Chapter 7

Physiological and injuries in sports

7.1 Physiological factor determining component of Physical Fitness

7.2 Effect of exercise on Cardio Respiratory System

7.3 Effect of exercise on Muscular System

7.4 Physiological changes due to aging Improves.

7.5 Sports injuries:

1. Soft Tissue Injuries:

Abrasion, Contusion, Laceration, Incision, Sprain & Strain)

2. Bone & Joint Injuries :

Dislocation,

Fractures: Stress Fracture, Green Stick, Commutated, Transverse Oblique &

Impacted) Causes, Prevention& treatment

7.1. Physiological factors determining Components of Physical

Fitness.

Strength:

1. Muscle size : Bigger and Larger muscles can produce more force. Males
have larger muscles than females so the size muscles and strong can be
improved with the help of weight training.

2. Muscle composition:

There are two types of fibers in muscles i.e. fast twitch fibers and slow twitch
fibers.
The muscles which consist of more percentage of fast twitch fibers will
produce more strength.

Fast Twitch vs Slow Twitch

Fast Twitch Fibres

Determines how fast you can run

White in colour

Training helps making these fibres contract more strongly

Training also helps in making fibre tire a little later

Slow Twitch Fibres

Determines how long (endurance) you can run

Red in colour

Training helps store more energy so that you can run even longer

3. Body weight :

There is a positive relation between body weight and strength.

The individuals who are heavier are stronger than the individuals who are
lighter in weight.

Physiological factors determining Flexibility:

1. Muscle strength: Bigger the Muscles Lesser the Flexibility.

2. Joint structure: There are different

Types of joints in human body, some of the joints intrinsically have greater
range of motion than others. For example. The ball and socket joint of the
shoulder has the greatest range of motion in comparison to the knee joint.

[Link] environment:-

Internal environment of athlete influences the flexibility. For example- warm

bath increases body temperature and flexibility whereas 10 minutes outside
stay in 10°c temperature reduces the body temperature and flexibility.

4. Injury

Injuries to connecting tissues and muscles can lead to thickening or fibroin

on the effected area. Fibrous tissues are less elastic and can lead to limb
shortening and lead to reduce flexibility.

[Link] and gender :- Flexibility decreases with the advancement of age.

However it is trainable. It can be enhanced with the help of training, as
strength and endurance are enhanced. Gender also determine the flexibility.
Females tend to be more flexible than male.

[Link] and sedentary life style :-Regular activities enhance the

flexibility, whereas inactive individual looses flexibility due to the soft tissues
and joints shrinking and loosing extensibility.

7. Heredity:

Flexibility can be transferred from one generation to another.

Physiological factors for determining speed,

 1 Explosive strength – For every quick and explosive movement,
explosive strength is indispensable. Like, a quick punch in boxing can not be
delivered if the boxer lacks explosive strength. Explosive strength further
depends on muscle composition, muscle size, and muscle coordination.

2 Muscle composition- The muscle which have more fast twitch fibers.
They can do more speed. The muscle composition is genetically
determined. We will improve it only by some training methods.

3. Mobility of nervous system -Motor and sensory nerves of nervous

system can be determined by the mobility of nervous system. By
training only we can limited extent in the mobility of nervous system
because speed is determined to a great extent by genetic factors.

4. Elasticity and Relaxing capacity of muscle

Through the elasticity of muscle, muscle can move to a maximum

range which reduces the inner hurdles and is instrumental in speeding
up the activity.

The muscles which get relaxed soon, they contract easily.

Physiological factors determining endurance :

[Link] capacity:-

Aerobic capacity is the a measure of the ability of the heart and lungs
to get oxygen to the muscles. An example of aerobic capacity is body’s
ability to take in and use oxygen to improve aerobic performance.

3. Oxygen Uptake :-

It is highest rate at which oxygen can be taken up-and consumed by the

heart per minute.

[Link] Output :-

The cardiac output is simply the amount of blood pumped by the heart per
minute.
CARDIAC OUTPUT

CARDIAC OUTPUT

Heart Rate (beats/min)

[Link]

[Link]

Blood Volume

[Link] Volume (mibeat)

[Link] resistance

7.2 Effect of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system.

Cardio system

It consists of three parts:

The heart, blood vessels and blood.

Its major function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients, remove CO2 and other
metabolic waste products, to transport hormones and other molecules, to
support thermoregulation and control of body fluid balance and lastly to
regulate immune function.

Cardiorespiratory System

[Link] System

[Link] System

7.2 Effect of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system.

The important parts of the respiratory system are the nose, nasal cavity,
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs. Air can also enter the
respiratory system through the oral cavity.
Its major functions include, transporting air to the lungs, exchanging gases
(02 and CO2) between the air and blood and regulating blood pH.

Effects of exercise on Respiratory system

Short Term

Respiratory rate increases

Tidal volume increases

Rate of exchange of gas increases

Long-term

Efficiency of respiratory muscles increases

Long volume Increases

Pulmonary diffusion increases

Residual volume increases

7.2 Effect of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system.

Increase in heart rate :- When an individual starts exercise, his heart rate
increases as per the intensity and duration of exercise.

2 Increase in stroke volume :-

Stroke volume increases proportionally with exercise intensity. It is measured

in ml/ beat.

Increase in blood pressure :-During the exercise, systolic blood pressure

can increase while diastolic blood pressure usually remains unchanged even
during the intensive exercise.

Increase in vital air capacity- It is the amount of air which an individual

can inhale and exhale with maximum effect. Its capacity varies from 3500 cc.
Due to exercise its capacity increases upto 5500 cc.
Increase in Residual air volume-

Due to regular exercise increases the capacity of residual volume from

normal capacity.

Passive Alveolus become Active –

Regular exercise activates the unused alveoli because much amount of O2 is

required in prolonged exercise of daily routine.

What Are Alveoli?

Endpoint of the respiratory system

Exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide in the bloodstream

7.3 Effects of exercise on muscular system.

“Muscle is a specialized tissue, which enables the body and its part to move
and give shape to the body”

Effects of Exercise

1. Change in shape and size of muscle

2. More energy supply to muscle
3. Improve in reaction time
4. Capillarization

( The formation and development of a network of capillaries to a part of the

body; it is increased by aerobic exercise.)

5. Reduction of fat
6. Muscular endurance
7. Posture
8. Controls extra fat
9. Delays fatigue
10. Increase food storage
11. Strength and speed
7.4 Physiological changes due to aging

1. Increased rigidity of the chest wall

2. Decreased respiratory muscle strength
3. Decreased cardiac output
4. Increased blood pressure
5. Impaired gas exchange in the lungs
6. Decreased vital capacity in the lungs
7. Slower expiratory flow rates in the lungs
8. Increased fat accumulation
9. Decreased lean body weight
10. Decreased calcium and phosphorous content of the bones

Classification of sports Injuries

[Link] Injuries

Soft tissue injuries (Skin Injuries)

1. Abrasion

2. Contusion

3. Laceration

4. Incision

B. Intermal Injuries

[Link] tissues Injury

a. sprain

b. strain

B. Hard tissues Injury

Jaints Injuries

[Link]

1. Shoulder joint
 2. hip joint

3. Wrist joint

4. Lower Jaw Dislocation

[Link] Injuries

Fracture

1. Green stick

2. Comminuted

3. Impacted

4. Transverse

5. Oblique

[Link]

[Link] Injuries

1. Tennis elbow

2. Tendinitis

3. Shin splints

4. Shoulder. ( Impingement )

Soft tissue refers to tissues that connect, support or surround other

structures and organs of the body the muscles, tendons, ligaments, fascial,
nerves, fibrous tissue, blood vessels, etc. soft tissue injuries involve injuries
to muscles, ligaments and tendons in the body.

1. Contusion (नील) :

Muscle injury occurs due to direct hit, with or without any sports equipment.
Blood vessels in the muscles are broken, bleeding may occur in the muscles
Stiffness & swelling common sign. Muscle may not respond or may become
totally inactive.
Common in:

Boxing, Wrestling, Kabaddi.

2. Strain:

Mild or severe muscle injury. In severe case, muscle may rupture. In case of
complete rupture movement of limb is not possible due to severe pain. May
happen during practice or clash.

3. Sprain (मोच) :

May occur due to over stretching or tearing of ligament. Occurs at wrist joint
and ankle joint. Some time fracture is possible along with sprain.

Swelling, inflammation, severe pain & tenderness are common symptoms.

4. Abrasion

Skin Injury that Occurs due to friction with any equipment or a fall over the
area where the bone is close to skin.

5. Bruises (चोट) :

An injury appearing as an area of discolored skin (red to blue or dark purple)

on the body Caused by a blow or impact rupturing underlying blood vessels.

6. Laceration :

Lacerations are wounds that are torn, rather than cut. They have ragged,
irregular edges and torn tissue underneath. These wounds are usually made
by a blunt, rather than a sharp, object.

7. Incision:

A surgical cut made in skin or flesh.

Preventive measures of soft tissue injuries:

1. Proper warming up
2. Proper conditioning of body

[Link] equipment & facilities

[Link] & plain surface of play grounds