EE488 Wireless and Cellular

Communications

Lecture# 2

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 Spectrum Regulation
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Spectrum is a scarce public resource, hence

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spectrum 50 + disjis
n Spectral allocation in US controlled by Fedral
Communication Commission (FCC)
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(commercial) or Office of Spectrum Management
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n Some spectrum set aside for universal use

n Worldwide spectrum controlled by International

Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication
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sector (ITU-R)
n Regulation is a necessary evil.
same said
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Standard bodies
n CCIR (Consultative Committee on
International Radio)
q Study group for radio spectrum usage and
interworking of wireless systems
n Radio communication sector ITU-R
(formerly CCIR)
q World conference, radio regulations
n Telecommunication Standardization Sector
ITU-T (formerly CCITT)
q All worldwide wire line and wireless standards
q IEEE standards often accepted
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Evolution of Cellular systems:
2G Cellular Systems
System Type System Name Supported data rates
2G GSM- Global System for 10 kbps
Mobile Communication Voice + data
2G CDMA- Code Division for 10 kbps
Multiple Access Voice + data
2.5G GPRS- General Packet ˷ 50 kbps
Radio Service Voice + data
2.5G EDGE- Enhanced Data ˷ 50 kbps
for GSM Evolution Voice + data

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Evolution of Cellular systems:
3G Cellular Systems
System Type System Name Supported Data Rates
3G WCDMA/UMTS 384 kbps
Wideband CDMA/ Voice, data and video
Universal Mobile calling
Telecommunication
Standard
3G CDMA 2000 384 kbps
Voice, data and video
calling
3.5G HSDPA/HSUPA 5-30 Mbps
High speed downlink Voice, data and video
packet access calling
3.5G 1xEVDO- Evolution Data 5-30 Mbps
Optimized Voice, data and video
calling

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Evolution of Cellular systems:
4G Cellular Systems
System Type System Name Supported Data Rates/
Services
4G LTE- Long Term 100-200 Mbps
Evolution Online Gaming and
HDTV
4G WiMax- Worldwide 100-200 Mbps
Interoperability for Online Gaming and
Microwave Access HDTV

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Wireless System Definitions

q Mobile Station
q A station in the cellular radio service intended for use while
in motion at unspecified locations. They can be either hand-
held personal units (portables) or installed on vehicles
(mobiles)
q Base station
q A fixed station in a mobile radio system used for radio
communication with the mobile stations. Base stations are
located at the center or edge of a coverage region. They
consists of radio channels and transmitter and receiver
antennas mounted on top of a tower.

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Wireless System Definitions

q Mobile Switching Center

q Switching center which coordinates the routing of calls in a
large service area. In a cellular radio system, the MSC
connects the cellular base stations and the mobiles to the
PSTN (telephone network). It is also called Mobile
Telephone Switching Office (MTSO)
q Subscriber
q A user who pays subscription charges for using a mobile
communication system
q Transceiver
q A device capable of simultaneously transmitting and
receiving radio signals

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Wireless System Definitions

q Control Channel
q Radio channel used for transmission of call setup, call
request, call initiation and other beacon and control
purposes.
q Forward Channel
q Radio channel used for transmission of information from
the base station to the mobile
q Reverse Channel
q Radio channel used for transmission of information from
mobile to base station

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Wireless System Definitions

q Simplex Systems
q Communication systems which provide only one-way
communication
q Half Duplex Systems
q Communication Systems which allow two-way
communication by using the same radio channel for both
transmission and reception. At any given time, the user can
either transmit or receive information.
q Full Duplex Systems
q Communication systems which allow simultaneous two-way
communication. Transmission and reception is typically on
two different channels (FDD).

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Wireless System Definitions

q Handoff
q The process of transferring a mobile station from one
channel or base station to an other.
q Roamer
q A mobile station which operates in a service area (market)
other than that from which service has been subscribed.
q Page
q A brief message which is broadcast over the entire service
area, usually in simulcast fashion by many base stations at
the same time.

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The Cellular Concept:

n Early Mobile Radio Systems:

q Design objective was to achieve a large coverage
area by using a single high powered transmitter
with an antenna mounted on a tall tower.
q Disadvantages of this approach ?
n The Cellular Concept
q Cellular concept is a system level design which
suggest to replace the single, high power
transmitter with many low power transmitters

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The Cellular Concept: Contd.
q Each base station is allocated a portion of the
total number of channels available.
q Neighboring base stations are assigned different
groups of channels so that the interference
between base stations is minimized.
q By symmetrically spacing the base stations the
channel groups may be reused as many number
of times as necessary.
q As demand increases, the number of base
stations may be increased thereby, providing
additional capacity.

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The Cellular Concept: Contd.
n Benefits of the cellular approach ?
q By using cellular concept, the problem of spectral
congestion and capacity was solved.
q It enables a fixed number of channels to serve an
arbitrarily large number of subscribers by reusing the
channels throughout the coverage area.
q The cellular concept allows every piece of subscriber
equipment with in a country or continent to be
manufactured with the same set of channels so that
any mobile may be used anywhere with in the region.
n Cost paid for the additive benefits?
q Increased networking, processing burden and
handoffs
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Cellular Telephone Systems
Each base station is
connected with MSC and MSC
is connected with PSTN to
connect the cellular system
with the PSTN

BASE
STATION
MTSO/MSC

PSTN

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Forward and Reverse channels
n To make a call to and from the MS various
types of channels are needed
n Voice channels
q Forward voice channel (FVC):
n Used for voice transmission from BS to MS
q Reverse voice channel (RVC): FCC and RCC
are also
n Used for voice transmission from MS to BS called setup
n Control channels: channels
They are the
q Forward Control Channels (FCC): overhead as
not used for
n Used for initiating call from BS to MS carrying voice
traffic
q Reverse Control Channels (RCC):
n Used for initiating call from MS to BS 16
Anatomy of a Cellular Call
n A cell phone, when turned on, (though not yet
engaged in a call), scans the group of FCC to
determine the one with strongest signal
n It monitors the channels until it drops below
the useable threshold. It then scans for
another channel which is the strongest
n Control channels are defined and
standardized over the entire area of service.
Typically the number of control channels are
up to 5% of the total number of channels
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A call to a mobile user
n The MSC dispatches the request to all base
stations, the Mobile Identification Number
(MIN) is broad cast as paging message over
all FCC throughout the service area
n MS receives the paging message it is
monitoring, it responds by identifying itself
over the RCC.
n The BS conveys the handshake to MSC. The
MSC instructs the BS to move to an unused
voice channel
q Mobile Identification Number?
q Handshake ? 18
A call to a mobile user contd.
n The BS signals the MS to change over to an
unused FVC and RVC
n A data message (called alert) is transmitted
over the FVC to instruct the mobile to ring !
n All these sequence of events occur in just few
seconds and are not noticeable to the user.
n While the call is in progress, the MSC adjusts
the transmitted power in order to maintain the
call quality.

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A call from a mobile user
n A call initiation request is sent over the RCC
q Remember that MS is in contact with at least one
BS at a time.
n Along with this, the MS transmits its MIN,
Electronic Serial Number (ESN) and the
phone number of the called party.
n MS also transmits the Station Class Mark
(SCM) which indicates the maximum
transmitter power for the particular user.
n The BS forward the data to the MSC, which
validates the data and makes connection to
the called party through PSTN. 20
Frequency reuse : The Need
n Suppose we allocate 4 kHz spectrum to each
mobile user for the analog voice
communication
n If we want to provide mobile service to 12.5
million users in a particular city then we will
need 12.5 millions *4 kHz= 50 GHz !
n Clearly impractical !
q No other services possible using radio
transmission
q Most of the spectrum unused most of the times

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Frequency Reuse Contd.
n Cellular radio systems rely on intelligent
allocations and reuse of channels throughout
the coverage area.
n Each base station is allocated a group of
radio channels to be used with in the small
geographic area of its cell.
n Neighboring base stations are given different
channel allocations from each other.
q In cellular networks S/N ratio can not be improved
by simply increasing the transmission power.

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Frequency Reuse Contd.

Distance between
same color cells
Same or different ?

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Possible Cell Shapes

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Cell shapes
SV Simple
n Triangle>
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n Square >
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simple

n Hexagonal >
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Complex
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Frequency Reuse: Possible Cell
Shapes
n The hexagonal cell shape considered so far is
conceptual and is a simplistic model of radio
coverage for each base station.
n The actual radio coverage of the cell is known as
the footprint and is determined from field
measurements or propagation prediction
models.
n Although the real footprint is amorphous in
nature, a regular shape is needed for systematic
design adaptation for future growth
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Geometry of hexagons

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How to locate co channel cell?
This is a 19 cell cluster
model with i=3, j=2)
The geometry of the
hexagons is such that the
number of cells per
cluster, N can only have
values which satisfy
equation

N i 2 ij j2
How to locate co-channel cell ?

1)- move i cells along any

chain of hexagons and then
2)- turn 60 degree counter
clockwise and move j cells.

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Cell capacity and reuse
n Consider a cellular system with S duplex
channels
n Suppose each cell is allocated k channels, let
these S cells are divided among N group of
cells (cluster), therefore
S=kN
n If a cluster of N cells is replicated M times in
the system, the total number of duplex
channels, C can be used to measure the
system capacity.
C=MkN=MS
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Cell capacity and reuse
n If the cluster size N is reduced keeping the
cell size fixed, more clusters are required to
cover the geographical area of interest, ie.

M C

n Smaller cluster size N (higher capacity)

implies larger co-channel interference, which
may result in lower quality of service (QoS)

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Assignment#1

n Create a table that lists all 2G, 2.5G and 3G,

4G and 5G mobile telephone standards.
Carefully search the latest sources to
determine the following parameters for each
standard.
a) RF Channel bandwidth, b) peak data rate, c)
typical data rate, d) responsible standard
bodies, e) maximum number of concurrent
users, f) modulation type.
n Example 3.1, Rappaport
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