1.
Define Abstraction
• Abstraction is the process of hiding implementation details and showing only the
essential features of an object.
• Achieved using abstract classes and interfaces in Java.
2. Define Class and Object
• Class: A blueprint for creating objects. It defines variables (data) and methods
(behavior).
• Object: An instance of a class that has its own state (data) and behavior (methods).
3. Define JVM
• JVM (Java Virtual Machine) is a software engine that runs Java bytecode.
• It provides platform independence, memory management, and garbage collection.
4. What is Bytecode?
• Bytecode is the intermediate code generated after Java source code is compiled.
• It is machine-independent and executed by the JVM.
5. Why Java is Platform Independent?
• Because Java code is compiled into bytecode, which can run on any system with a
JVM installed.
6. Define Polymorphism
• Polymorphism means "many forms."
• In Java, it allows one entity (method, operator) to behave differently based on
context.
• Two types:
o Compile-time (Overloading)
o Runtime (Overriding)
7. Need of Wrapper Class
• Primitive types (int, char, etc.) are not objects. Wrapper classes (Integer, Character,
etc.) convert primitives into objects.
• Needed for:
o Collections framework (which works with objects only)
o Autoboxing & Unboxing
8. Define Constructor
• A constructor is a special method in a class used to initialize objects.
• It has the same name as the class and no return type.
9. Why Java is Not Purely Object-Oriented?
• Java supports primitive data types (int, char, etc.) which are not objects.
• Hence, not 100% object-oriented.
10. Rules of Constructor
• Must have the same name as the class.
• No return type (not even void).
• Can be overloaded but not inherited.
11. Advantages of OOPs
• Reusability (code reuse through inheritance).
• Modularity (organized code).
• Extensibility (easy to add features).
• Security (encapsulation hides data).
Disadvantages:
• More complex design.
• Slower execution compared to procedural programming in some cases.
• Requires more memory.
12. What are Command Line Arguments?
• //comments---single comments
• /*comments*/---multiple comments
13. Four Features of OOPs
1. Encapsulation
2. Inheritance
3. Polymorphism
4. Abstraction
14. Applications of OOPs
• Real-time systems (banking, e-commerce).
• GUI applications.
• Simulation and gaming.
• Web and mobile applications.
15. Define Array and Create with new Operator
• Array: A collection of elements of the same type stored in contiguous memory
locations.
• Example:
• int arr[] = new int[5];
16. Some Array Functions (Methods in Java)
• length → gives size of array.
• [Link](arr) → sorts the array.
• [Link](arr, key) → searches element.
• [Link](arr1, arr2) → compares arrays.
17. Define Inheritance
• Inheritance is the process by which one class (child/subclass) acquires properties
and behaviors of another class (parent/superclass).
18. Object-Oriented Features
• Abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance
19. Compare Overloading & Overriding
• Overloading:
o Compile-time polymorphism.
o Same method name but different parameters.
• Overriding:
o Runtime polymorphism.
o Child class provides its own implementation of a method defined in the
parent class.
20. Types of Inheritance in Java
• Single Inheritance
• Multilevel Inheritance
• Hierarchical Inheritance
(Note: Java does not support Multiple Inheritance directly, but supports it via
Interfaces.)
21. Compare Constructor & Other Methods
• Constructor:
o Same name as class.
o No return type.
o Called automatically at object creation.
• Method:
o Any name (except class name).
o Must have a return type.
o Called explicitly.
22. How Encapsulation is Achieved in Java?
• By declaring variables private and providing public getters & setters to access
them.
23. Why Java Does Not Support Multiple Inheritance?
• To avoid ambiguity problem (Diamond Problem).
• Example: If two parent classes have the same method, child class won’t know
which one to inherit.
• Java solves this using interfaces instead.