Availability and Accessibility of Information Resources by Students in

Tertiary Institutions: A Case Study of Gboko Polytechnic, Gboko-Benue

State, Nigeria.

BY

UGBA, TERLANGA
CHIEF LIBRARIAN, COLLEGE LIBRARY; COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
KATSINA –ALA, BENUE STATE, NIGERIA.
PHONE NUMBER: 08038314188
EMAIL: kumafanbaba@[Link]
TONDO, RICHARD IORVER
LIBRARIAN II, BENUE STATE SCHOOL OF MIDWIFERY, MAKURDI
PHONE NUMBER: 08065067151
EMAIL: tondorichard@[Link]

TOFI, SIMON TERNENGE

LIBRARIAN II, BENUE STATE SCHOOL OF NURSING, MAKURDI
PHONE NUMBER: 07036431885
EMAIL: ternengetofi@[Link]

AKOSU HYACINTH
LIBRARIAN II, BENUE STATE SCHOOL OF NURSING, MAKURDI
PHONE: 08189387905
EMAIL: Akosuhyacinth@[Link]
&
AKAAIMO, GABRIEL TERHEMEN
PHONE NUMBER: 08134809706
EMAIL: terhemen30@[Link]

1
 ABSTRACT

The study was designed to investigate the availability and accessibility of

information resources by students in tertiary institution: A case study of Gboko
Polytechnic Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria. The study employed a survey
research design. Population of the study comprised of 562 students of the
polytechnic under study. 120 respondents were draw from the population using
simple random sampling technique to form the sample size. Questionnaire was
used to collect data for the study. The collected data was analyzed using simple
percentages. The study revealed that information resources in the library under
study are grossly inadequate. The library has few books, newspapers/magazines
which are not even current and dictionaries. The study also revealed that the
available information resources in the library understudy are not accessible.
The study identified the problem to availability and accessibility of information
resources to include lack of awareness of the information materials available in
the library, lack of internet facilities, and no library catalogue in the library,
lack of money to acquire library resources, lack of knowledge on how to use
information materials and lack of qualified library staff. The study finally
identified strategies that will be employed to overcome the identified problems
to include money should be made available for the procurement of library
materials, provision of computers and internet facilities in the library, proper
awareness should be created by the library on the information resources they
have, employment of more qualified library staff, information retrieval tools
such as catalogue, abstracts, etc. should be prepared to ease accessibility and
organization of intensive user education programme to teach students how to
use library materials. The study concluded that, information resources should
be made available and access should be created to enable students utilize the
resources effectively.

Key words: Availability, Accessibility, Information Resources, Students and

Polytechnic

2
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

In each society, there are facilities other than classrooms that can

contribute in no small measure to teaching and learning process. For learning to

take place, learners must have access to necessary information materials and

resources. They have to interact with tangible and intangible resources and

institutions to ensure some levels of performance. In an academic environment

like Gboko Polytechnic, one of the main source of information is the library.

Roberson in Anande, Isaiah and Tondo (2015) defines a library as an

institution that manages the intellectual products that individual can gain access

to readily. Iyanda and Salawa in Ayoro (2004) on the other hand see library as a

building, an instructional and self-development center, which operate as an

integral part of the entire school environment. Also, Ranganathan as cited by

Iyanda and Salawu (2006) describes library as a public institution or an

establishment charged with the care of collection of books with the duty of

making them accessible to those who require the use of them and the task of

converting every person in its neghbourhood into habitual library goers and

readers of books. To Anande, Isaiah and Tondo (2015), library is a collection of

written, printed or graphics and audio-visual materials organized and

3
maintained for reading, study and interpreted to meet broad and varying needs

of people for information, knowledge, recreation and aesthetic enjoyment.

Libraries provide resources for knowledge, acquisition, recreation, personal

interests and inter-personal relationships for all categories of users. However, in

an academic environment, attention is basically focused on academic and non-

academic staff, students and researchers.

The philosophy of librarianship is based on the concept of library services

and provision of relevant resources for users. To this end, professional librarians

continue to strive to collect, store, organize and disseminate all forms of

recorded knowledge in order to satisfy both present and future information

needs of users. Information resources are the stock in trade of librarians. These

are the resources in the library which make services possible. They are materials

which the users come to consult, read and borrow. Information resources are

many and varied, but they can be divided in to two braid categories namely;

printed and non-printed resources. The printed resources are books, pamphlets,

periodicals, encyclopedias, newspapers and many others.

Non-printed resources are however, often referred to as audio-visual

resources. They are divided into audio, visual and audio-visual. These are the

products of advanced technology, some of which require special equipment to

operate. We also have electronic resources as part of information resources in

the libraries.

4
 Popoola and Haliso (2009) define information resources as those

information bearing materials that are in both printed and electronic formats.

Such as textbook, journals, indexes, abstracts, newspapers and magazines,

reports, CD-Rom, databases, internet (E-mail, video, tapes/cassettes, diskettes,

magnetic disk, computers, microforms and many others. These information

resources are the raw materials that libraries acquire, catalogue, stock and make

available to their patrons as well as use to provide various other services.

The vision of the polytechnic is to provide a platform for qualitative

technical education in serene-agrarian and conducive learning environment to

all eligible Nigerians who will drive the national economy. With a mission to

make the institution a center of academic excellence with a culture of

entrepreneurial, technology and industrial development of skill manpower. With

the vision and mission of the polytechnic, a polytechnic library was established

alongside with the polytechnic to support teaching, learning and research in

order to achieve her vision and mission. The polytechnic has a professional

library staff. The polytechnic library recently acquires some information

resources in the courses offered in the school, the resources are mostly

textbooks of various types, newspapers and magazines as well as reference

resources.

Student of Gboko Polytechnic, Gboko need various kinds of information

for learning and research for the purpose of knowledge acquisition and self-

5
development. To achieve this, the right information must be available for the

right person at the right time in its appropriate format. Which are the

responsibilities of the polytechnic library. Oguntuase and Falaiye in Anande,

Isaiah and Tondo (2015) agree with this view by observing that, the most

effective way to mobilize people is through the provision of required

information in the most useable form and that such information should be

provided for the benefit of a large number of people. This entails availability

and accessibility of information resources.

Based on the above background, this study seeks to investigate how

available and accessible are information resources to students of Gboko

Polytechnic, Gboko, Benue State Nigeria.

1.2 Statement of the Problem

The ability of the academic library to provide the available learning

resources is being continually undermined and called into question. In spite of

the fact that library is the supportive input for any academic institutions for

teaching, learning and research. It is observed by various researchers that,

institutions’ management are not providing adequate library and information

resources for their institutions for the benefit of both academic staff and

students. It is equally observed that, in some places where these resources are

available, they are not put into maximum used by the students of various

institutions. In the light of this, this study would examine the availability and

6
accessibility of information resources by students in tertiary institutions: A case

of Gboko Polytechnic Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria in order to identify the

problems affecting the availability and accessibility of information resources

with a view to suggesting the strategies that would be adopted to improve

availability and accessibility of information resources by the students.

1.3 Purpose of the Study

The main purpose of the study is to investigates the availability and

accessibility of information resources by students of Gboko Polytechnic,

Gboko, Benue State, Nigeria. The specific purposes of the study are to:

1. Find out the types of information resources available in Gboko

Polytechnic library

2. Investigate the extent of accessibility of information resources by

the students of Gboko Polytechnic, Gboko

3. Identify the problems affecting the availability and accessibility of

information resources.

4. Suggest the strategies that will be adopted to improve the

availability and accessibility of information resources.

1.4 Research Questions

The study seeks to answer the following research questions:

7
 1. What are the types of information resources availability in Gboko

Polytechnic library?

2. What is the extent of accessibility of the available information

resources by the students of Gboko Polytechnic, Gboko?

3. What are the problems that affect the availability and accessibility

of information resources by students of Gboko Polytechnic,

Gboko?

4. What are the strategies that will be adopted to improve the

availability and accessibility of information resources?

1.5 significance of the Study

This study will be of great benefit to school managements, library

authorities, students and scholars in library and information science profession.

To school managements, the findings of this study will help to properly

establish and place the library in its rightful position within the set-up of the

polytechnic. It will also help to identify availability or non-availability,

accessibility or inaccessibility and inadequacies of the information resources in

Gboko Polytechnic library with a view to alerting the authorities on its

implications.

Furthermore, the findings will constitute a useful tool to library

authorities with particular regards to polytechnic library development.

8
 To students, the findings of the study will provide opportunities for

students to develop proactive approach towards the use of library and its

resources and services.

Finally, the findings of the study will be of great significant to scholars or

researchers in library and information science profession as it will contribute

significantly to the growing number of literature in the field of librarianship and

serve as a bedrock for further researcher.

1.6 Scope of the Study

The study investigates the availability and accessibility of information

resources by students in tertiary institutions. The study is restricted to Gboko

Polytechnic Gboko and it does not cover all the tertiary institutions in Benue

State. The study intends to investigate the following variables; types of

information resources available, accessibility of information resources,

problems affecting availability and accessibility of information resources and

strategies to overcome the problems.

1.7 Operational Definition of Research Concepts

Library: Is a collection of sources of information and similar resources

principally print and non-print professionally, made accessible to a defined

community for reference, reading or borrowing. It provides physical or digital

9
access to materials, and may be physical building or room, or a virtual space, or

both.

Information Resources: Are those information bearing materials that are both

in printed and electronic formats. They are the raw materials that the library

acquires, catalogue, stock and make accessible to users as well as use to provide

various other services. They include, textbooks, newspapers, magazines,

journals, encyclopedia, internet, CD-ROM technology, diskettes,

tapes/cassettes, computers, etc.

Availability: The quality or state of being available. This is a situation whereby

a needed information resource is ready for use or at hand.

Accessibility: It refers to the ability for everyone, regardless of disability or

special needs to access, use and benefit from every information resources within

the library.

Tertiary Institution: This is an institution of learning beyond the secondary

school level. For example, university, college, polytechnic, etc.

Student: A person who formally engaged in learning at a school, university,

polytechnic.

10
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction

This chapter reviews the available literature related to the topic under

study. The review will be under the following headings:

- Conceptual framework

- Types of information resources available in libraries in tertiary

institutions

- Accessibility of information resources

- Use of information resources

- Problems affecting availability and accessibility of information

resources.

- Strategies to overcome the problems

- Empirical studies

- Summary of the reviews

11
2.2 Conceptual Framework

The main variables of the study as shown on purpose of the study are

reviewed as shown below.

2.2.1 Types of Information Resources Available in Libraries in Tertiary

Institutions

The concept of information resources is used to mean anything that can

provide intellectual stimulation to the reader/learner and it includes books

periodicals, newspapers, pamphlets and ephemeral materials audio materials,

films materials, graphic computers, etc. as well as individuals and objects in the

community (Elaturoti, 1977). Information resources according to Gana (1992)

in Anande, Isaiah and Tondo (2015) include everything that is used in providing

the required services to the clientele. Fayose (2000) identifies library resources

as those materials which enable libraries to carry their functions out effectively.

They are made up of books and other information bearing media. Information

resources can be divided into groups according to their functions and levels of

scholarship or according to their different formats. In tertiary institutions for

example, the resources fall in to two major categories according to the level of

scholarship and their function. These include study/teaching materials and

research materials.

12
 Study/teaching materials are the resources required by students for their

study. They consist of recommended textbooks, books to support class texts,

journals, past examination papers, reference books, monograph, etc. While the

research materials are used by higher degree students and lecturers. These are

made up of periodicals, documents of different kinds, treaties, manuscripts,

pamphlets, government publications, conference proceedings ad papers, etc

(Fayose, 1995).

Apotiade (2002) in Anande, Isaiah and Tondo (2015) defines information

resources as the stock in trade of the librarian. A polytechnic is an institution of

higher education offering courses at Diploma and Higher National Diploma

(HND) especially in vocational/technical subjects. Most polytechnic library

learning resources are acquired to enable students and lecturers to prepare for

learning, teaching and research in accordance with the basic functions of the

institution. The polytechnic library provides information resources that cut

across science, education, technology, commercial, administration and

vocational education.

Popoola (1998) affirms that the provision and efficient use of information

resources are central to any meaningful research and teaching in Nigeria. The

important information resources in tertiary institutions’ library are books,

magazines, journals, encyclopedias, research papers and dictionaries. Another

important information resource is Information and Communication Technology

13
(ICT). According to Elikahmenor as cited by Olumide (2007), information

technology is defined as the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination

of information by means of computer, office machine and telecommunications.

Computer provides the processing, storage and retrieval facilities for the transfer

of data and information. Proper use of ICT will help the growth and

development of libraries in different directions especially in polytechnics where

library resources are costly. Information technology allows easy integration of

various activities in the library for the benefit of users.

It eliminates duplication of effort within a library and between libraries in

a network. It eliminates some uninteresting and repetitive work. It also helps to

increase the range of services offered. Information technology ultimately may

save and/or generate income and it increases efficiency and effectiveness.

Omekwu (2005) pointed out that information technology can be

effectively used to integrate the apparently complex systems into coordinated

functional and effective network. Agba (2004) opines that it is not an

exaggeration to say that information technology availability and its

effectiveness may facilitate its use. His reason is that a user friendly types of

information technology available increases effective use.

14
2.2.2 Accessibility of Information Resources

Accessibility of information sources is an important recurring theme in

the literature. According to Aguolu (2002) resources may be available in the

library and identified bibliographically as relevant to one’s subject of interest,

but the user may not be able to lay hands on them. The more accessible

information sources are, the more likely they are to be used. Readers tend to use

information sources that require the least effort to access these observations

have been validated by empirical studies such as Slater (1963, Allen (1968) and

Rosenberg (1967). The user may encounter five possible types of inaccessibility

problems. These are conceptual, linguistics, critical, bibliographic and physical

inaccessibility. Aguolu and Aguolu (2002) notes that availability of an

information source does not necessarily imply its accessibility, because the

source may be available but access to it prevented for one reason or the other.

Olowu (2004) identifies natural and artificial barriers to free access to

information. The library’s poor reputation was attributed to lack of accessibility

of information resources. Ayoro (2004) examines the impact of serial

publications in the promotion of educational excellence among information

professionals receiving further training at the University of Ibadan. The study

looks at the perception of how serial accessibility has contributed to students’

learning process. Serials were found to play significant role in the acquisition of

knowledge, because the serial collection was easily and conveniently accessible.

15
 In a similar study by Oyediran-Tindings (2004) at Yaba College of

Technology, Lagos, low use of the library by students were observed. This was

attributed to expressed accessibility problems. Neelameghan (1981) in Fayose

(2000) had identifies accessibility as one of the prerequisites of information use

while Kuhlthau (1991) argues that the action of information seeking depends on

the needs, the perceived accessibility, sources and information seeking

behaviour.

Aguolu and Aguolu (2002) reveal that efforts are being made worldwide

to promote access to information in all formats, they lament the attendants of

underdevelopment such as power failure, machine breakdowns, and lack of

spare parts and technicians, which intermittently stall the performance of the

modern gadgets of information storage and transfer in developing countries.

2.2.3 Use of Information Resources in Tertiary Institutions

Information is of paramount importance to the development of an

individual and for the growth of the nation. Information can be put into several

uses and for various purposes. Hawkin cited in Anande, Isaiah and Tondo

(2015) noted that knowledge and information have become the most important

currency and increased wealth and prosperity. The library is the store house of

knowledge and information, it provides both access to information resources

and information itself. Library helps tertiary institutions to achieve the

objectives of producing professionals that are information literature and are

16
prepared for life long education. Ubogu (2006) stated that libraries should

provide access to information resources, expert professional support to facilitate

thorough and accurate use of all library resources, access to library materials

and services to the community. Therefore, libraries are important in helping

academics generate information for the purpose of effective teaching, learning

and research.

Lacas in Ayoro (2004) lamented the valuable information generated from

educational research is not widely applied to the benefits of the Nigerian people

due to the fact that many educationists are not aware of the current scientific

information. Many people do not have regular access to current literature that

academic libraries can acquire. The absence of current relevant literature has

resulted in students, teachers, faculty, practitioners and policy makers who have

failed to take notice of current ideas on best teaching methods, indigenous

practice or take advantage of experience from other parts of the world in

practice of learning and teaching.

Studies of student’s use of printed materials show differences in

awareness of research and availability of information resources, both which are

often limited in polytechnic library. Most students in polytechnics read

technical and vocational journals rather than research journals and rarely visit

libraries. Royle (1997) in Fayose (2000) further find out that students that

17
engaged in further reading or research use library resources as well as indexes

and computerized databases.

2.2.4 Problems to Availability and Accessibility of Information Resources

Experts have identified various obstacles to information access and use.

Uhegbu (2002) as cited by Ugah (2007) identified economic, social,

environmental, occupational and infrastructure. Etim (2000) lists seven

including physical infrastructure, technical and managerial capabilities among

others. Some of the problems that affect the availability and access to

information resources as identified by Ugah (2007) are:

Lack of awareness: Information seekers and users may not know about

the resources available. The role of libraries has not always been made clear to

information seekers, particularly in developing countries. Olagbonsaiye (2004)

identifies and discusses this problem.

Some libraries and librarians have concentrated on traditional resources

and services, which may in itself be an obstacle to information access and use.

The library is not performing its role to notify the library users the available

information resources in the library that are ready for use. The library supposed

to notify its users once newly acquire information resources arrived the library.

This the library makes it possible through Current Awareness Services,

Selective Dissemination of Information, display and lots more.

18
 Inaccessibility of information resources: A library’s success depends

upon the availability of information resources. It is not enough that they are

available, or even bibliographically accessible, they must be physically

accessible to those who need them. The growth of knowledge especially in

science and technology, have turned attention to the problem of bibliographical

or intellectual access to recorded knowledge.

There are generally two kinds of failure in library use according to Ugah

(2007), they are stock failure and reader’s failure. The former is a library’s

failure to acquire or produce the material needed by the patron. The reader’s

failure has two aspects: bibliographical and physical. The bibliographical

aspects involve the reader’s inability to find the item sought in the library

catalogue. The physical aspect is the failure to locate the materials housed in the

library. Reasons for inaccessibility have been identified by Aguolu and Aguolu

(2002). They are:

- Users do not know precisely what they want; if they do, they cannot

articulate their needs accurately to the library staff.

- The bibliographic or intellectual access; the content of the library is

inadequate owing to poor indexing system in the library catalogue or

the library collection itself.

- The circulation policy of the library is inefficient; shelving methods

are inadvertent, and guides to the library arrangement are lacking.

19
 - Unnecessary physical and administrative barriers are imposed upon

the use of the library materials by the library management.

Failure to locate on the shelves what has been bibliographically identified

in the library catalogue is a common frustration and a challenge to library

management. This can be because there is no indication on the library catalogue

that an item is lost, sent to the bindery for repairs, weeded, or stolen. Items may

be miss helved. Library staff may have removed materials for their private use

or that of their relatives, friends and associates. Other significant variables are

discussed by Aguolu and Aguolu (2002). Those included restrictive circulation

policies and an inefficient loan system, among others.

Information explosion: the explosion of information is obviously a

challenge to libraries. Recognizing its importance, information is increasingly

sought in an increasing number of situations by an increased number of people

(Ugah, 2000). This has increased the volume of available information. The

advancement of knowledge is made possible by research by scholars in all

fields. Coupled with this is the fusion and fragmentation of disciplines and

knowledge. As these breakdowns into smaller segments, the scholarly literature

becomes more specialized. In addition, there are thousands of other information

packages, e.g. journals, magazines and newspapers, being turned out by an ever-

expanding publishing industry. The electronic media also produce vast volume

of information. The growth of knowledge related to the growing number, size

20
and diversity of information transfer packages such as books, journals, technical

reports, etc. as the literature continues to expand, there is a corresponding

proliferation of secondary sources such as indexes and abstracts, which are

produce to help control the flood of primary literature. An information seeker

now has difficulty navigating the vast ocean of information, much of which he

does not need.

Bibliographic obstacles: bibliographic obstacles take various forms. In

some cases, adequate bibliographic description is lacking, while others, the

bibliographic description is complete or incorrect. In many cases, information

retrieval devices themselves are lacking. Those devices vary in sophistication

and usefulness. They include indexes, abstracts, bibliographies, and catalogues.

Their objective is to save the user’s time and simplify searching (Banjo, 1984).

Lack of information retrieval devices is more serious in developing countries

like Nigeria creating a serious obstacle to information access and use. Even

when they exist, they lack continuity, are outdated and do not give a true picture

of available current information.

Poor infrastructure: Infrastructure is the basic framework of any

information organization. Effective information access and use depends of

communication facilities such as telephones, internet, telefax, computers and

even postal service, as well as an adequate supply of electricity.

21
 Declining budgets and rising costs: Faced with declining budgets and

increasing demands from users, libraries are finding it difficult to acquire both

primary and secondary publications to meet such demands. Worldwide inflation

and economic recession have drastically increased the cost of publications.

Printing and publishing businesses have become extremely capital-intensive.

The cost of publication increases at a faster rate than the general rate of

inflation. Many publications have been priced out of the reach of individual

subscribers and many libraries with only large libraries able to afford them. This

reduced access to information. Aguolu and Aguolu (2002) state that, the high

rate of inflation in Nigeria and abroad undermines the acquisition capacity of

libraries. Library materials are ordered from countries of higher standard of

living, and prices of books and journals are fixed for societies with high level of

income. Foreign exchange restrictions, bureaucratic procedures with import

licenses and customs regulations are among the challenges facing libraries.

Costs for users: There are a number of costs for users in obtaining access

to information. Most government information sources are classified as “secret”

and may require large sums of money to obtain. Many users cannot afford to

travel from one place to another to obtain information. They may not be able to

afford photocopying services. Some information is located in rural areas, and

obtaining it is expensive logistical problem, while some is abroad and also

22
expensive to reach. Because of the expenses some information seekers resort to

mutilation and theft. These create more obstacles to information access and use.

Lack of qualified staff: Library staff are the means by which service is

provided. Quality of service depends on quality of staff. Ifodon (1995) posits

that some library staff lack a clear perception of their service mission. Dipeole

(1992) states that some librarians refuse to “soil their hands”, casting

themselves as administrators, while secretaries, clerks, and messengers minister

to library patrons. When professional librarians and other employee fail to make

adequate use of the knowledge and skills, access to information is affected.

Crime: Criminal activities are a formidable obstacle to information

access and use. They include theft and mutilation of information resources and

assault on staff. This is a serious problem that needs urgent attention (Ugah,

2007). Writing on crime and security in libraries Ratchiff (1992) finds the

situation alarming, not simply because thefts cost money, but because their cost

to scholarship and information access. There has been concern about this issue

for some time.

2.2.5 Strategies to Overcome the Problems

Experts have suggested solutions. There are no ready-made solutions for

every library that can be applied to the problems. Information workers must

examine the problems to information access that are present and put in place

23
solutions that will help eliminate or overcome such problems, so that users can

have access to information they require. Some of the strategies that would be

adopted to overcome the problems to information availability and accessibility

include:

Proper organization of library materials and adequate preparation of

retrieval tools such as catalogue, abstracting services, etc. capable of locating

each resource available in the library. According to scholars this will give

access to library and information resources.

Organization of user education programme has also been identified in the

literature as one of the strategies that can improve access to library resources.

Scholars maintain that organization of user education programme will help

libraries to inculcate information utilization skills into the students or users. The

teaching of this programme should focus on how to make effective use of

library materials in the library, how to use the library catalogue and how to

locate a book or library material on the shelve and how to utilize internet

resources, etc. With this in place, students will be able to make proper use of

library resources with little or no difficulties.

Anande, Isaiah and Tondo (2015) suggested better funding. To the

author, if libraries are well funded, they will have all/enough materials required

for library and information services. These could be done through proper annual

24
budgetary allocation or provisions to libraries by government, parent

organizations, foundations and assistance from non-governmental organizations.

Improvement in basic infrastructure: Basic communication infrastructures

such as telephones, internet, computers, electricity and many more can improve

access to information in this information era. Thus, improving on their

availability in the library may help library users to gain access to the vast

information available on the net.

Training and development of library staff: Library services require

professionally component staff to meet the needs of its community. Greater

emphasis should be laid on the appointment of trained staff. But one thing

professionals must know is that even training staff is appointed, there is need for

on-the-job training to build on the knowledge acquired to meet with the jet age

of information technology and current trends in librarianship for effective

service delivery. Therefore, training and retraining of staff will solve the

problem of unqualified staff.

2.3 Empirical Studies

Empirical studies carried out by other researchers similar to the topic

under study are reviewed under this sub-heading.

Adeoye and Popoola (2011) carried out a study of teaching effectiveness,

availability, accessibility and use of library and information resources among

25
teaching staff of Schools of Nursing in Osun and Oyo state, Nigeria. The study

adopted a survey research design. The population of the study comprises eight

Schools of Nursing in Osun and Oyo states. A simple sampling technique was

used to select 156 respondents as the sample size for the study. Questionnaire

was used to collect relevant data for the study. Simple percentages were used to

analyze the collected data.

The findings of the study revealed that textbooks, journals, dictionaries,

encyclopedias, handbooks, newspapers/magazines, manuals, atlases/maps were

readily available to the respondents, whereas internet facilities, CD-Rom

facilities were not available. The study equally revealed that the information

resources available in the library were highly accessible.

Ugah (2007) studied obstacles to information access and use in

developing countries. He identified so many problems to information access and

use which include lack of awareness, inaccessibility, information explosion,

bibliographic problem, environment, poor infrastructure, declining budgets and

rising costs, costs for uses, staff and crime.

2.4 Summary of the Reviews

26
 While reviewing the literature, the researcher makes use of textbooks,

journals, internet and research works carried out by other scholars similar to this

one. The reviews highlighted various types of information resources available in

libraries in tertiary institutions which includes, books, journals,

newspapers/magazines, CD-ROM technology, internet, electronic resources

such as e-books, e-journals, etc, computers and many more. The literature

review equally describes accessibility of information resources. It is evident in

the literature that, information resources may be available in the library and

identified bibliographically as relevant to one’s subject of interest, but the user

may not be able to lay hands on them. The more accessible information sources

are, the more likely they are to be used. The literature reviewed also discussed

the use of information in tertiary institutions. Information resources in tertiary

institutions are generally used for teaching, learning and research by teachers,

students and researchers.

The reviews identified problems to availability and accessibility of

information resources to include lack of awareness, inaccessibility of library

resources, information explosion, bibliographic obstacle, poor infrastructure and

many more. Strategies to overcome the problems are equally highlighted by the

reviews as presented by scholars. The literature finally reviewed other research

works conducted by different scholars similar to the topic under study.

27
 CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction

This chapter describes the research design, area of the study,

population of the study, sample technique, instrumentation, validation of

instrument, method of data collection and method of data analysis.

3.2 Research Design

This study will adopt a survey research design. This method will be

used because it allows the investigator to gather information about the

targeted population without a complete enumeration. It also helps to save

the researcher’s time and money.

3.3 Area of the Study

Gboko Polytechnic is the area of the study. Gboko Polytechnic is

located in Gboko town which is the headquarters of Gboko Local

Government Area of Benue State, Nigeria.

3.4 Population of the Study

The population of the study comprises all the 567 students of

Gboko Polytechnic Gboko.

28
3.5 Sample and Sampling Technique

The representative of the population was selected to form the

sample population. One hundred and twenty (120) respondents was

selected at random for this study in order to make generalization about

the responses of the whole population of the study, without making a

complete enumeration. A simple random sampling technique was used to

draw the samples from the population.

3.6 Instrumentation

Questionnaire was used to collect data for this study. A self-

develop questionnaire will be made titled “availability and accessibility

of information resources by students of Gboko Polytechnic Gboko”. The

questionnaire was divided into five sections namely A,B,C,D and E.

Section “A” sought collect personal information on the respondents.

Section “B” sought to find out the types of library resources available in

Gboko Polytechnic, library. Section “C” sought to find out how

accessible the available information resources are to the students. Section

“D” sought to identify the problems to availability and accessibility of

information resources and section “E” will find out the strategies that will

be adopted to overcome the problems.

29
3.7 Validation of Instrument

The questionnaire will undergo face validation. The questionnaire

was validated by three experts. Necessary corrections will be effected on

the items before they will be administered to the respondents.

3.8 Method of Data Collection

The researcher will go across the polytechnic in each department

and select respondents at random; the questionnaire will be administered

to them. The researcher will immediately collect the questionnaire after

completion (personal administration).

3.9 Method of Data Analysis

Descriptive statistical analysis was used to generate frequencies

and percentages in order to answer the research questions formulated for

the study.

30
 CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, INTERPRETATION AND

DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter deals with data presentation, analysis, interpretation

and discussion of findings.

4.2 Response Rate

Table 1: Response Rate

Respondent No. of questionnaire No. of useable % of usable

group administered return return
Students 120 80 66.7%

Source: Field survey, 2016

Table 1 above shows the response rate. The table revealed that 120

copies of questionnaire were administered to students in various

departments and 80 were returned and found usable, representing 66.7%.

Research Question 1:

What are the types of information resources available in Gboko

Polytechnic Library?

31
Table 2: Types of information resources available
S/N Information Frequency Percentage
resources
1 Books 35 43.8
2 Journals 10 12.5
3 Dictionaries 12 15
4 Encyclopedia 11 13.8
5 Handbook 0 0
6 Newspaper/magazines 72 90
7 Manuals 0 0
8 Reports 0 0
9 Atlases/maps 0 0
10 Directories 0 0
11 Biographies 0 0
12 Bibliographies 0 0
13 Almanacs 0 0
14 Computers 0 0
15 Gazettes 0 0
16 Abstracts/indexes 0 0
17 Internet facilities 0 0
18 CD-Rom technology 0 0
Source: Field survey, 2019

Table 2 above shows the students response to the types of

information resources available in Gboko Polytechnic library. The table

revealed the availability of Newspapers/Magazines (90%), books

(43.7%), dictionaries (15%), encyclopedia (13.8%) and journals (12.5%).

This implies that the information resources in the library are very

32
inadequate. In this information age the library does not have computer

and internet facilities.

Research Question 2:

What is the extent of accessibility of the available information

resources?

Table 3: Accessibility of information resources

S/N Information VEA EA A NA
resources
F % F % F % F %
1 Books - - - - - - 50 62.5
2 Journals - - - - - - 20 25
3 Dictionaries - - - - - - 13 16.3
4 Encyclopedia - - - - - - 16 20
5 Handbooks - - - - - - - -
6 Newspaper/Magazine - - - - - - - -
7 Manuals - - - - - - - -
8 Reports - - - - - - - -
9 Atlases/maps - - - - - - - -
10 Directories - - - - - - - -
11 Biographies - - - - - - - -
12 Bibliographies - - - - - - - -
13 Almanacs - - - - - - - -
14 Computers - - - - - - - -
15 Gazettes - - - - - - - -
16 Abstracts/Indexes - - - - - - - -
17 Internet facilities - - - - - - - -
18 CD-Rom technology - - - - - - - -
Source: Field survey, 2019

33
 Table 3 above shows the students response on accessibility of

information resources available in the library. The table revealed that the

available information resources in the library are not accessible with the

following percentages: Newspapers and magazines (88.8%), books

(62.5%), Journals (25%), Encyclopedia (20%) and dictionaries (16.3%).

This implies that if at all the students are using the library, they might be

bringing their books to come and read. This means the students only use

the library as reading room because the library’s little available resources

are not accessible.

Research Question 3:

What are the problems that affect availability and accessibility of

information resources?

Table 4: Problems to availability and accessibility of information

resources
S/N Problems Frequency Percentage
1 Lack of money to acquire library resources 32 40
2 Inadequate information materials in the library 80 100
3 Lack of qualified library staff 15 18.8
4 I don’t know how to make use of some library 25 31.3
materials like encyclopedia
5 No library catalogue in the library 74 92.5
6 I am not aware of the information materials 80 100
available in the library
7 Lack of internet facilities 80 100
Source: Field survey, 2019

34
 Table 4 above shows the students response to problems to

availability and accessibility of information resources. The table indicates

that the students attests to inadequate information materials in the library

(100%), lack of awareness of the information materials available in the

library (100%), lack of internet facilities (100%), no library catalogue in

the library (92.5%), lack of money to acquire library resources (40%),

lack of knowledge on how to use some information materials (31.3%),

and lack of qualified library staff (18.5%).

Research Question 4:
What strategies can be adopted to overcome the problems?
Table 5: Strategies to overcome the problems
S/N Strategies Frequency Percentage
1 Money should be made available 80 100
2 Employment of more qualified library staff 32 40
3 Organization of intensive user education 25 31.3
programme to teach Students how to use
library materials
4 Information retrieval tools such as 74 92.5
catalogue, abstracts, etc should be prepared
to ease accessibility
5 Proper awareness should be created by the 80 100
library on the information resources they
have
6 Provision of computers and internet 80 100
facilities
Source: Field survey, 2019
35
 Table 5 above shows response on the strategies to overcome the

problems to availability and accessibility of information resources. The

table reveals that the respondents attested the following strategies, money

should be made available for the procurement of library materials

(100%), provision of computers and internet facilities (100%), proper

awareness should be created by the library on the information resources

they have (92.5%), information retrieval tools such as catalogue,

abstracts, etc. should be prepared to ease accessibility (31.3%) and

organization of intensive user education programme to teach students

how to use library materials (18.8%).

4.4 Discussion of Findings

The findings of this study are based on the analysis of the research

questions. The findings of the study revealed that, the information

resources in the library under study are grossly inadequate. The library

has few books, newspapers/magazines which are not even current and

few dictionaries. The finding is not in agreement with the findings of

Adeoye and Popoola (2011) who reported that, libraries of tertiary

institutions in Oyo State, Nigeria have adequate information resources.

Besides the findings agrees with that of Ogwu (2012) who reported that,

libraries lack information resources such as computers and internet

facilities.

36
 The study also revealed that, the available information resources in

the library understudy are not accessible. This finding is consistent with

that of Aguolu (2002) who revealed that, resources may be available in

the library and identified bibliographically as relevant to one’s subject of

interest, but the user may not be able to lay hands on them.

The study equally revealed the problems to availability and

accessibility of information resources to include inadequate information

resources in the library, lack of awareness of the information materials

available in the library, lack of internet facilities, no library catalogue in

the library, lack of money to acquire library resources, lack of knowledge

on how to use some information materials and lack of qualified library

staff. This finding affirms that of Etim (2000), Ugah (2007), Aguolu and

Aguolu (2002) who identified problems to availability and accessibility

of information resources.

The study finally suggested some strategies that will be adopted to

overcome the problems to availability and accessibility of information

resources. The strategies are money should be made available for the

procurement of library materials, provision of computers and internet

facilities in the library, proper awareness should be created by the library

on the information resources they have, employment of more qualified

library staff, information retrieval tools such as catalogue, abstracts, etc.

37
should be prepared to ease accessibility and organization of intensive user

education programme to teach students how to use library materials.

38
 CHAPTER FIVE

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, RECOMMENDATIONS AND

SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER STUDIES

5.1 Introduction

This chapter presents summary, conclusion, recommendations and

suggestions for further studies.

5.2 Summary of Findings

The study was designed to investigate the availability and

accessibility of information resources by students in tertiary institution: A

case study of Gboko Polytechnic Gboko. The study employed a survey

research design and questionnaire was used to collect data for the study.

The collected data was analyzed using simple percentages.

The study revealed that information resources in the library under

study are grossly inadequate. The library has few books,

newspapers/magazines which are not even current and dictionaries.

The study also revealed that the available information resources in

the library understudy are not accessible.

The study identified the problem to availability and accessibility of

information resources to include lack of awareness of the information

39
 materials available in the library, lack of internet facilities, no library

catalogue in the library, lack of money to acquire library resources, lack

of knowledge on how to use information materials and lack of qualified

library staff.

The study finally identified strategies that will be employed to

overcome the identified problems to include money should be made

available for the procurement of library materials, provision of computers

and internet facilities in the library, proper awareness should be created

by the library on the information resources they have, employment of

more qualified library staff, information retrieval tools such as catalogue,

abstracts, etc. should be prepared to ease accessibility and organization of

intensive user education programme to teach students how to use library

materials.

5.3 Conclusion

Students require quality information resources in order to learn

effectively and undertake research. The global growth of information

resources in print and electronic formats means that students also need

quality information resources that could help them identify, access and

use the required information resources. Libraries are expected to provide

such resources which when used effectively by students would translate

into improve learning effectiveness and quality products. Therefore,

40
 information resources should be made available and access should be

created to enable students utilize the resources effectively.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations

are made:

1. The library should ensure proper organization of library materials

and adequate preparation of retrieval tools such as catalogue, and

abstracting services, etc. capable of locating each resource

available in the library.

2. The library should organize user education programme to

inculcate information utilization skills into students. This should

focus on how to make effective use of library materials in the

library, how to use the library catalogue, and how to locate a book

on the shelves as well as how to use the internet.

3. Library services require professionally competent staff to meet the

needs of the community. Greater emphasis should be laid on the

appointment of trained staff, training and re-training of the staff to

build on the knowledge acquired to meet with their duty.

41
5.5 Suggestions for further Studies

1. Problems of availability and accessibility of information resources

by students of Gboko Polytechnic Gboko.

2. Utilization of information resources by students of Gboko

Polytechnic Gboko

42
 REFERENCES

Adam, M. (1993). Students’ perception of teacher effectiveness and their class

work examination performance in secondary schools in Borno State,
Nigeria. Unpublished [Link]. Dissertation, University of Maiduguri.

Aguolu, C.C. & Aguolu, I.E. (2002). Librarians and information management
in Nigeria. Maiduguri: Ed-L Inform Services.
Anande, V.A., Isaiah, D.T. & Tondo, R.I. (2015). Use of library for schools,
colleges, polytechnics and universities. Gboko: Ododo Printing and
Publishing.

Ayoro, A.O. (2004). Serial availability, accessibility and utilization: Perception

of in-training information professionals in a Nigerian university. The
Nigeria Link, 11(2), April.
Elaturoti, D.F. (1977). The library as a resource center. A paper presented at the
annual conference of Nigerian Library Association held at Kaduna from
29th November to 2nd December, 1977.
Fayose, O. (1995). School library resource center for educational excellence.
Ibadan: AENI Educational Publishers.

Fayose, O. (2000). Library resources and their roles in education. Ibadan: The
Centre for External Studies, University of Ibadan.
Ugah, D.A. (2007) Obstacles to information access and use in developing
countries. Library philosophy and practice (e-journal)

43
Availability and Accessibility of Information Resources by student of Ashi
Polytechnic Anyiin Questionnaire
Section A: Personal Data
1. Department: …………………………………………………………..
2. Level of Study: ……………………………………………………….
3. Gender: ………………………………………………………………
Section B: Types of Information Resources available.
What are the types of information resources available in Ashi Polytechnic
Library?
S/N Information resources (√) Tick as appropriate
1 Books
2 Journals
3 Dictionaries
4 Encyclopedia
5 Handbook
6 Newspaper/magazines
7 Manuals
8 Reports
9 Atlases/maps
10 Directories
11 Biographies
12 Bibliographies
13 Almanacs
14 Computers
15 Gazettes
16 Abstracts/indexes
17 Internet facilities
18 CD-Rom technology

44
Section C: Accessibility of Information Resources

Key:
VEA - Very Easily Accessible\
EA - Easily Accessible
A - Accessible
NA - Not Accessibly
What is the extent of accessibility of the available information resources?
Tick (√) as appropriate.
S/N Information VEA EA A NA
resources
1 Books
2 Journals
3 Dictionaries
4 Encyclopedia
5 Handbooks
6 Newspaper/Magazine
7 Manuals
8 Reports
9 Atlases/maps
10 Directories
11 Biographies
12 Bibliographies
13 Almanacs
14 Computers
15 Gazettes
16 Abstracts/Indexes
17 Internet facilities
18 CD-Rom technology
19 Others specify

45
Section D: Problems to availability and accessibility of information
resources
What are the problems do you think affect the availability and

accessibility of information resources?

S/N Problems Tick as appropriate

1 Lack of money to acquire library resources
2 Inadequate information materials in the library
3 Lack of qualified library staff
4 I don’t know how to make use of some library
materials like encyclopedia
5 No library catalogue in the library
6 I am not aware of the information materials
available in the library
7 Lack of internet facilities

46
Section E: What strategies do you think will overcome the above
problems?

S/N Strategies Tick as appropriate

1 Money should be made available
2 Employment of more qualified library staff
3 Organization of intensive user education
programme to teach Students how to use
library materials
4 Information retrieval tools such as catalogue,
abstracts, etc should be prepared to ease
accessibility
5 Proper awareness should be created by the
library on the information resources they
have
6 Provision of computers and internet facilities

47