!
= 3C1 × 3C1 × = 90
3!2!
All possible cases are exhausted and the total number = 2111.
Example 48 : How many words of three letters can be formed from the word “PROPOSAL” a vowel being
always in the middle ?
Solution : Case I : Let ‘o’ occupy the middle place ............x o x............
The letters that are left are p, r, s, l, a, o and hence the remaining two places can be filled
in 6P2 = 30 ways.
Since there are two p’s, we get an additional word pop. Thus, in this case there are 31
words.
Case II : Let ‘a’ occupy the middle place x a x.
The letters that are left are p, r, s, l, o and hence we obtain 5P2 = 20 words. Since there are
two p’s and two o’s, we get two more words pap and oao thus totalling 22 words.
Hence the overall number of words = 31 + 22 = 53.
Example 49 : Six apples and six oranges are distributed among ten boys so that each boy receives at
least one fruit. What is the number of ways of distributions ?
Solution : 12 fruits are to be distributed, so that some boy receives three and each of the other nine
receives one fruit (or) some two boys receive two each and each of the other eight receives
one.
Case I : One boy can receive 3 fruits in the following manner.
Apples Oranges Distribution to others
1 2 9C (5 left over apples distributed)
5
2 1 9C
4
3 0 9C
3
0 3 9C
6
Since one boy can be selected in 10C1 ways, the total number of ways of distribution in this
case is 10C1 × (9C5 + 9C4 + 9C3 + 9C6) = 4200.
Case II : Two boys A and B receive two fruits each and 8 others receive one each.
A B Distribution to others
2(A) 2(A) 8C (2 left over apples distributed)
2
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Permutation and Combinations
2(O) 2(O) 8C
6
2(A) 1(A) 1(O) 8C
3
2(O) 1(A) 1(O) 8C
5
1(A) 1(O) 2(A) 8C
3
1(A) 1(O) 2(O) 8C
5
2(A) 2(O) 8C
4
2(O) 2(A) 8C
4
1(A) 1(O) 1(A) 1(O) 8C
4
Since the two boys can be selected in 10C2 ways, the total number of ways in
this case = 10C2 × {2 × 8C2 + 4 × 8C3 + 3 × 8C4} = 22050.
Hence, the total number of ways of distribution = 4200 + 22050 = 26250.
Example 50 : Find the sum of all the numbers of five digits which can be formed with 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4, no
digit being repeated in any numbers.
Solution : Total number of five digit numbers that can be formed with 0, 1, 2 ,3, 4 is 4 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
= 96.
Corresponding to say, 4 in the 104 the place, the other four places can be arranged in 4 or
24 ways
Consider the unit placein these 24 numbers 1, 2, 3, 0 each will occur 6 times similar pattern
occurs for the numbers 1, 2, 3, 0 in the 104 th place.
Hence there will be 18 fours, 18 threes, 18 twos, 18 ones and 24 zeros in the unit place of
these 96 numbers.
Sum of the digits in the unit place = 18 (1 + 2 + 3 + 4) = 180
Similarly the sum of the digits in the tenth, hundredth and thousandth place is 180. But 0
does not occur in the fen thousandth place and 1, 2 ,3 , 4 will each occurs 24 times. Therefore
the sum of the digits in the ten thousandth place = 24 (1 + 2 +3 +4) = 240.
Hence the sum of all the 96 numbers = 240 x 104 + 180 (103 + 102 + 101 + 1) = 2599980
Example 51 : On how many nights may a watch of 4 men be arranged by a security agency from a crew
of 16 so that no two watches are identical? On how many of these nights would a particular
person be off-duty ?
Solution : The required number of nights = number of ways of selecting 4 men from 16 = 16C4 = 1820.
In this, the number of nights a particular person is on-duty = 15C3 = 455.
The number of nights a particular person is off-duty = 1820 – 455 = 1365.
Example 52 : In a shooting competition a man can score 5, 4, 3, 2, or 0 points. Find the number of ways
he can score 30 in 7 shots.
Solution : The number of ways of making 30 in 7 shots is the coefficient of x30 in the expansion of (x0
+ x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)7, because this coefficient arises out of the different ways in which 7 of
the indices 0, 2, 3, 4, 5 combine to make 30.
Now (x0 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)7 = {x4(x + 1) + (x3 + x2 + 1)}7
= x28 (x + 1)7 + 7C1 x24 (x + 1)6 (x3 + x2 + 1) + 7C2 x20 (x + 1)5 (x3 + x2 + 1)2
+ 7C3 x16 (x + 1)4 (x3 + x2 + 1)3 +.......
Now coefficient of x30 in (1 + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5)7 = 7C5 + 7C1 {6C3 + 6C2 + 1} + 7C2 {5C1 + 2} =
420
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
UNSOLVED EXERCISE
SECTION-A 9. The number of different matrices that can be
(Single Correct Option) formed with elements 0, 1, 2 or 3, each matrix
having 4 elements, is
GENERAL ARRANGEMENT (a) 3 × 24 (b) 2 × 44
1. There are m points on a straight line AB and n (c) 3 × 44 (d) None of these
points on another line AC, none of them being 10. Total number of integers 'n' such that 2 n 2000
the point A. Triangles are formed from these and H.C.F. of n and 36 is one, is equal to
points as vertices when (i) A is excluded (ii) A is (a) 664 (b) 667
included.
(c) 665 (d) 666
Then the ratio of the number of triangles in the
11. The number of ways in which three distinct
two cases is
number in A.P. can be selected from the set {1, 2,
m n2 m n2 3,...., 24} is equal to
(a) (b)
m n 2 (a) 66 (b) 132
m n2 (c) 264 (d) None of these
(c) (d) None of these
mn2 12. How many 5-digit telephone numbers can be
2. Set A contains n elements. A subset P of A is constructed using the digits 0 to 9, if each number
choosen. The set A is reconstructed by replacing starts with 67 and no digit appears more than
the elements of P. A subset Q of A is again choosen. once?
The number of ways of choosing P and Q so that (a) 335 (b) 336
P Q = is (c) 338 (d) 337
n
(a) 2n (b) 3n 13. If Cr denotes the number of combinations of n
n
(c) 2 – 1 (d) None of these things taken r at a time, then the expression nCr +
3. Number of ways of selection of 8 letters from 24 1
+ nCr – 1 + 2 × nCr equals
letters of which 8 are a, 8 are b and the rest unlike, (a) n + 2Cr (b) n + 2 Cr + 1
is given by (c) n + 1 Cr (d) n + 1 Cr + 1
(a) 27 (b) 8.28 14. The number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women
(c) 10.2 7
(d) None of these can dine at a round table. if no two women an to
4. The number of words formed by any 4 letters of sit together, is given by
word MEERUT is equal to (a) 6! x 5! (b) 30
(a) 180 (b) 120 (c) 5! x 4! (d) 7! x 5!
(c) 72 (d) 192 15. The number of ways of distributing 8 identical
balls in 3 distinct boxes. so that none of the boxes
5. If x lies in the smallest interval [a, b) for which
is empty, is
2[x/8]2 + 3[x/8] = 20, max. ((b –a)Cr) =
(a) 5 (b) 21
(a) 56 (b) 70
(c) 38 (d) 8C3
(c) 20 (d) None of these
6. Let m, n denotes two integers chosen out of the PROPERTIES OF COMBINATION & GENERAL SELECTIONS
set {1, 2,....., 10}. The number of pairs (m, n) such 16. Total number of 3 letter words that can be formed
that 2m + 2n is divisible by 5 is from the letters of the word 'SAHARANPUR' is
(a) 12 (b) 24 equal to
(c) 8 (d) 16 (a) 210 (b) 237
7. n is selected from the set {1, 2, 3,....,100} and the (c) 247 (d) 227
number 2n + 3n + 5n is formed. Total numer of ways 17. The number of bijective functions f : A A, where
of selecting n so that the formed number is A = {1, 2, 3, 4} such that f(1) 3, f(2) 4, f(3) 2,
divisible by 4, is equal to f(4) 1, is
(a) 50 (b) 48 (a) 9 (b) 12
(c) 49 (d) None of these (c) 23 (d) None of these
8. Let f : {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Total number 18. The number of eight digits natural numbers 'n',
of functions f that are onto and f(i) i, is equal to whose last three digits are 124 such that x4 – y4 =
(a) 20 (b) 36 n, x, y N, has at least one solution, is
(c) 16 (d) 44 (a) 102 × 2 (b) 102 × 3
(c) 104 × 3 (d) None of these
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
19. Number of ordered triplets of natural numbers 30. A student is allowed to select almost n books her
(x,y,z) satisfying x.y.z. 10 is collection of (2n + I) books. If the total number
(a) 53 (b) 16 ways in which he can select at least one book is
(c) 76 (d) None of these 225, then the value of n is
20. If n – 1 C3 + n – 1 C4 > nC3 , then n is just greater than (a) 6 (b) 5
integer (c) 4 (d) 3
(a) 5 (b) 6 31. In how many ways can 5 prizes be distributed
(c) 4 (d) 7 among four students, when every student can
21. Find nC21, if nC10 = nC11. take one more prizes?
(a) 1 (b) 0 (a) 1024 (b) 625
(c) 11 (d) 10 (c) 120 (d) 600
22. Determine n, if 2nC2 : nC2= 9:2. 32. The number of ways in which the digits 1, 2, 3, 4,
(a) 5 (b) 4 3,2,1 can be arranged so that the odd digits always
(c) 3 (d) 2 occupy the odd places, is
23. The number of positive integers which can be (a) 6 (b) 12
formed by using any number of digits from 0, I, 2. (c) 18 (d) 24
3, 4.5 but using each digit not more than once in m
n
each number is 33. Cr 1 k C r is equal to a
k m
(a) 1200 (b) 1500
(c) 1600 (d) 1630 (a) nCr + 1 (b) n + 1Cr + 1
24. The total number of ways in which five '+' and (c) nCr (d) None of these
three '–' signs can be arranged in a line such that C1 C C C
no two '-' sign occur together, is 34. 2 2 3 3 ..... n n is equal to
o
C0 C1 C2 C n 1
(a) 10 (b) 20
(c) 15 (d) None of the above n(n 1) n(n 1)
25. A student is to answer 10 out of 13 questions in (a) (b)
2 2
an examination such that he must choose atleast
4 from the first five questions. The number of n(n 1)(n 2)
(c) (d) Noneof these
choices available to him is 2
(a) 140 (b) 196 35. If n is an integer with 0 n 11, then the
(c) 280 (d) 346 minimum value of n! (11 – n)! is attained, when a
26. A box contains 2 white balls. 3 black balls and 4 value of n is
red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be drawn (a) 11 (b) 5
from the box. if atleast one black ball is to be (c) 7 (d) 9
included in the draw? 36. How many ways are there to arrange the letters
(a) 64 (b) 24 in the word 'GARDEN' with the vowels in
(c) 3 (d) 12 alphabetical order?
27. Four speakers will address a meeting, where (a) 120 (b) 240
speaker Q will always speak after speaker P. Then, (c) 360 (d) 480
the number of ways in which the order of speakers 37. The range of the function f(x) = 7 – x Px – 3 is
can be prepared is (a) {1, 2, 3} (b) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
(a) 256 (b) 128 (c) {1, 2, 3, 4} (d) {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
(c) 24 (d) 12
28. Sum of digits in the unit's place formed by the MULTIONMIAL, REPEATED ARRANGEMENT & SELECTION
digits 1,2, 3 and 4 taken all at a time is 38. The numbers of integers between 1 and 106 have
(a) 30 (b) 30 the sum of their digit equal to K : (where 1 < K < 18)
(c) 59 (d) 61 (a) (K+6)C6 – (K – 4)C6 (b) KC6 – 6. KC4
29. A teacher takes 3 children from her class to the (c) KC6 – 6. K – 4C6 (d) None of these
zoo at time as often as she can, but she does not 39. The number of selections of four letters from the
take same three children to the zoo more than letters of the word ASSASSINATION is
once finds that she goes to the zoo 84 times more (a) 72 (b) 71
that particular child goes to the zoo. The number
(c) 66 (d) 52
children in her class is
40. Words are formed from the letters
(a) 12 (b) b
AAAABBBCCDEF. The number of words in which
(c) 60 (d) None of the above the letters C are separated, is given by
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MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
(a) 2772000 (b) 1386000 DISTRIBUTION OF OBJECT INTO GROUP DE
(c) 4158000 (d) None of these ARRANGEMENT AND GEOMETRY IN PERMUTATION
41. The number of words formed by any 4 letters of
word MEERUT is equal to 52. The number of positive integral solution of 2x1 +
(a) 180 (b) 120 3x2 + 4x3 + 5x4 = 25 is
(c) 72 (d) 192 (a) 20 (b) 22
42. If the permutations of a, b, c, d, e taken all (c) 23 (d) 7
together be written down in alphabetical order 53. The total number of six digit numbers x1x2x3x4x5x6
as in dictionary and numbered, then the rank of having the property that x1 < x2 x3 < x4 < x5 x6 is
the permutation debac is equal to
(a) 90 (b) 91 (a) 10C6 (b) 12C6
11
(c) 92 (d) 93 (c) C6 (d) None of these
43. The number of positive integral solutions 15 < x1 54. Total number of positive integral solutions of the
< x2 < x3 20, is equal to equation x1.x2.x3 = 60 is equal to
(a) 1025 (b) 685 (a) 27 (b) 108
(c) 1245 (d) None of these (c) 54 (d) 64
44. Total number of positive integral solution of 15 < 55. A number is said to be a nice number if it has
x1 + x2 + x3 20, is equal to exactly four factors, (including one and number
(a) 1025 (b) 685 itself). Let n = 23 × 55 × 32 × 112 × 7, then the
(c) 1245 (d) None of these number of factors, which are nice number, is
45. The number of subsets of {1, 2, ..., n} having least (a) 10 (b) 12
element m and greatest element k, 1 m < k n, is (c) 36 (d) 143
(a) 2n – (k+m) (b) 2k – m – 2 56. 10 different toys are to be distributed among 10
(c) 2 k–m–1
(d) 2k – m + 1 children. Total number of ways of distributing
46. Total number of polynomials of the form x3 + ax2 those toys, so that exactly two children do not
+ bx + c that are divisible by x2 + 1, whre a, b, c get any toy, is
{1, 2, 3, ..., 9, 10} is equal to 10! 10!
(a) (b)
(a) 90 (b) 45 2!3!7! (2!)4 6!
(c) 5 (d) 10
2 1 1
47. From 12 books. the difference between numbs (c) (10!)
ways of selection of 5 books when one specifed (2!) 6! 2! 3!
book is always excluded and one specified boot 10! 10! 25
always included, is (d)
(2!)2 6! 84
(a) 64 (b) 118
57. Out of 7 consonants and 4 vowels, the number of
(c) 132 (d) 330
words (not necessarily meaningful) that can be
48. The number of integers greater than 6000 that made each consisting of 3 consonants and 2
can formed with 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8, where no digit vowels. is
repeated, is
(a) 24800 (b) 25100
(a) 120 (b) 192
(c) 25200 (d) 25400
(c) 216 (d) 72 (e) 202
58. In how many ways can a student choose a
56
49. If Pr 1 : 54Pr 1 30800 : 1, then the value of r is program of 5 courses, if 9 courses are available
(a) 40 (b) 51 and 2 specific course are compulsory for every
(c) 41 (d) 510 student?
50. The number of permutations by taking all letters (a) 34 (b) 36
keeping the vowels of the word 'COMBINE' in the (c) 35 (d) 37
places. is 59. S = {1, 2, 3, ........., 20} is to be partitioned into
(a) 96 (b) 144 four sets A, B, C and D of equal size. The number
(c) 512 (d) 576 of ways it can be done, is
51. From 12 books. the difference between numbers 20! 20!
(a) (b) 5
ways of selection of 5 books when one specifed 4! 5! 4
book is always excluded and one specified boot 20! 20!
always included, is (c) 4 (d)
(5!) (4!)5
(a) 64 (b) 118
(c) 132 (d) 330
(94)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
60. A student is allowed to select atmost n books from Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
a collection of (2n + 1) books. If the number of Statement-1
ways in which he can do this, is 64, then the value (c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
of n is (d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(a) 6 (b) n 4. Statement–1: The number of ways of writing 1400
(c) 3 (d) None of these as a product of two positive integers is 12.
61. Out of thirty points in a plane, eight of them are Statement–2 : 1400 is divisible by exactly three
collinear. The number of straight lines that can be prime numbers.
formed by joining these points, is (a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(a) 296 (b) 540 Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
(c) 408 (d) 348 Statement-1
SECTION-B (b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
(Assertion-Reason)
Statement-1
1. Consider the word ‘SMALL’
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
Statement–1 : Total number of 3 letter words
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
from the letters of the given word is 13.
5. Statement–1 : A polygon has 44 diagonals and
Statement–2 : Number of words having all the
number of sides are 11.
letters distinct = 4 and number of words having
Statement–2 : From n distinct object r object can
two are alike and third different = 9
be selected in nCr ways.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1
Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
Statement-1
Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
2. Statement–1: Number of non integral solution of
6. Statement-1: The number of positive integral
the equation x1 + x2 + x3 = 10 is equal to 34.
solutions of the equation x1x2x3x4x5 = 1050 is
Statement–2 : Number of non integral solution
1875.
of the equation x1 + x2 + x3+ . . . xn = r is equal to
n + r – 1C Statement-2: The total number of divisor of 1050
r is 25.
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
Statement-1
Statement-1
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for (b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
Statement-1
Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
3. Statement–1 : The number of ways of selecting 5
students from 12 students (of which six are boys 100 500 r 400 501
and six are girls), such that in the selection there 7. Statement-1: C3 C4 C4
r 0
are at least three girls is 6C3 9C2.
Statement–2 : If a work has two independent Statement-2 : nCr + nCr-1 = n+1Cr
parts, of which first part can be done in m way (a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
and for each choice of first part, the second part Statement-2 is a correct explanation for
can be done in n ways, then the work can be Statement-1
completed in m × n ways. (b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; Statement-2 is not correct explanation for
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1
Statement-1 (c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; (d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
(95)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
(n2 )! 3. How many different nine-digit numbers can be
8. Statement-1 : is a natural number for all n formed from the number 22 33 55 888 by
(n!)n rearranging its digits so that the odd digits occupy
N even positions?
Statement-2 : The number of ways of distributing (a) 16 (b) 36
mn things in m groups each containing n things is (c) 60 (d) 180
(mn)! 4. An n-digit number is a positive number with
m .
(n!) exactly n digits. Nine hundred distinct n-digit
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; numbers are to be formed using only the three
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for digits 2, 5 and 7. The smallest value of n for which
Statement-1 this is possible, is
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; (a) 6 (b) 7
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for (c) 8 (d) 9
Statement-1 5. In a collage of 300 students, every student reads
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. 5 newspapers and every newspaper is read by
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. 60 students. The number of newspapers is
9. Statement-1: The number of selections of four (a) atleast 30 (b) atmost 20
letters taken from the word PARALLEL must be (c) exactly 25 (d) none of these
22. 6. A five digits number divisible by 3 is to be formed
Statement-2: Coefficient of x4 in the expansion using the numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, without
of (1 – x)3 is 10. repetition. The total number of ways this can be
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; done, is
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for (a) 216 (b) 240
Statement-1 (c) 600 (d) 3125
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; 7. Eight chairs are numbered 1 to 8. Two women and
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for three men wish to occupy one chair each.
Statement-1 First the women choose the chairs from amongst
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. the chairs marked 1 to 4 and then the men select
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. the chairs from amongst the remaining. The
10. Statement-1: The total number of words with number of possible arrangements is
letters of the word civilization (all taken at a time) (a) 8C3 × 4C2 (b) 4P2 × 4P3
is 19958393. 4
(c) C2 + P2 4 (d) None of these
Statement-2: The number of permutations of n 8. The different letters of an alphabet are given.
distinct objects (r taken at a time) is npr+1. Words with five letters are formed from these
(a) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; given letters. Then, the number of words which
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for have at least one letter repeated, is
Statement-1 (a) 69760 (b) 30240
(b) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True; (c) 99748 (d) None of these
Statement-2 is not correct explanation for 9. Let Tn be the number of all possible triangles
Statement-1 formed by joining vertices of an n-sided regular
(c) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False. polygon. If Tn+ 1 – Tn = 10, then the value of n is
(d) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True. (a) 7 (b) 5
SECTION-C (c) 10 (d) 8
10. If r, s, t are prime numbers and p, q are the positive
(Previous Years Questions)
integers such that LCM of p, q is r2s4t2, then the
1. The number of integers greater than 6000 that
number of ordered pairs (p, q) is
can be formed using the digits 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8
(a) 252 (b) 254
without repetition is
(c) 225 (d) 224
(a) 216 (b) 192
5
(c) 120 (d) 72 52– j
2. The number of seven-digit integers, with sum of 11. The value of the expression 47C 4+ C 3 is
j=1
the digits equal to 10 and formed by using the
digits 1, 2 and 3 only, is (a) 47C5 (b) 52C5
(c) 52C4 (d) None of these
(a) 55 (b) 66
(c) 77 (d) 88
(96)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
12. The letters of the word COCHIN are permuted and 10. Prove that (n!)! is divisible by (n!)(n – 1)!.
all the permutations are arranged in an ab
alphabetical order as in an English dictionary. The 11. If a and b are positiveintegers, show that a
a b
number of words that appear before the word
COCHIN, is 12. Show that the total number of permutations of n
(a) 360 (b) 192 different things taken not more than r at a time,
(c) 96 (d) 48 when each thing may be repeated any number of
13. The total number of ways in which 5 balls of different n(nr 1)
times is .
colours can be distributed among 3 persons so that (n 1)
each person gets at least one ball, is 13. How many different car licence plates can be
(a) 75 (b) 150 constructed if the licences contain three letters
(c) 210 (d) 243 of the English alphabet followed by a three digit
14. The number of arrangements of the letters of the number
word BANANA in which the two N's do not appear (i) If repetitions are allowed?
adjacently, is
(a) 40 (b) 60 (ii) If repetition are not allowed?
(c) 80 (d) 100 14. Prove that that the product of r consecutive
integers is divisible by r!.
SECTION-D
(Board pattern) 15. A man has 8 children to take them to a zoo. He takes
1. There are 20 books of which 4 are single volume three of them at a time to the zoo as often as he can
and the other are books of 8, 5 and 3 volumes without taking the same 3 children together more
respectively. In how many ways can all these than once. How many times will he have to go to
books be arranged on a shelf so that volumes of zoo? How many times a particular child will go?
the same book are not separated. 16. On a new year day every student of a class sends a
2. In a class of 10 students, there are 3 girls. In how card to every other student. The postman delivers
many different ways can they be arranged in a row 600 cards. How many students are there in the class.
such that no two of the three girls are consecutive. 17. Out of 6 gentlemen and 4 ladies a committee of 5 is
3. In how many ways can the letters of the word to be formed. In how many ways can this be done
"civilization" be rearranged? so as to include at least one lady in each committee?
4. How many words can be formed with the letters
of the word 'Pataliputra' without changing the 18. There are ten points in a plane. Of these ten points
relative order of the vowels and consonants? four points are in a straight line and with the
5. How many numbers greater than a million can be exception of these four points, no other three
formed with the digits 2, 3, 0, 3, 4, 2 and 3? points are in the same straight line. Find the
6. How many different words can be formed with five number of quadrilaterals formed, by joining these
given letters of which three are vowels and two are ten points.
consonants, no two vowels being together in any 19. A committee of 12 is to be formed from 9 women
word? and 8 men. In how many ways this can be done if
7. A man invites a party of (m + n) friends to dinner at least five women have to be included in a
and places m at one round table and n at another. committee? In how many of these committees.
Find the number of ways of arranging the guests.
(i) The women are in majority?
8. The streets of a city are arranged like the lines of a
chessboard. There are m streets running North and (ii) The men are in majority?
South and n East and West. Find the number of 20. Eighteen guests have to be seated half on each
ways in which a man can travel from the N. W. To side of a long table. Four particular guests desire
the S.E. corner, going shortest possible distance. to sit on one particular side and three other on
9. There are m points in a plane which are joined by the other side. Determine the number of ways in
straight lines in all possible ways and of these no which the sitting arrangements can be made.
two are coincident or parallel and no three of
21. Let n 2 be an integer. Take n distinct points on a
them are concurrent except at the points. Show
circle and join each pair of points by a line
that the number of points of intersection, other
segment. Colour the line segment joining every
than the given points, of the lines so formed
pair of adjacent points by blue and the rest by
m red. If the number of red and blue line segments
8 m4. are equal, then the value of n is
(97)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Quadratic Equations
22. A student is allowed to select atmost n books from 25. Let n and k be positive integers such that n
n collection of (2n + 1) books. If the total number k(k + 1)
of ways in which he can select at least one books . The number of solution (x1, x2,....,x3).
2
is 63, find the value of n. x1 1, x2 2,...., xk k for all integers satisfying x1
23. m men and n women are to be seated in a row so + x2 +....+ x3 = n is....
that no two women sit together. If m > n, then 26. Five balls of different colours are to be placed in
show that the number of ways in which they can three boxes of different sizes. Each box can hold
m!(m + 1)! all five. In how many different ways can we place
be seated, is .
(m – n+ 1)! the balls so that no box remains empty?
24. Let n1 < n2 < n3 < n4 < n5 be positive integers such 27. There are four balls different colours and four
that n1 + n2 + n3 + n4 + n5 = 20. The number of such boxes of colours, same as those of the balls. The
distinct arrangements (n1, n2, n3, n4, n5) is number of ways in which the balls, one each in a
box, could be placed such that a ball does not go
to a box of its own colour is....... .
(98)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Answer Key
ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER-01 (QUADRATIC EQUATION)
SECTION-A (Straight objective type questions)
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7. (a)
8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (b)
15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (a)
22. (d) 23. (d) 24. (a) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (b)
29. (a) 30. (b) 31. (d) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b)
36. (a)
SECTION-B (Assertion-Reason type questions)
1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (a)
SECTION-C (Previous Years Questions)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a)
8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) 14. (a)
15. (a) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 21. (c)
22. (c) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (d)
SECTION-D (School/Board level type questions)
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (a)
8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a)
15. (c) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (d) 20. (b)
CHAPTER-02 (COMPLEX NUMBER)
SECTION-A (Straight objective type questions)
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (d)
8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (c) 14. (a)
15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (b) 21. (d)
22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (b)
29. (a) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (a) 35. (a)
36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (d) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (c)
43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (a) 49. (a)
50. (a) 51. (a) 52. (d) 53. (a) 54. (a) 55. (d) 56. (a)
57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (a) 60. (b) 61. (a) 62. (a) 63. (a)
64. (a) 65. (d) 66. (a) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (c)
71. (a) 72. (b) 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (a) 76. (a) 77. (c)
78. (b) 79. (a) 80. (a) 81. (b) 82. (a) 83. (a) 84. (d)
SECTION-B (Assertion-Reason type questions)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (c)
SECTION-C (PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS)
1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a)
8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d)
15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (a,d) 18. (a,b,c) 19. (c) 20. (a) 21. (d)
22. (c) 23. (a, c, d) 24. (d) 25. (d) 26. (a) 27. (c) 28. (d)
29. (c) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (d) 33. (d)
(99)
MATHEMATICS MODULE - II Answer Key
CHAPTER-03 (PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION)
SECTION-A (Straight objective type questions)
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (c)
8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (a)
15. (b) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (d) 21. (a)
22. (a) 23. (d) 24. (b) 25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (d) 28. (b)
29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (b) 34. (b) 35. (b)
36. (c) 37. (a) 38. (d) 39. (a) 40. (b) 41. (d) 42. (d)
43. (b) 44. (b) 45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (c)
50. (d) 51. (c) 52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (c) 55. (b) 56. (d)
57. (c) 58. (c) 59. (c) 60. (c) 61. (c)
SECTION-B (Assertion-reason type questions)
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a)
8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (c)
SECTION-C (PREVIOUS YEARS QUESTIONS)
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d)
8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (a)
SECTION-D (School/Board Level type questions)
1. 7 8 5 3 2. 8
P3 × 7! 3. 19958392 4. 3600
mn mn2
5. 360 6. 12 7. 8. m 1 n 1
mn
13. (i) (26)3(999); (ii) (26P3)(10P3) 15. 56, 21 16. 25 17. 246 18. 185
9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 9
19. (i) C5. C7 + C6. C6 + C7. C5 + C8. C4 + C9. C3; (ii) C5. C7 20. P4 × P3 (11)!
1
21. (n = 5) 22. n = 3 24. (7) 25. (2n – k2 + k – 2) 26. (300) 27. (9)
2
(100)
Common questions
Powered by AIThe discriminant, denoted as D, affects the nature of the roots of a quadratic equation ax^2 + bx + c = 0. If D > 0, the equation has two distinct real roots. If D = 0, it has exactly one real root, also known as a double root. If D < 0, the roots are complex and conjugate to each other. Additionally, if the discriminant is a perfect square and the coefficients are rational, the roots are rational numbers .
Permutations with repetitions can be calculated using the formula n!/(p!q!r!...), where n is the total number of items, and p, q, r, etc. are the counts of the repeated items. For the word 'COMMITTEE', which consists of 9 letters where C, O, M, I, T, E appear respectively 1, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2 times. The number of unique permutations would be calculated as 9!/(2!2!2!), simplifying the counting by accounting for the repetitions of letters M, T, and E .
Geometrically, the product of two complex numbers represented by z1 = r1(cos θ1 + i sin θ1) and z2 = r2(cos θ2 + i sin θ2) in the Argand plane is depicted by rotating one complex number by the angle of the other while scaling it by the other number's magnitude. The product z1z2 has a magnitude |z1z2| = |z1||z2|, and denotes a rotation by θ1 + θ2. The geometric representation showcases rotation about the origin by summing angles θ1 and θ2, while the distance from the origin is extended or contracted by the product of magnitudes .
A quadratic equation can only have more than two roots if it becomes an identity, meaning that the equation holds true for all values of x. For this to occur, the coefficients of the quadratic equation must satisfy a = b = c = 0. This is because if a quadratic equation is satisfied by more than two roots, real or complex, it is rendered an identity, thereby necessitating that all the coefficients equal zero .
The triangle inequality states that for any complex numbers z1 and z2, the absolute value of their sum is less than or equal to the sum of their absolute values, expressed as |z1 + z2| ≤ |z1| + |z2|. Furthermore, the difference of their magnitudes is also constrained by their combined magnitude, such that ||z1| - |z2|| ≤ |z1 - z2|. This inequality fundamentally describes the relationship between magnitudes in terms of comparison and provides a boundary for how one complex number relates to another spatially in the complex plane .
A hyperbola defines the locus of a complex number when the condition is set such that the difference of distances from two fixed points (complex numbers) is constant. This is represented by |z - z1| - |z - z2| = c, where c is a non-zero real constant. This condition specifies that the path traced by z maintains a consistent difference in its distances to z1 and z2, which geometrically constructs a hyperbolic curve on the complex plane .
In the Argand plane, if three points z1, z2, z3 are the vertices of an equilateral triangle, the properties of the triangle are influenced by their geometric position. The triangle is characterized by the condition that (z1 - z2)^2 + (z3 - z1)^2 = 0, or another arrangement such as 2z1 + 2z2 + 2z3 = z1^2 + z2^2 + z3^2. These relationships ensure the equidistance and equal angular relationships between the vertices, maintaining the triangular symmetry and congruency of the sides and angles within the complex plane .
Given two quadratic equations a1x^2 + b1x + c1 = 0 and a2x^2 + b2x + c2 = 0, with discriminants D1 and D2 respectively, if D1 + D2 is non-negative, it implies that at least one of the discriminants D1 or D2 is non-negative. Consequently, at least one of the equations has real roots. This relationship highlights that the positivity of the sum of discriminants indicates the presence of real roots in at least one of the equations .
When identical items are involved in permutations, the total number of permutations decreases due to redundancy in the arrangements. For instance, to find permutations when there are identical copies of certain items, the formula n!/(p!q!r!...), where n is the total number of items and p, q, r are the numbers of identical items, is used. This accounts for the indistinguishable swaps among identical items which do not create a unique arrangement, hence reducing the total count of permutations .
The locus of a complex number z forms a circle when the relationship between z and two fixed complex numbers z1 and z2 satisfies certain conditions: |z - z1| = k |z - z2|, where k is a constant not equal to 1. This condition describes a set of points equidistant from z1 and z2, forming a locus that is a circle. If instead the condition is |z - z1|^2 + |z - z2|^2 = |z1 - z2|^2, the locus is specifically defined as a circle with z1 and z2 as endpoints of a diameter .
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