Mw dDus(m) ernd column ( m 13
Matrices and Determinants
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Definition, special kinds of matrices, operations (addition and multiphieation)
matrices, application of matrices etc.
$ 1.1. Introduction.
Matrix theory is the most powerful tool of today to deal with the various important
problems of Management, Economics, Social Science, Science, Engineering and various
other disciplines.
S 1.2. Matrix. Definition:
A system ofmn object Uumbers) arranged in rectangulararrays i.e. in theform of
an ordered set ofrows, each row consisting ofan ordered setof columns is called a matrix
Notation:A matrix is denoted by the capital letters of English alphabet say A, B,
C etc. epCL:T
Order of a matrix: 1fa matrix has mrows and n columns,we generaly say that
A is a matrix of order (or type) m * n. (read as m by n).
written first
Caution: While writing the order of the matrix, number of rows is
and then the number of columns.
a matrix are called its
Element of a matrix: The objecis (members) constituting
elements. matrix needs an ordered pair
To indicate the Losition of any element in an arbitrary
matrix can be denoted by x,,, where the subcripts
or numbers. An element or entry of a
row and the column in
which the element x, , is situated.
i and j of the element identify the
matrix. Thus it is more convenient and
We call this member x, , as the (i.j)" entry of the
arbitrary 2 x 3 matrix as
meaningful to write an
a1 2 13
a21 a22 a23
12 an
a1 ABaME
a21 22 a2n Co m n a r a L t e
as Hha'hauw
General form a a12 ame elo»dn
anl m2
4mn| ) usA
wuooa AjC o
Compcara ble
moutX
ex,
37 6 97 c22 3XL
A
8
DuDILCSS VI{tLInematics xs 0o)Recka
(1) For brevity, matrix A shall be denoted
by
1<i<m; 1<j<n.
If there be no
ambiguity about the order of the
matrix A, then shall
denote the
we
simply
matrix by 5.
The i th row of A i.e.
(2)
42 will be denoted
by A,.
(3) The j th
column of A i.e.
will be denoted
by A'
Thus we may also write matrix A aas
[A
col- kuhhe bh
A =
2=[4 42 ]Roudmay
-nogRR|A4,,
1.3. Types of Matrices
oso Row matrix : A matrix having onhyOrdln
one row
1XM/s16. Ajmer BBA, 11 ]
is calleda
[Link] matrix A matrix having only : matrix. row
Zero Null matrix An
or :
column is calleda column matrix.
one
9F null matrix
matrix, m
each of whose x n
entry zero is called mxn
is
zero matrix or
of order m x n.
0 0 01
Thus A=
|0 0 0D is 2 x 3 and B =|0 0 0 is a 3 x 3 null matrix.
We shall denote each null
matrix by the same
by the situation. Any way, if ihere be symbol O. Its size being understood
any chance of
matrix be denotcd by confusion, then m xn null
nXn:
Thus A is O2x3 and B is O,x 3
4. Square matrix : An m x n matrix is said to be a
rowed square matrix) if m square matrix off order n (or n-
=n. Thus a matrix is a
square if the number of its rows is
equal to the number of its columns.
For example, the matrices ouS p. Co
-3 2
3 are square matrices of order 2 and 3.
axaa square matrix A, A
2
=j Jnxn
the pair of elements ay and ai are called
conjugate elements, and the elements a1,
an, a,n are called the diagonal
elements . .
Also the line
along which the diagonal element lie is called the Princij I
or leading diagonal. diagonal
uCoparuba mai T o malrx A-[aDar
anrable h ma P and = , Sdme o-
anquhar maliuynos mabKE mab{
3x X
trace of a matrix. Definition: The sun of the diagonal elements ofa square mia
Matrices
13
A is
defined as the trace of the matrix and it is
denoted by tr A.
Thus tA =2 a
5. riangular matrix :A square matrix is said to be a triangular matrix, y eveiy
element above or below the
leading diagonal
is zero
Further, if all the clements of a square matrix below (above) the leading diagonai
areequal to zero, it is called as upper triangular (lower triangular) matrix.
Thus a square matrix
[a,] is
Upper triangular iff a0. Vi>j
and Lower triangular iff 0, Vi<j
13 -2
For example, A =02 i s an upper triangular matrix, Daea
Mabi
0
and
B=1 -3 0 is a
lower triangular matrix.
42 3
6. Diagonal matrixA square matrix [a,] Is said tobea diagonal matrix, ifeach ofits
uaaeval f a
non diagonal elementis zeroie. a, = 0, whenever
A diagonal matrix of order n whose diagonal clements in order are d, d, ..., d, is
often denotcd by diag (4, d.d] Value
Scalar matrix :A dagonal matrix is
sardlto be a scalar matrix ifits all the diagonal,
elementsare equal
r k
8. Unit matrix or Identity matrix: A diagonal
matrx each of whose digonal element
Is equalto 1 (1unitn) is called a unit matrix (or udentuty matriy
iff
U'uluA,
Thus a square matrIN,1S
a unit mari
.whenever Stalan ma
egci
ale 0 whenever
i
Unit matrices of diflerent orders are denoted by
nor
ex o
001, cte Scu valit
cund o w n sde o
A unit matrix of order n shall be denoted by I
9. Equal matrices : Definition:
Twomatrices A=,and B=b,are said to be cqual iff
(0) both are of the same orders, and
() b . for each pair of i and )uma
md B:Chy) are Saud o he
rd pe
1/
41 Brsiness Mathematics
Thus the matrices are equal if and
only if they are of the same order and have their
corresponding elements are identical and is expressed as
A B
$ [Link] Matrices:
We have scen that the matrix is an cntity
certain
by itself. Therefore we shall now dofinc
operations on matrices to give the system an algebraic structure, which will enable
us to combine matrices so as to
produce new ones.
(1Kddition of Matrices. Definition :
Let A and B
=| a =, be two matriccs of thesame order mx
Then their sum denoted by A + B is defined be
to an mx n matrix obtaincd by adding thc
corresponding elements of A and B i.e.
Thus the sum
A+B=[4,+h
of two matrices of the
same order is another matrix of the same
order such that any element of the sum is the sum of the corresponding elements of the
given matrices.
Note. If A and B are of the same order, then A and B arc said to be confirmable for
[Link] also say that A and B are comparable.
For example, A =
2+(-2) -3+1 l+3|
then A+B= -1+1 0+2 4+3
0+2 1+(-3) -2+0|
Remark. The addition of two matrices of different orders is undefined.
$1.5. Properties of Matrix Addition
1. Commutativity. A+B B +A
Associativity. (A +B) + C A + (B +C)
Existence of the additive Identity. A+0 A = 0 +A
The null matrix Xn is the identity element for addition in the set of m xn matrices.
4. Existence of the additive Inverse : If A and B are m xn matrices such
that (B), -(4),
=
then A+B=0=B +A
We denote the matrix B by -A and it is called the additive inverse (or
negative) of A.
5. Cancellation lav. If A, B and C are mxn matrices, then
A+B= A +C B =C [Left cancellation law]
and B+A =C + A B=C [Right canccllation law]
S1.6. Subtraction of Matrices. Definition
Let A = l and B - [,] be two matrices, then the subtraction of B /rom A written
as A- B. is dcfined as
A-B=A+(-B)
i= 1,2. m, j= 1,2.n
Thus A-B=a, +(-y)]={o,-k,].
mamA a mahd
mulpilanoM u enMarices [5
mportant Remark: A - B need not b e equal to B - AA e
For example, A =
o .
2-(-2) -3-1 1-3
then A B= -1-1 0-2 4-3
)
0-2 1-(-3) -2-0
and B-A=|
From (1) and (2), A-B+B-A
ience in general, Matrix subtraction need not be commutative.
S1L7. Multiplication of a by a Scalar. Definition :
Matrix
then the m x n matr1x
Let A =
be an mxn matrix and &be any seclar nunber,
of A by k and is
obtained by multipling every element of A by k is called the scalar multiple
"
written as kA or Ak.
mar
Thus kA = Ak =k e
3
For example, if A = .then 54- 5 101 -s
2
A -)AA
$ 1.8. Properties of Scalar Multiplication. dare real mumbers,
A + B is defined and c,
1fA and B be the matrices for which
then x E ) 31-)G
cA + cB
c(A + B)
x ) X(-1
=
(i)
dA
(ii) (c + d) A =CA +
(ii) c cd A =d (cA)
(dA) =
1.9. Multiplication of Matrices.
matrices A defined only if the umber of and B is
The product AB of wo
nmumber ofrows in the post multiplier i.e.,
i.e., A is same as the
coumns in the premuliplier the prodhuct AB.
A andB are said to be conformable for
matrices
B and then the
Definition. Let A =lai] be an m xn matrix and B= b | be an n x p ma-
Then the product ABis
a m xp matrix C=l ci| where
trix.
Cy =4, B,
the ith row of A and pi is thejth column of B.
where A, is
R 2
R 21 22 a2
Let Anxn R,
R m m2 ... mn ]