2010 NSCP

SPIRALS and TIES 410.4 GENERAL PRINCIPLES AND 410.9 DESIGN DIMENSIONS FOR COMPRESSION
407.11 LATERAL REINFORCEMENT FOR REQUIREMENTS MEMBERS
COMPRESSION MEMBERS
410.4.1 Design of cross section subject to flexure or axial 410.9.4 Limits of section
407.11.1 Lateral reinforcement for compression members shall loads or to combined flexure and axial loads shall be based For a compression member with a cross section larger than
conform to the provisions of Sections 407.11.4 and 407.11.5 on stress and strain compatibility using assumptions in required by considerations of loading, it shall be permitted
and, where shear or torsion reinforcement is required, shall Section 410.3. to base the minimum reinforcement and design strength on a
also conform to provisions of Section 411. reduced effective area Ag not less than one-half the total area.
410.4.2 Balanced strain conditions exist at a cross section This provision shall not apply to special moment frames or
407.11.4 Spirals. when tension reinforcement reaches the strain corresponding special structural walls in Seismic Zone 4 that are designed
Spiral reinforcement for compression members shall conform to its specified yield strength fy just as concrete in in accordance with Section 421.
to Section 410.10.3 and to the following: compression reaches its assumed ultimate strain of 0.003.
410.10 LIMITS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF
[Link] For cast-in-place construction, size of spirals shall 410.4.6 Design axial load strength Pn of compression COMPRESSION MEMBERS
not be less than 10 mm diameter. members shall not be taken greater than the following:
410.10.1 Area of longitudinal reinforcement, Ast, for non-
[Link] Clear spacing between spirals shall not exceed 75 composite compression members shall not be less than
[Link] For nonprestressed members with spiral
mm, nor be less than 25 mm. See also Section 403.4.2. 0.01Ag nor more than 0.08Ag.
reinforcement conforming to Section 410.11.4 or composite
members conforming to Section 410.14:
410.10.2 Minimum number of longitudinal bars in
407.11.5 Ties. P = 0.85 0.85fc A − A + f A  (410-1) compression members shall 4 for bars within rectangular or

Tie reinforcement for compression members shall conform to n(max)  ( g st ) y st  circular ties, 3 for bars within triangular ties, and 6 for bars
the following: enclosed by spirals conforming to Section 410.10.3.

[Link] All nonprestressed bars shall be enclosed by lateral

[Link] For nonprestressed members with tie 410.10.3 Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio, s, shall not
ties, at least Ø10 mm in size for longitudinal bars Ø32 mm be less than the value given by
reinforcement conforming to Section 407.11.5:
or smaller, and at least Ø12 mm in size for Ø36 mm, Ø42
= 0.80 0.85fc (A − A ) + f A 
'
mm, Ø58 mm bars and bundled longitudinal bars. Deformed P (410-2) ρ𝒔 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 ( 𝑨𝒈 — 𝟏) 𝒇𝒄 (410 — 5)
wire or welded wire fabric of equivalent area shall be
permitted.
n(max)  g st y st  𝑨𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒚𝒕
410.4.7 Members subject to compressive axial load shall where the value of 𝑓yt used in Eq. 410-6 shall not exceed
[Link] Vertical spacing of ties shall not exceed 16 be designed for the maximum moment that can accompany 700 MPa. For 𝑓yt greater than 415 MPa, lap splices
longitudinal bar diameters, 48 tie bar or wire diameters, or the axial load. The factored axial load Pu at given according to Section [Link](1) shall not be used.
least dimension of the compression member. eccentricity shall not exceed that given in Section 410.4.6.
The maximum factored moment Mu shall be magnified for
[Link] Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and slenderness effects in accordance with Section 410.11.
alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support provided
by the corner of a tie with an included angle of not more than
135 degrees and no bar shall farther than 150 mm clear on
each side along the tie from such a laterally supported bar.
Where longitudinal bars are located around the perimeter of
a circle, a complete circular tie shall be permitted.
2015 NSCP
410.6 Reinforcement Limits Table [Link] [Link].1 Anchorage of rectilinear ties shall be provided by
410.6.1 Minimum and Maximum Longitudinal Maximum Axial Strength standard hooks that conform to Section 425.3.2 and engage
Reinforcement Transverse a longitudinal bar. A tie shall not be made up of interlocking
[Link] For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed Member Pn,max headed deformed bars.
Reinforcement
columns with average 𝒇𝒑𝒆 < 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂, area of Ties conforming to
longitudinal reinforcement shall be at least 0.01Ag but shall 0.80Po (a) [Link] Circular ties shall be permitted where longitudinal
Section [Link]
not exceed 0.08Ag. Non-prestressed bars are located around the perimeter of a circle.
Spirals conforming to
Section [Link] 0.85Po (b)
410.7.2 Reinforcement Spacing Ties 0.80Po (c) 425.7.3 Spirals
[Link] Minimum spacing s shall be m accordance with Prestressed 0.85Po
Spirals (d)
Section 425.2. [Link] Spirals shall consist of evenly spaced continuous bar
Composite steel
or wire with clear spacing conforming to (a) and (b ):
410.7.3 Longitudinal Reinforcement and concrete All 0.85Po (e)
[Link] For non-prestressed columns and for prestressed column section a. At least the greater of 25 mm and (4/3)dagg ;
columns with average 𝒇𝒑𝒆 < 𝟏. 𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂, the minimum b. Not greater than 75 mm.
number of longitudinal bars shall be (a), (b ), or (c): [Link] For non-prestressed members and composite steel
and concrete members, Po shall be calculated by: [Link] For cast-in-place construction, spiral bar or wire
a. Three within triangular ties;  diameter shall be at least 10 mm.
Po = 0.85f c (Ag − Ast ) + fy Ast ([Link])
b. Four within rectangular or circular ties; [Link] Volumetric spiral reinforcement ratio s, shall satisfy
c. Six enclosed by spirals or for columns of special where Ast is the total area of non-prestressed longitudinal Eq. [Link].
moment frames enclosed by circular hoops. reinforcement. '
ρ𝒔 ≥ 𝟎. 𝟒𝟓 ( 𝑨𝒈 — 𝟏) 𝒇𝒄 ([Link])
𝑨𝒄𝒉 𝒇𝒚𝒕
410.7.6 Transverse Reinforcement 425.7.2 Ties
where the value of f yt shall not be taken greater than 700
[Link] General [Link] Ties shall consist of a closed loop of deformed bar or MPa.
[Link].1 Transverse reinforcement shall satisfy the most deformed wire with spacing in accordance with (a) and (b):
restrictive requirements for reinforcement spacing. a. Clear spacing of at least (4/3)dagg;
[Link].2 Details of transverse reinforcement shall be in b. Center-to-center spacing shall not exceed the least of
accordance with Section 425.7.2 for ties, Section 425.7.3 for 16db of longitudinal bar, 48db of tie bar, and smallest
spirals, or Section 425.7.4 for hoops. dimension of member.
[Link] Diameter of tie bar or wire shall be at least (a) or (b):
422.4 Axial Strength or Combined Flexural and Axial a. 10 mm𝜙, enclosing 32 mm𝜙, or smaller longitudinal
Strength bars;
422.4.1 General b. 12 mm𝜙, enclosing 36 mm𝜙, or larger longitudinal bars
[Link] Nominal flexural and axial strength shall be or bundled longitudinal bars.
calculated in accordance with the assumptions of Section
[Link] Rectilinear ties shall be arranged to satisfy (a) and
422.2.
(b):
422.4.2 Maximum Axial Compressive Strength a. Every comer and alternate longitudinal bar shall have
[Link] Nominal axial compressive strength, Pn, shall not lateral support provided by the comer of a tie with an
exceed [Link], in accordance with Table [Link], where Po included angle of not more than 135 degrees;
is calculated by Eq. [Link] for non-prestressed members
and composite steel and concrete members, and by Eq. b. No unsupported bar shall be farther than 150 mm clear on
[Link] for prestressed members. each side along the tie from a laterally supported bar.
SHORT COLUMN WITH AXIAL LOAD PLASTIC CENTROID PROBLEM for PRACTICE
- the location of the resultant load when the column is
Problem 1 compressed uniformly Problem 6 (Similar CE Bd May 2016)
An axially loaded rectangular tied column is to be A reinforced concrete tied column is to be designed to support
designed for the following service loads: - the reference point for eccentricity of loads
a factored axial load of 2500 kN. Use fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 400 MPa,
Dead Load, D = 1,500 kN - the plastic centroid (PC) is at the geometrical center for and the 2010 NSCP. Find:
Live Load, L = 835 kN symmetrical column section 1. The smallest possible dimension for a square tied column in
Required Strength, U = 1.2 D + 1.6 L mm.
Capacity Reduction Factor, Ø = 0.65 A. 200 B. 300 C. 400 D. 500
Effective Cover to Centroid of Steel Reinforcement = Problem 4 (Similar to CE Bd. Nov 2013)
70 mm The section of a column is shown in the Figure-2. For this 2. The required dimension of a square tied column assuming a
Concrete, fc’ = 27.5 MPa problem, b1 = 300 mm, b2 = 180 mm, d1 = 250 mm, d2 = 350 gross steel ratio of 2%.
mm. f’c = 28 MPa, fy = 414 MPa. A .300 B. 400 C. 500 D. 600
Steel, fy = 415 MPa
1. Using 3% vertical steel ratio, what is the required 1. Determine the location of the centroid of the gross concrete 3. The required dimension of a circular spiral column
column width (mm) if architectural considerations limit area measured from the y-axis in mm. assuming a gross steel ratio of 2%.
the width of the column in one direction to 350 mm? A. 281 B. 262 C. 274 D. 253 A. 250 B.300 C. 400 D. 500
2. If the column has a circular section, determine the 2. Determine the location (mm) of the plastic neutral axis of
required minimum diameter if it is reinforced with 8-25 the column measured from the y-axis. Neglect the area of Problem 7
mm Ø bars. concrete occupied by the steel. A 360mm x360mm concrete tied column is to be designed for
3. If column Section = 450 mm x 450 mm. Vertical A. 272 B. 302 C. 282 D. 292 a factored axial load of 2200 kN. Capacity reduction factor, ϕ =
Reinforcement consists of 16 bars. Determine the 3. Determine the factored moment Mu (kN-m) due to a factored 0.65. Use the 2010 NSCP.
diameter of vertical bars (mm) if the required minimum load Pu= 3200 KN applied 400mm from the y-axis. Assume Materials: Concrete, fc’ = 28 MPa
steel ratio is 3%? that the column is reinforced such that the plastic neutral Steel , fy = 400 MPa
axis is 290mm from the y-axis causing compression in the 1. The number of pcs. 20mmØ bars for the longitudinal
Problem 2 4-28mmØ bars. reinforcements is nearest to.
A 400 mm square tied RC column is to carry axial service A. 352 B. 387 C. 326 D. 376 A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 10
loads of 1400 kN dead load and 790 kN live load. Assume
2. The maximum allowable spacing (mm) for the 10mmØ
column to be short and that any moment caused by the loads
Problem 5 (Similar to CE Bd. Nov 2014) lateral reinforcements is nearest to:
can be neglected. Use 2010 NSCP. If f’c = 28 MPa and fy = 415
GIVEN : A. 300 B. 350 C. 400 D. 450
MPa, determine:
Concrete tied column bxh = 300mm x 600mm 3. If 16mmØ longitudinal bars are used, how many bars are
1. the factored axial load. Reinforcing bars = 3-28mmΦ bars each face required if it will be placed on equal number of pieces on
2. the required number of 28 mmØ longitudinal bars. Total bar covering = 70 mm. each side of the section.
3. the maximum allowable spacing of 10 mmØ lateral ties. Materials : Concrete fc’ = 28 MPa A. 8 B. 14 C. 16 D. 20
Steel bars fy = 415 MPa
4. the required number of pieces per set of ties base on RC-
07 Strength reduction factors: Problem 8
= 0.90 for tension controls A 450 mm diameter concrete spiral column is to be designed
= 0.65 for compression controls to support a factored axial load of 3170 kN. Clear bar covering is
Problem 3 40mm and the aggregate size is 25mm. Use the 2010 NSCP with
A 400 mm diameter concrete column is to be reinforced If subjected to eccentric loads, the column will bend about fc’ = 28 MPa, fy = 414 MPa for the longitudinal steel, fyt = 414 MPa
with 8-25 mmØ vertical bars and 10 mmØ spiral. If f’c = 21 MPa the major axis of the section. The displaced concrete shall not for the spiral steel. Limit the gross steel percentage to 2%. Find:
and fy = 415 MPa, calculate: be neglected. Determine the following:
1. the maximum nominal axial strength of the RC column. 1. The number of pcs 28mmϕ bars for the longitudinal
1. Calculate the factored axial load capacity (kN) when
reinforcements.
2. the design axial strength of the column. concrete fails at a strain of εc = 0.003 and steel fails at a
A. 5 B. 6 C. 7 D. 8
strain of εs = fy /Es
3. the minimum spiral ratio required for the column section. 2. The spacing of the 10mmϕ spiral reinforcements in mm.
2. Calculate the factored flexural capacity (kN-m) when A. 25 B. 50 C. 75 D.100
4. the recommended pitch of the spiral reinforcement. concrete fails at a strain of εc = 0.003 and steel fails at a
strain of εs = fy /Es. 3. Which of the following most nearly gives the clear spacing
of the main longitudinal reinforcements in mm.
3. The value of the eccentricity of the load. A.140 B.155 C.165 D. 207
Problem 9(Similar CE Bd 2015)
A tied column is reinforced with 5-28mmΦ bars distributed
as shown in Figure-1. Concrete cover to centroid of reinforcement RC-07
is 60mm. Use fc’ = 21 MPa, fy=415 MPa, Es=200GPa. The three Ties shall be arranged such that every corner and
bars shall be considered in tension and use Ø=0.65. alternate longitudinal bar shall have lateral support
provided by the corner of a tie with an included angle
1. Determine the design axial load capacity of the column in
of not more than 135 degrees and no bar shall farther
“KN”.
A. 2640.7 B. 4735.3 C. 4062.7 D. 3119.8
than 150 mm clear on each side along the tie from such
a laterally supported bar. Where longitudinal bars are
2. Determine the location of the plastic center from the located around the perimeter of a circle, a complete
geometric centroid of the gross section in “mm”. Disregard circular tie shall be permitted.
the concrete area displaced by steel bars.
A. 8.96 B. 11.65 C. 15.34 D. 22.11
3. Determine the moment (kN-m) induced by the eccentric 3-28mm 2-28mm
force Pu = 3400 kN at “e” along the x-axis = 200mm from
the geometric center of the cross section.
a
A. 640 B. 710 C. 650 D. 720
450mm x

Problem 10
A 300mm x 400mm RC column is reinforced with 6 – a
60 60
28mmØ vertical bars, three bars in each 300mm face. Effective
480mm
concrete cover is 60 mm. f’c = 21 MPa and fy = 415 MPa.
Consider bending about the stronger axis. Figure - 1
1. Determine the nominal axial strength at balanced strain
condition.
y
2. Calculate the corresponding nominal flexural strength at d1 d2
55 55
balanced strain condition.
84mm
3. Find the eccentricity at balanced strain condition

b1 b2
6-20mmØ
4-28mmØ

Figure - 2