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Separation process
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Separation is defined as "processes of any scale by which the components of a mixture are separated from each other without substantial chemical modification".[1]
Contents
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1 Summary 2 History 2.1 Unified Separation Science 3 Core theories and concepts 3.1 Mechanical versus molecular equilibrium 4 Methods 4.1 Various types of separation processes 5 Applications 5.1 Semiconductor industry 5.2 Nanotechnology 6 See also 7 References

[edit]Summary

In chemistry and chemical engineering, a separation process, or simply a separation, is any mass transfer process used to convert amixture of substances into two or more distinct product mixtures, at least one of which is enriched in one or more of the mixture's constituents. In some cases, a separation may fully divide the mixture into its pure constituents. Separations are carried out based on differences in chemical properties such as size, shape, mass, or chemical affinity between the constituents of a mixture, and are often classified according to the particular differences they use to achieve separation. In the case that no single difference can be used to accomplish a desired separation, multiple processes will often be performed in combination to achieve the desired end. Barring a few exceptions, almost every element or compound is naturally found in an impure state. Often these impure raw materials must be separated into their purified components before they can be put to productive use, making separation processes essential for the modern industrial economy. In some cases these separations require total purification, as in the electrolysis refining of bauxite ore for aluminum metal, but a good example of an incomplete separation process is oil refining. Crude oil occurs naturally as a mixture of various hydrocarbons and impurities. The refining process splits this mixture into other, more valuable mixtures such as natural gas,gasoline and chemical feedstocks, none of which are pure substances, but each of which must be separated from the raw crude. In both these cases a series of separations is necessary to obtain the desired end products. In the case of oil refining, crude is subjected to a long series of individual distillation steps, each of which produces a different product or intermediate.

[edit]History
=== Chromatography ===In paper chromatography, there are two factors which the movement of each substance in the mixture need to depends on. The solubility of the substance in the solvent. The substance moves with the solvent easily if the substance is very soluble in the solvent.

The adsorption of the substance on the filter paper. Some solids are able to attract other substance strongly and hold them on their surface. This is called ADSORPTION. The substance will not move with the solvent easily if the substance in the mixture is absorbed strongly by the filter paper. Since none of the two substances have the same adsorption and solubility, each substance will travel a different distance along the filter paper. One substance is separated from another in this way. The substances separated by chromatography do not have to be colored. Colorless substance can be made to show up by spraying the paper with a locating agent. Then reacts with each of the colorless substances in order to produce a colored product. We often used chromatography to identify the substances in a mixture. It is commonly used in hospital. It help doctors to find out whether the patient has diabetes, if paper chromatography might fund out whether sugar is present in the patient's urine. Chromatography can also used to identify different dyes used in food. ADSORPTION We called the solids which are able to attract other substances strongly and hold them on their surface ADSORBENTS.
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ref:M. S. Tswett

[edit]Unified

Separation Science

Unified Separation Science is an influential book written by J. Calvin Giddings that first made use of the term "separation science".

[edit]Core

theories and concepts

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by adding to it.

[edit]Mechanical

versus molecular equilibrium

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by adding to it.

[edit]Methods [edit]Various

types of separation processes

This article is in a list format that may be better presented using prose. You can help by converting this article to prose, if appropriate. Editing help is available. (December
2008)

Adsorption, adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules of gas,

liquid, or dissolved solids to a surface

Centrifugation and cyclonic separation, separates based on

density differences

Chromatography separates dissolved substances by

different interaction with (i.e., travel through) a material

points

Crystallization Decantation Demister (vapor), removes liquid droplets from gas streams Distillation, used for mixtures of liquids with different boiling

Drying, removes liquid from a solid by vaporisation Electrophoresis, separates organic molecules based on

their different interaction with a gel under an electric potential (i.e., different travel)

Elutriation Evaporation Extraction

Leaching Liquid-liquid extraction Solid phase extraction

Flotation

Dissolved air flotation, removes suspended solids nonselectively from slurry by bubbles that are generated by air coming out of solution

 Froth flotation, recovers valuable, hydrophobic solids by

attachment to air bubbles generated by mechanical agitation of an air-slurry mixture, which float, and are recovered

Deinking, separating hydrophobic ink particles from

hydrophilic paper pulp in paper recycling

Flocculation, separates a solid from a liquid in a colloid, by

use of a flocculant, which promotes the solid clumping into flocs

Filtration, Mesh, bag and paper filters are used to remove

large particulates suspended in fluids (e.g., fly ash) while membrane processes including microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, rev erse osmosis, dialysis (biochemistry) utilising synthetic membranes, separates micrometre-sized or smaller species

Fractional distillation Fractional freezing Oil-water separation, gravimetrically separates suspended

oil droplets from waste water in oil refineries, petrochemical and chemical plants, natural gas processing plants and similar industries

Magnetic separation Precipitation Recrystallization Sedimentation, separates using vocal density pressure

differences

Gravity separation
Sieving Stripping Sublimation Vapor-liquid separation, separates by gravity, based on the

Souders-Brown equation

Winnowing Zone refining

[edit]Applications

[edit]Semiconductor

industry

[edit]Nanotechnology [edit]See

also

High-performance liquid chromatography Analytical chemistry Chemical engineering Unit operations

[edit]References

1. ^ Encyclopedia of Separation Science - [Link],[Link]

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