A.C.
Generator – Detailed Revision Notes
Definition: An A.C. generator (alternator) is a device that converts mechanical energy into electrical
energy by electromagnetic induction. It produces an alternating electromotive force (e.m.f.) and
therefore an alternating current (a.c.).
Principle: It works on Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic Induction, which states that an e.m.f. is
induced in a conductor when there is a change in magnetic flux linking the conductor.
Faraday’s Law:
The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to the rate of change of magnetic flux
linkage.
Formula: E = −dΦ/dt
where Φ is the magnetic flux and the negative sign (Lenz’s Law) indicates that the induced e.m.f.
opposes the change producing it.
Main Components and Functions
Component Function
Permanent Magnet Provides a uniform magnetic field through which the coil rotates.
Rotating Coil (Armature) Cuts the magnetic field lines as it rotates, inducing an e.m.f. by electromagnetic inducti
Slip Rings Allow continuous electrical connection between the rotating coil and external circuit wh
Carbon Brushes Maintain electrical contact with slip rings and transfer current to the external circuit.
External Circuit Carries the alternating current generated by the system.
Operation of an A.C. Generator
1. The rectangular coil rotates in a uniform magnetic field provided by the permanent magnet.
2. As the coil rotates, it cuts the magnetic flux, inducing an e.m.f. according to Faraday’s Law.
3. The direction of the induced current changes every half rotation due to the change in the side of
the coil moving through the magnetic field in opposite directions.
4. The slip rings ensure that the output current in the external circuit remains alternating (a.c.)
instead of direct (d.c.).
5. The galvanometer or voltmeter connected to the circuit shows alternating deflections, confirming
that the current alternates direction.
Waveform of Induced e.m.f.
As the coil rotates, the e.m.f. varies sinusoidally with time. The graph of e.m.f. vs time (or angle) is a
sine or cosine curve depending on the initial position of the coil.
Graph Characteristics:
• The e.m.f. is maximum when the plane of the coil is parallel to the magnetic field (coil moving
perpendicular to field lines).
• The e.m.f. is zero when the coil is vertical (moving parallel to the field).
• The polarity of e.m.f. reverses every half turn, giving an alternating output.
Table: Variation of Induced e.m.f. with Coil Angle
Coil Angle Position Motion relative to field Induced e.m.f.
0° Vertical Parallel Zero
90° Horizontal Perpendicular Maximum (Positive)
180° Vertical Parallel Zero
270° Horizontal Perpendicular Maximum (Negative)
360° Vertical Parallel Zero
Factors Affecting the Magnitude of Induced e.m.f.
The output voltage (e.m.f.) of a generator can be increased by:
• Increasing the speed of rotation of the coil – faster rotation means greater rate of change of
magnetic flux.
• Increasing the number of turns on the coil – more conductors cutting the magnetic field lines
increases induced e.m.f.
• Increasing the strength of the magnetic field – more magnetic flux is cut per rotation.
• Inserting a soft iron core inside the coil – concentrates and strengthens the magnetic field.
Energy Conversion and Efficiency
• Energy Conversion: Mechanical energy (rotation of coil) → Electrical energy (alternating current).
• The efficiency of an A.C. generator depends on reducing energy losses due to friction, heat, and eddy
currents.
Comparison with D.C. Generator
Feature A.C. Generator D.C. Generator
Connection to external circuit
Slip rings Split-ring commutator
Output current Alternating (changes direction periodically)
Direct (flows in one direction)
Graph of output voltage Sine/cosine wave Pulsating direct voltage
Maintenance Less wear (due to slip rings) More wear (commutator and brushes)
Summary:
• The A.C. generator operates on electromagnetic induction, producing an alternating voltage and
current.
• Its e.m.f. follows a sinusoidal pattern due to the coil’s continuous rotation in the magnetic field.
• The magnitude of output can be improved by adjusting coil turns, speed, or field strength.
• It is widely used in power stations for generating electricity on a large scale.