Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

3D ELASTICITY

SPECIFICATION OF STRESS AT POINT AND EQUATINS OF

EQULIBIRIUM

z
z
σx, σy and σz are normal stresses, the rest 6 are the
τzy
shear stresses. τxy is the stress on the face perpendicular τzx τyz
to the x-axis and points in the +ve y direction Total of 9 τzy y
22
stress components of which only 6 are independent since τxy τyx
y 21
 xy   yx
x
 yz   zy  x 
 zx   xz  
 y x
x1
The stress vector is therefore:  
  z
 xy 
 yz 
 
 zx 

Consider the equilibrium of a differential volume element to obtain the 3

equilibrium equations of elasticity:
 x  xy  xz
  X 0
x y z
 xy  y  yz These equations must satisfied all point
  Y  0
x y z
throughout the volume of the body.
 xz  yz  z
  Z 0
x y z

The stress vary over the volume of the body, and when we arrive at the
surface they must be in such equilibrium with external forces in the
surface of the body. This conditions of equilibrium with external forces
on the surface can be obtained taking a tetrahedron OBCD
so that the side BCD coincides with surface of the body and denoting by
̅ , ̅ , ̅ the component of surface forces per unite area at point become
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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

z
z

(0, 0, c)
C
C (0, 0, c) F 2 
0 

x 

τxy
τyx  T2  i 2 ni
0 (0, c, 0) τxz
y (0, c, 0) In general, Tj
C y τzx y
τyx C
τzy
(b, 0, 0)
B (b, 0, 0)
x B
z
x
In which l, m, n are direction cosines of the external normal to the surface
of the body at the point under consideration.

OCTAHEDRAL PLANES AND STRESSES

The Figure below illustrates the orientation of one of the eight octahedral
planes which are associated with a given stress state.

Each of the octahedral planes cut across one of the corners of a principal
element, so that the eight planes together form an octahedron. The
stresses acting on these planes have interesting and significant
characteristics. First of all, identical normal stresses act on all eight
planes. By themselves the normal stresses are therefore said to be
hydrostatic and tend to compress or enlarge the octahedron but not distort
it.

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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

Shear stresses are also identical. These distort the octahedron without
changing its volume. Although the octahedral shear stress is smaller than
the highest principal shear stress, it constitutes a single value that is
influenced by all three principal shear stresses. Thus, it is important as a
criterion for predicting yielding of a stressed material.

x 
 
CONDITION OF COMPATIBILITY  y
  z 
Six independent strain components can be notice:    
 xy 
We have 3 displacement functions and 6 strain  yz 
 
 zx 
components. But strains are derivable from displacement

We have 6 compatibility equations :

These differential relations are called the conditions of compatibility.

Using Hooks law these conditions can transformed into relations between
the components of stress.
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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

Take, for instance, the condition:

Substitute in eq. above

Where:

Using equations of equilibrium:

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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

In the same manner the remaining three conditions can transformed into
equations of the following manner:

If there are no body forces or if the body forces are constant then these
equations become:

DETERMINATION OF DISPLACEMENT

To find u :

The second derivatives for the two other components of displacement v

and w can be obtained cyclical interchange in the equation above of letter
x, y, z. the additional linear functions have the form:

The constants a, d, f represent a translatory motion of the body, and b, c,

e are the three rotations of the rigid body around the coordinate axes.
These constants can easily be calculated so as to satisfy the condition of
constraint.

PRINCIPAL OF SUPERPOSITION

This principle states that For a given body made up of a material that
obeys isotropic Hooke’s law, in static equilibrium and whose magnitude
of displacement is small.

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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

if {u(1) ,σ (1)} is a solution to the prescribed body forces, b(1) and boundary
conditions, {u b(1) , t(n)(1) } and {u(2) ,σ(2)} is a solution to the prescribed
body forces, b(2) and boundary conditions, {u b(2) , t(n)(2) } then:

{u(1) + u(2) ,σ (1) + σ (2)} will be a solution to the problem with body forces,
b(1) + b(2) and boundary conditions, {u b(1) + u b(2) , t(n)(1) + t(n)(2) }. This is
one of the most often used principles to solve problems in engineering.

UNIQUENESS OF SOLUTION

There could at most be one solution that could satisfy the prescribed
displacement or mixed boundary conditions, in a given body made of a
material that obeys Hooke's law and in static equilibrium with no body
forces acting on it. If traction boundary condition is specified, we shall
see that the stress is uniquely determined but the displacement is not for
the bodies made of a material that obeys Hooke's law and in static
equilibrium with no body forces acting on it.

ELASTIC STRESS-STRAIN RELATIONS

For a linear-elastic isotropic material with all components of stress

present:

These equations are the generalized Hooke’s law. These Equations may
be solved to obtain stress components as a function of strains:

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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

For the first three relationships one may find:

PRINCIPAL STRAINS AND PLANES

Strain relations can be as function of principal strain written as follows:

by virtue of all shear strains and shear stresses being equal to zero.

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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

RODS UNDER AXIAL STRESS

As very simple example we may be

taken tension of a prismatic bar in the
axial direction. Body force are
neglected. The eq. of equilibrium

satisfied by taking:
σy = σz= τxy = τyz = τxz = 0,
σx = constant =X
We have a uniform distribution of
tensile stress over cross-section.

STRETCHING OF A PRISMATIC BAR BY ITS OWN WEIGHT

A prismatic bar of length "l " and cross-section "A"

hangs under its own weight "ρg"

The body forces for this problem are X = Y = 0, Z =

−ρg, where ρ is the material mass density and g is
the acceleration of gravity.

For a given area A, if the cross-sectional dimensions

of the bar are far smaller than its length, we can assume that in each
cross-section we have uniform tension, which leads to σx = σy = τxy = τyz
= τxz = 0, σz = ρgz

σz(z) = ∫ρgdz = ρgz + C

The bar is free of stresses at z = 0, then we can impose that σz(z) = 0. It

enables us to determine that C = 0, and thus the stress is given by σz =
ρgz. Use the constitutive equations to compute the strain components.
From Hooke’s law, we directly obtain:

Integrate the strain-displacement relations and apply boundary conditions

to obtain the displacement field.
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Theory of Elasticity Lecture 4

In which uo, vo are function of x and y only. The eq. above can satisfied
only if

It's easy to show that all these equations are satisfied by:

Where: α, β, γ, δ, γ1, δ1 are arbitrary constants. The general expressions

for the displacement are:

The six arbitrary constants must be determine from B.C. at support

u (0, 0, L) = v (0, 0, L) = w(0, 0, L) = 0 and 3 rotations = 0.

The final expression for the displacement are:

It may be seen that points on the z-axis

have only vertical displacements

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