Grammar: Gerunds & In nitives

Gerunds (-ing forms)

Bazı illerden sonra -ing gelir:

• avoid, consider, enjoy gibi
• I enjoy reading novels.
• She avoided talking to him.

In nitives (to + verb)

Bazı illerden sonra “to + il” gelir:

• decide, hope, offer, plan, promise
• They decided to leave early.
• He promised to help.

İfadelerle kullanımı:
• after by + -ing form
• I learned French by watching movies.

Present Perfect Tense, Past Simple Tense, Past Progressive Tense & In nitives

1. Present Perfect Simple (have/has + V3)

• Kullanımı: Geçmişte olmuş ama etkisi hâlâ süren olaylar.
• Zaman zarfı: just, already, yet, ever, never, since, for

• I have lost my keys. (Anahtarlarımı kaybettim. Hâlâ kayıp.)

• She has lived in Paris since 2010. (2010’dan beri Paris’te yaşıyor.)

2. Past Simple (V2)

• Kullanımı: Geçmişte belli bir zamanda olup biten olaylar.

• Zaman zarfı: yesterday, last week, in 2005, two days ago

• I watched a movie yesterday.

• He went to Italy last summer.
3. Past Progressive (was/were + V-ing)
• Kullanımı: Geçmişte belli bir anda devam eden bir eylem. Genellikle “when” ya da “while” ile
birlikte kullanılır.

• I was studying when she called.

• They were playing football while it was raining.

4. More Uses of In nitives (to + V1)

a. too + adjective + to V1
• He is too young to drive. Araba kullanmak için çok genç.

b. (not) adjective + enough + to V1

• She isn’t tall enough to reach the shelf. Raf için yeterince uzun değil.

c. want/need + to V1
• They need to study more.
• I want to sleep.

Relative Clauses:

1. who / which / that

• who insanlar için
• which hayvanlar, nesneler için
• that hem insanlar hem nesneler için (resmî olmayan dilde)

• The teacher who helped me was kind.

• This is the book which won the award.
• The movie that we watched was amazing.
2. where / when / why

• This is the city where I was born.

• It was a day when everything went wrong.
• I don’t know the reason why she left.

3. whose
Bir kişinin sahip olduğu bir şeyi belirtmek için kullanılır. (whose = -ın, -in)

• The man whose car was stolen is my neighbor.

• She is the student whose phone rang in class.

Adverbs & Past Perfect Tense

1. Adverbs (Zar ar)

• Degree Adverbs: very, really, quite, extremely
• It’s very cold today.
• She is extremely happy with her job.

2. Past Perfect Tense (had + V3)

Geçmişteki iki olaydan daha önce olanı anlatır.

• She had left before I arrived.
• I had never seen that movie before yesterday.

Future Forms & The Passive Voice

1. Future Forms (will, going to, present continuous)

• I will call you tomorrow. (Ani karar)
• I’m going to study medicine. (Planlı)
• I’m meeting Sarah at 8. (Programlı)
2. Passive Voice

Nesne önemliyse, özne gizlenir:

be + V3
• Active: The teacher gave us homework.
• Passive: Homework was given to us (by the teacher).

Tüm zamanlarda kullanımı:

• Present Simple: The book is read.
• Past Simple: The book was read.
• Future: The book will be read.
• Going to: The book is going to be read.

Causatives (make, let, help, have, get)

1. make/let/help + object + verb (bare in nitive)

• They made me cry.
• She let him go.
• He helped me carry the boxes.

2. have/get someone to do something

• I had my brother x my phone.
• She got her assistant to call the client.

3. Linking with contrast & opposition

• In contrast to… / on the other hand…

• In contrast to: fark belirten

• In contrast to her brother, she is very shy.
• On the other hand: karşıt kir sunar
• The job is dif cult. On the other hand, it pays well.

Present Perfect Progressive & Modals (had to, didn’t have to)

1. Present Perfect Progressive (have/has been + V-ing)

Geçmişte başlayıp hala devam eden eylemler

• I have been working here for 5 years.
• She has been studying since 9 a.m.
2. Had to / didn’t have to
• I had to wear a uniform. (zorunluydum)
• We didn’t have to bring books. (gerek yoktu)

Modals for Deduction (must, can’t, might, could, may)

1. Must (Mantıklı çıkarım neredeyse emin olunan - pozitif)

• She must be tired. (She worked all day.)

2. Can’t (Mantıklı çıkarım – negatif)

• He can’t be at home. (The lights are off.)

3. May / Might / Could (İhtimal)

• He might be in his of ce.
• She could be asleep.

Comparatives, Purpose Clauses

1. Comparatives
• -er + than short adjectives
• faster than, taller than

• more + adjective + than long adjectives

• more expensive than

• Irregulars:
• good better than
• bad worse than

• With modi ers:

• much faster, slightly bet

• much/slightly/a bit + comparative

• This one is slightly better than the other.
• She is much taller than her classmates
2. Purpose Clauses

Amaç belirtir:
• to + verb: She studies to pass the exam.
• in order to + verb: He ran in order to catch the bus.
• so that + subject + verb: I work hard so that I can succeed.

a. to + verb (in nitive)

• She studies to pass the exam.
• He works hard to earn more money.

b. in order to + verb
• They left early in order to catch the bus.
• She practices every day in order to improve her skills.

c. so that + subject + verb

• I took notes so that I wouldn’t forget.
• He trains every day so that he can win the competition.
• She left a message so that we could call her back.

Noun Clauses

Bir isim gibi davranan cümle parçalarıdır. Genellikle şu durumlarda kullanılır:

• Bir cümlede özne ya da nesne olarak.
• Genellikle şu kelimelerle başlar: that, if, whether, what, who, where, how, when, why vs.

Kullanım alanları:
1. That-clauses: Genellikle bir düşünce, görüş ya da bilgi belirtir.
2. Question word clauses: “Ne, nerede, nasıl, ne zaman” gibi ifadelerle başlar.
3. Yes/No noun clauses: “if” veya “whether” ile başlar.

1. That-clauses
• I think that he is a good teacher.
• She said that she was tired.

2. Question Word Clauses

• I don’t know where she lives.
• Can you tell me what time the meeting starts?
3. Yes/No Clauses (with if/whether)
• I wonder if he will come to the party.
• She asked whether I had nished the report.

First Conditional, Unless, Instead of, If Not

1. First Conditional (Gerçek gelecek ihtimali)

Gelecekte gerçekleşmesi mümkün olan olayları anlatır.

If + present simple, will + V1

• If it rains, we will stay at home.

• You will pass the exam if you study hard.

2. Unless

If … not anlamındadır, olumsuzluk içerir.

Unless + present simple, will + V1

• You won’t pass the test unless you study.

(= If you don’t study, you won’t pass.)

3. Instead of & If not

• Instead of: Yerine
• If not: Olmazsa, değilse anlamındadır.

• He played video games instead of doing his homework.

• Call me if you don’t understand the instructions.
Second Conditional (Hayali, gerçek dışı durumlar)

Gerçek olmayan, hayali veya şu an mümkün olmayan durumları anlatır.

If + past simple, would + V1

• If I had more money, I would travel the world.

• She would be happier if she lived closer to her family.
• If I were you, I wouldn’t do that.
(Not: “I was” yerine “I were” kullanılır.)

Linkers

however – ancak, yine de

However, the weather was cold.
She agreed to help us however.

although – -e rağmen
Although he was tired, he continued working.
He nished the task although.

even though – -mesine rağmen

Even though it was raining, we went out.
I enjoyed the movie even though.

too – -de, -da

I want to come too.
She wants to join us too.
as well – ayrıca
As well, she has three brothers.
They are bringing their kids as well.

in addition – buna ek olarak

In addition, the team will receive a bonus.
We discussed the plan yesterday in addition.

moreover – dahası
Moreover, he speaks four languages.
She has a car and a motorbike moreover.

whereas – oysa, halbuki

She prefers tea, whereas he drinks coffee.
I work from home whereas.

while – -iken / oysa

While he was talking, I was listening.
She was watching TV while.

in contrast – buna karşılık

In contrast, his brother is very quiet.
My sister is talkative in contrast.

on the other hand – öte yandan

On the other hand, it may be risky.
It could save money on the other hand.
because – çünkü
Because it was late, we went home.
He didn’t call because.

since – çünkü, -den beri

Since it’s raining, we’ll stay in.
She left early since.

as – çünkü
As I was tired, I stayed home.
He refused to help as.

because of – -den dolayı

Because of the snow, the match was cancelled.
He missed school because of the u.

to – -mek için
To pass the exam, he studied hard.
She went to the library to study.

in order to – -mek için

In order to improve your English, you must practice.
He works extra hours in order to earn more.

so that – -mesi için

She left early so that she could catch the bus.
We stayed quiet so that others could concentrate.
so – bu yüzden
I was tired, so I went to bed.
They canceled the match so.

therefore – bu nedenle
Therefore, we decided to cancel the trip.
He was tired; he left early therefore.

as a result – sonuç olarak

As a result, the company lost money.
They didn’t prepare well as a result.

when – -dığında
When I saw her, she was crying.
He called me when.

while – -iken
While I was cooking, the phone rang.
They were dancing while.

as soon as – olur olmaz

As soon as she arrived, it started to rain.
Call me as soon as possible as soon as.

before – önce
Before I went out, I locked the door.
I brushed my teeth before.
after – sonra
After the meeting ended, we went for coffee.
He called me after.

until – -e kadar
Until the sun rises, we must wait.
She stayed at work until.

in addition to – -e ek olarak, yanı sıra

In addition to English, she speaks Spanish.
He works full time in addition to studying.

besides – ayrıca, bunun yanında

Besides, we still have time.
She plays the guitar besides.

going to – -ecek/-acak (gelecek planı/niyet)

I’m going to visit my grandparents tomorrow.
They are going to move next month.

by the time – -dığı zamana kadar

By the time he arrived, the meeting had started.
She had already left by the time I called.