Chem225: General Chemistry 1&2

Mr. Lemuel P. Regodon, LPT

lepregodon@[Link]

Carbon
Compounds
 Lesson Outline:
• The Uniqueness of
Carbon
Carbon • Hydrocarbons
• Aliphatic Hydrocarbons
Compounds • Aromatic Hydrocarbons
• Functional Groups
1. The Uniqueness of Carbon

• Carbon- carbon bonds are strong, so long

chains or rings of carbon atoms bonded to
one another are possible.
• Diamond and graphite are two familiar
examples, the diamond lattice being a three-
dimensional network of carbon atoms,
whereas graphite actually more closely
resemble a planar network.
• The properties of graphite actually are
related to its structure, which permits the Different forms of
Carbon
planes to slide past the other.

Organic Chemistry
1. The Uniqueness of Carbon

• Carbon is not unique in forming bonds to

itself because other elements also form
strong bonds in the elementary state.
• The uniqueness of carbon stems from the
fact that it forms strong carbo-carbon
bonds that also are strong when in
combination with other elements.
• For example, the combination of hydrogen
with carbon results to variety of carbon
hydrides, or hydrocarbons.

Organic Chemistry
1. The Uniqueness of Carbon

• Carbon forms bonds not only with itself and

with hydrogen but also with many other
elements, including strongly electron-
attracting elements such as fluorine and
strongly electropositive metals such as
lithium.

Organic Chemistry
1. The Uniqueness of Carbon

• Why is carbon so versatile?

• The versatility of carbon is attributed to its
being a relatively small atom with four
valence electrons.
• To form simple saltlike compounds such as
sodium chloride, NaCl, carbon would have
to either lose four valence electrons to an
element such as fluorine and become a
quadripositive ion, C4+, or acquire four
electrons from an element such as lithium
and form quadrinegative ion, C4-.

Organic Chemistry
 Methane, CH4

1. The Uniqueness of Carbon

Ethane, C2H6

• Carbon completes its valence-shell octet by

sharing electrons with other atoms.
Ethene, C2H4
• In compounds with shared electron bonds
(or covalent bonds) such as methane, ethane
or ethene, each of the bonded atoms
including carbon has its valence shell filled:

3-chloro-1-butene

Organic Chemistry
1. Hydrocarbons: Saturated hydrocarbons

• Hydrocarbons are organic compounds that

contain only carbon and hydrogen.
• The four general classes of hydrocarbons
Ethane, C2H6

are: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and arenes.

• Alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes belong to
aliphatic hydrocarbons, while arenes
belong to aromatic hydrocarbons, a special
group of oils with fragrant odors.
Toluene or
methyl benzene

Organic Chemistry
1. Hydrocarbons: Saturated hydrocarbons Methane, CH4

• Saturated hydrocarbons (Alkanes) are the

simplest of the hydrocarbon species.
• They are composed entirely of single bonds Ethane, C2H6

and are saturated with hydrogen.

• The general formula for saturated
hydrocarbons is CnH2n+2 (assuming non-
cyclic structures).

Hexane, C6H14

Organic Chemistry
1. Hydrocarbons: Saturated hydrocarbons Methane, CH4

• Saturated hydrocarbons are the basis

of petroleum fuels and are found as
either linear or branched species.
• The simplest alkanes have their C
atoms bonded in a straight chain;
these are normal alkanes.
• They are named according to the Butane, condensed structure

number of C atoms in the chain. Butane, Lewis structure

• The smallest alkane is methane

Butane, linear structure

Organic Chemistry
1. Hydrocarbons: Unsaturated hydrocarbons
Ethene, C2H4

• Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or

more double or triple bonds between carbon
atoms.
• Those with double bond are called alkenes
and those with one double bond have the
formula CnH2n (assuming non-cyclic Propene, C3H6
structures).
• The smallest alkene is ethene.

Propene, linear structure

Organic Chemistry
1. Hydrocarbons

• Those containing triple bonds are called

alkynes, with a general formula CnH2n-2.
• The smallest alkyne is ethyne, which is also
known as acetylene.

Different representations of
propyne

Organic Chemistry
 1. Hydrocarbons: Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Cyclopentane and cyclohexane
• Cycloalkanes are hydrocarbons containing one or
more carbon rings to which hydrogen atoms are
attached.
• The general formula for a saturated hydrocarbon
containing one ring is CnH2n.
• Bicycloalkanes are two cycloalkanes connected
by central carbon atoms.

[3.2.0]bicycloheptane [4.3.0] bicyclononane [4.3.1] bicyclodecane [3.3.2] bicyclodecane

Organic Chemistry
2. Hydrocarbons

• Aromatic hydrocarbons, also known as

arenes, are hydrocarbons that have at least
one aromatic ring or the benzene ring.
• Aromatic compounds contain the benzene
unit.
• Benzene itself is composed of six C atoms in
a ring, with alternating single and double C-
C bonds.

Structures of Benzene ring

Organic Chemistry
2. Hydrocarbons

• Because of differences in molecular

structure, the empirical formula remains
different between hydrocarbons; in linear, or
“straight-run” alkanes, alkenes, and
alkynes, the amount of bonded hydrogen
lessens in alkenes and alkynes due to the
“self-bonding” or “catenation” of carbon
preventing entire saturation of the
hydrocarbon by the formation of double or
triple bond.

Organic Chemistry
2. Hydrocarbons

• The inherent ability of hydrocarbons to bond

to themselves is known as catenation, and
allows hydrocarbon to form more complex
molecules, such as cyclohexane, and in
rarer cases, arenes such as benzene.
• This ability comes from the fact that the
bond character of carbon atoms is entirely
nonpolar.

Organic Chemistry
3. Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons

• The word “saturated” means that each

carbon atom is bonded to four other atoms
(hydrogen or carbon)- the most possible;
there are no double or triple bond in the
molecules.

Organic Chemistry
3. Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons

• The flat representation shown do not

accurately portray the bond angles or
molecular geometry.
• Methane has a tetrahedral shape that
chemists often portray with wedges
indicating bonds coming out toward you,
and dashed lines indicating bonds that go
back away from you.

The tetrahedral
methane molecule

Organic Chemistry
3. Alkanes: Saturated hydrocarbons Greek prefixes in red
Alkyl group: Alkane
minus one hydrogen

Methyl
• Methane (CH4), ethane (C2H6), and propane Ethyl
(C3H8) are the beginning of a series of Propyl
compounds in which any two members in a Butyl
sequence differ by one carbon atom and two
Pentyl
hydrogen atoms- namely a CH2 unit.
Hexyl
• The first 10 members of alkanes series are Heptyl
the following: Octyl
Nonyl
Decyl

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

• Alkenes are hydrocarbons with carbon-to-

carbon double bonds and alkynes are
hydrocarbons with carbon-to-carbon triple
bonds.
• Collectively, they are called unsaturated
hydrocarbons because they have fewer
hydrogen atoms than an alkane with the
same number of carbon atoms.

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

• The first two alkenes, ethene and propene,

are commonly known as ethylene and
propylene.
ethene
• Ethylene is a major commercial chemical,
used to manufacture polyethylene, one of
the most familiar plastics.

propene

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

• International Union of Pure and Applied

Chemistry (IUPAC) rules in naming alkenes;
1. The longest chain of carbon atoms
containing the double bond is considered
the parent chain. It is named using the
same stem as the alkane having the same
number of carbon atoms but ends in –ene to
identify it as an alkene. Thus, the compound propene

CH2=CHCH3 is propene.

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

2. If there are four or more carbon atoms in

a chain, we must indicate the position of the
double bond. The carbon atoms are
numbered so that the first of the two that are
double bonded is given the lower of the two
possible numbers. For example, the
compound CH3CH=CHCH2CH3 is named
2-pentene, not 3-pentene. The correct
numbering of the
parent chain is in
green.

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

3. Substituent groups are named as with

alkanes, and their position is indicated by a
number. Note that the numbering of the
parent chain is always done in a such a way
as to give the double bond the lowest
number, even if that causes a substituent to
have a higher number. The double bond
always has priority in numbering.

4-chloro-2-pentene

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

Sample Problems: Name the following

hydrocarbons.

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

Sample Problems: Name the following

hydrocarbons.

hexane [3.1.0] bicyclohexane 4,6-dichloro-2-hexene

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

Sample Problems: Name the following

hydrocarbons.

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

Sample Problems: Name the following

hydrocarbons.

3-bromo-1,4-octadiyne cyclopentene 4-chloro-2-methyl-2-pentene

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

Sample Problems: Draw the structure for each

compound:

1. 3-methyl-2-pentene
2. Cyclohexyne
3. 2,3-dibromo-5,5,6-trimethyl-1-octene

Organic Chemistry
4. Alkenes and Alkynes

Sample Problems: Draw the structure for each

compound:

3-methyl-2-pentene cyclohexyne 2,3-dibromo-5,5,6-trimethyl-1-octene

Organic Chemistry
5. Hydrocarbon Reactions

• Alkane molecules are nonpolar and

therefore generally do not react with
ionic compounds such as most
laboratory acids, bases, oxidizing
agents, or reducing agents.
• Alkane molecules undergo few
reactions that they are sometimes hexane

called paraffins, from the Latin

parum affinis, meaning “little
affinity”.

Organic Chemistry
5. Hydrocarbon Reactions

• Two important reactions that the alkanes

do undergo are combustion and
halogenation. 𝐶𝐻4 + 2𝑂2 → 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝐶𝑂2 + ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
• Nothing happens when alkanes are Combustion of methane,
producing water and carbon
merely mixed with oxygen (O2) at room dioxide and energy (heat)
temperature, but when a flame or spark
provides the activation energy, a highly
exothermic combustion reaction proceeds
vigorously.
• The equation on the side is the
combustion of methane gas (CH4).

Organic Chemistry
5. Hydrocarbon Reactions

• If the reactants are adequately mixed

and there is sufficient oxygen, the only 2𝐶𝐻4 + 3𝑂2 → 4𝐻2 𝑂 + 2𝐶𝑂 + ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡
products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and
water (H2O), and heat- heat for cooking Combustion of methane, in
the presence of insufficient
foods, heating homes, and drying oxygen produces carbon
monoxide, a toxic gas.
clothes.
• When oxygen supply is limited, carbon
monoxide (CO) is formed as a by
product. This reaction is responsible for
dozens of deaths each year from
unventilated or improperly adjusted gas
heaters.

Organic Chemistry
5. Hydrocarbon Reactions

• Alkanes also react with halogens chlorine

(Cl2) and Bromine (Br2) in the presence of
ultraviolet light or at high temperatures to
yield chlorinated and brominated alkanes.

• For example: CH4 + Cl2 → CH3Cl + HCl

+ → +

Organic Chemistry
6. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

• Benzene, C6H6 is the simplest member of a

large family of hydrocarbons, called aromatic
hydrocarbons.
• These carbons contain ring structures or
known as benzene rings.

Methyl benzene or chlorobenzene bromobenzene

Toluene

Organic Chemistry
6. Aromatic Hydrocarbons O-dichlorobenzene

• In naming benzene ring derivatives, the

position of the substituent should be
numbered in the direction that gives them the
lowest assigned number. m-dichlorobenzene

• The prefix ortho- (o) is used when carbon

atoms 1 and 2 of the benzene ring contains
the same substituents. The prefix meta- (m) is
used for carbons 1 and 3, while the prefix
para- (p) for 1 and 4, carbon atoms.
p-dichlorobenzene

Organic Chemistry
6. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Sample Problems: Name the following benzene

ring derivatives.

Organic Chemistry
6. Aromatic Hydrocarbons

Sample Problems: Name the following benzene

ring derivatives.

para-dimethylbenzene propylbenzene 6-bromo-3-benzyl-1-heptene

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups

• Functional groups determine the chemical

reactivity of an organic molecule.
• Functional groups are structural units of a
molecule under a given set of conditions.
• Organic compounds are classified into
several major categories based on the
functional groups in the basic hydrocarbon
framework.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

• An alcohol is an organic compound with a

hydroxyl (OH) functional group on an
aliphatic carbon atom.
• Because OH is the functional group of all
alcohols, we often represent alcohols by the
general formula R-OH, where R is an alkyl
group. Propyl alcohol or
propanol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

• Alcohols are common in nature. Most people

are familiar with ethyl alcohol (ethanol), the
active ingredient in alcoholic beverages, but Ethyl alcohol or
ethanol
this compound is only one of a family of
alcohols.
• The family also includes such familiar
substances as cholesterol and the
carbohydrates.
• Methanol and ethanol are the first two Methyl alcohol or
members of the homologous series of methanol

alcohols.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols Methyl alcohol

• Nomenclature of Alcohols ethyl alcohol

• Alcohols with one or four carbon atoms are

frequently called by their common names, in
which the name of the alkyl group and
followed by the word alcohol:
propyl alcohol

butyl alcohol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols

• Alcohols are named by changing the ending of
the parent alkane name to –ol.
1. The longest continuous chain (LCC) of
carbon atoms containing the OH group is
taken as the parent compound- an alkane
with the same number of carbon atoms. The
chain is numbered from the end nearest the
OH group.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols

• Alcohols are named by changing the ending of
the parent alkane name to –ol.
2. The number that indicates the position of the
OH group is prefixed to the name of the parent
hydrocarbon, and the –e ending of the parent
alkane is replaced by the suffix –ol. The
substituents are named and numbered as in 3-heptanol

alkanes.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

IUPAC Nomenclature of Alcohols

• Alcohols are named by changing the ending of 2,3-hexanediol
the parent alkane name to –ol.
3. If more than one OH group appears in the
same molecule (polyhydroxyl alcohols or
polyol), suffixes such as –diol and –triol are
used. In these cases, the –e ending of the parent
alkane is retained.

3,4,4-heptanetriol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

Sample Problems: Give the IUPAC name for

each compound:

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

Sample Problems: Give the IUPAC name for

each compound:

1,2-propanediol
1-methylcyclopentanol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

Sample Problems: Draw the structures of the

given compounds.
1. 2-hexanol
2. 3-methyl-2-pentanol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Alcohols

Sample Problems: Draw the structures of the

given compounds.
1. 2-hexanol
2. 3-methyl-2-pentanol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• Some of the properties of alcohols depend on
the number of carbon atoms attached to the
specific carbon atom that is attached to the
OH group.
1. A primary (1o) alcohol is one in which the
carbon atom with the OH group is attached
to one other carbon atom. Its general
formula is RCH2OH. 1-butanol is a primary
alcohol, or isobutyl alcohol,
C3H7CH2OH

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• Some of the properties of alcohols depend on
the number of carbon atoms attached to the sec-propyl
alcohol,
specific carbon atom that is attached to the (CH3)2CHOH

OH group.
2. A secondary (2o) alcohol is one in which the
carbon atom with the OH group is attached to
two other carbon atoms. Its general formula is
R2CHOH. sec-pentyl alcohol,
(C2H5)2CHOH

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• Some of the properties of alcohols depend on
the number of carbon atoms attached to the
specific carbon atom that is attached to the
OH group.
3. A tertiary (3o) alcohol is one in which the
carbon atom with the OH group is attached to
three other carbon atoms. Its general formula is
R3COH. Isobutyl alcohol,
(CH3)3COH

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• The prefixes Iso-, Sec- and Tert- reflects the
classification of an alcohol.
• Examine the structural formula of isobutyl,
Sec-butyl, and Tert-butyl alcohols:

CN: Isobutyl alcohol CN: Sec-butyl alcohol CN: Tert- butyl alcohol
IUPAC: 2-methyl-1-propanol IUPAC: 2-butanol IUPAC: 2-methyl-2-propanol
Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• Sample Problems: name and classify the
following alcohols:

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• Sample Problems: name and classify the
following alcohols:

Class: Secondary
Common name: cyclohexyl alcohol
IUPAC: cyclohexanol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• Sample Problems: Draw the structures of the following
alcohols.

3- heptanol 3-methyl-2-pentanol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Classification
of Alcohols
• Sample Problems: Draw the structures of the following
alcohols.

3- heptanol 3-methyl-2-pentanol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• Chemical reactions in
alcohols occur mainly at the
functional group, but some
involve hydrogen atoms
Concd H2SO4, 180oC
attached to OH-bearing Excess acid +
carbon atom or to an
adjacent carbon atom.
• The two most common
reactions of alcohols are
dehydration and oxidation.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• An alcohol undergoes
dehydration in the presence of
a catalyst to form an alkene
and water.
Concd H2SO4, 180oC
• The reaction removes OH Excess acid +
group from the carbon atom
and a hydrogen atom from an
adjacent carbon atom in the
same molecule.
• Observe the formation of
ethylene and water from
ethanol.
Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• Under proper conditions, it is possible for dehydration to occur between two
alcohol molecules. The entire OH group of one molecule and the only hydrogen
atom of the OH group of the second molecule are removed.
• The two ethyl groups attached to an oxygen atom to form an ether molecule.
• Observe the formation of diethyl ether and water from two molecules of ethanol:

Concd H2SO4

140oC excess ethanol

water

Two molecules of ethanol Diethyl ether

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• Primary and secondary alcohols are readily
oxidized.
• The oxidation of ethanol to form acetaldehyde
(an aldehyde) is described in the equation:

[O]

ethanol Acetaldehyde (an aldehyde)

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• Secondary alcohols are oxidized to form
ketones. The equation on the side shows the
oxidation of isopropyl alcohol to form
acetone, a ketone:

K2Cr2O7
H+

Isopropyl alcohol (a Acetone (a ketone)

secondary alcohol)
Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• Tertiary alcohols are resistant to oxidation
because the carbon atom that carries the OH
group does not have a hydrogen atom
attached but is bonded to other carbon atom.

[O]
No reaction

A tertiary alcohol

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• Sample Problems: Write the equation for the
oxidation of each alcohol. Use [O] above the
arrow to indicate an oxidizing agent. If no
reaction occurs, write “no reaction”.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Reactions of
Alcohols
• Sample Problems: Write the equation for the
oxidation of each alcohol. Use [O] above the
arrow to indicate an oxidizing agent. If no
reaction occurs, write “no reaction”.

[O]

A secondary alcohol A ketone

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• The next functional group we consider, the
carbonyl group, has a carbon-to-oxygen
double bond.
• Carbonyl groups define two related families
of organic compounds: the aldehydes and the
ketones.

Carbonyl group

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• In a ketone, two carbon groups are attached
to the carbonyl carbon atom.
• The following general formulas, in which R
represents an alkyl group and Ar stands for an
aryl group, represent ketones:

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• In an aldehyde, at least one of the attached
groups must be a hydrogen atom. The
following compounds are aldehydes:

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• In condensed formulas, we use –CHO- to
identify an aldehyde rather than COH, which
might be confused with alcohol. A ketone is
also represented by -CO-.
• Because aldehydes and ketones contain the
same functional group, they share many
common properties.

Organic Chemistry
 formaldehyde
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• The common names of aldehydes are taken
acetaldehyde

from the names of the acids into which the

aldehydes can be converted by oxidation.
• The stems for the common names of the first propionaldehyde
four aldehydes are as follows:
1. 1 carbon: form-
2. 2 carbons : acet-
3. 3 carbons : propion-
4. 4. carbons: butyr-

Linear and Lewis structure of butyraldehyde

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• Because the carbonyl group in ketone must be
attached to two carbon groups, the simplest
ketone has three carbon groups. It is widely
known as acetone, a unique name unrelated
to other common names for ketones.

CN: acetone
IUPAC: dimethyl ketone

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• Common naming for ketones and aldehydes:
• Generally, the common names of ketones CN: acetone
consist of the names of the groups attached o
the carbonyl group, followed by the word
ketone.
• Another name for acetone, then, is dimethyl
ketone.
• The ketone with four carbon atoms is ethyl
methyl ketone.
ethyl methyl ketone

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• Sample Problems: Classify the following as
an aldehyde or as a ketone. Give the common
name of each ketone.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• Sample Problems: Classify the following as
an aldehyde or as a ketone. Give the common
name of each ketone.

butyraldehyde Isopropyl methyl ketone

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• IUPAC rules in naming for ketones and
aldehydes:
1. The stem of aldehydes and ketones are
derived from those of the parent alkanes,
defined by the longest continuous chain
(LCC).

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
2. For an aldehyde, drop the –e from the alkane IUPAC: methanal

name and add the ending –al. Methanal is the

IUPAC name for formaldehyde, and ethanal is
the IUPAC name for acetaldehyde.

IUPAC: propanal

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• IUPAC rules in naming for ketones and
aldehydes: IUPAC: propanone

3. For a ketone, drop the –e from the alkane

name and add the ending –one. Propanone is
the IUPAC name for acetone, and butatone is
the IUPAC name of ethyl methyl ketone.

IUPAC: butanone

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• IUPAC rules in naming for ketones and
aldehydes:
4. To indicate the position of a substituent on an
aldehyde, the carbonyl carbon is always
considered C1: it is unnecessary to designate
this group by number.

3-bromopentanal

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
5. To indicate the position of a substituent on
ketone, number the chain in the manner that
gives the carbinyl carbon atom the lowest
possible number. In cyclic ketones, it is
understood that the carbonyl carbon atom is
C1.
IUPAC4,5- dibromo-3-heptanone

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• Sample Problems. Give the IUPAC name for
each compound:

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Aldehydes
and Ketones
• Sample Problems. Give the IUPAC name for
each compound:

2-methylpentanal 2,4-dimethyl-3-pentanone

cyclohexanone Organic Chemistry

6. Functional Groups: Carboxylic
Acids, Amides, Nitriles and Esters
• If a carbonyl group is bonded on one side to
carbon (or hydrogen) and on the other side to
a heteroatom (refers to oxygen, nitrogen,
sulfur, or one of the halogens), the functional
group is considered to be one of the
carboxylic acid derivatives.
• Carboxylic acid functional group, in which
the carbonyl is bonded to a hydroxyl (OH) Carboxylic acid group

group.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Carboxylic
Acids, Amides, Nitriles, and Esters
• In amides, the carbonyl carbon is bonded to a
nitrogen.
• The nitrogen in an amide can be bonded to
either hydrogens, to carbons, or to both.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Carboxylic
Acids, Amides, Nitriles, and Esters
• In esters, the carbonyl group is bonded to an
oxygen which itself is bonded to another
carbon.
• Thioesters are similar to esters, except a
sulfur is in place of the oxygen.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Carboxylic
Acids, Amides, Nitriles, and Esters
• The nitrile group, a carbon is triple bonded to
a nitrogen. Nitriles are also often referred ti
as cyano group.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Ethers

• The general formula for ethers is R-O-R’ .

• Simple ethers have simple common names,
formed from the names of the groups attached
to the oxygen atom, followed by the generic
name ether.
• For example, CH3-O-CH2CH2CH3 is methyl
propyl ether. If both groups are the same, the
prefix di- is used.
Methyl ethyl ether

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Ethers

• Sample Problem. Write the common names of

the following ethers:

1.

2.

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Ethers

• Sample Problem. Write the common names of

the following ethers:

1. Dipropyl ether

2. Isopropyl methyl ether

Organic Chemistry
6. Functional Groups: Ethers

• Sample Problem. Write the common names of

the following ethers:

1. Dipropyl ether

2. Isopropyl methyl ether

Organic Chemistry
End of the Chapter.