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YOUR NOTES
IGCSE Biology CIE 

1. Characteristics & Classification of Living Organisms

CONTENTS
1.1 Characteristics, Classification & Features of Organisms
1.1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms
1.1.2 Concept & Uses of Classification Systems
1.1.3 Concept & Uses of Classification Systems: Extended
1.1.4 Features of Organisms
1.1.5 Features of Organisms: Extended

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1.1 Characteristics, Classification & Features of Organisms YOUR NOTES


1.1.1 Characteristics of Living Organisms
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Movement: an action by an organism or part of an organism causing a change of
position or place
Respiration: the chemical reactions that break down nutrient molecules in living
cells to release energy for metabolism
Sensitivity: the ability to detect or sense stimuli in the internal or external
environment and to make appropriate responses
Growth: a permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in cell number
or cell size or both
Reproduction: the processes that make more of the same kind of organism
Excretion: the removal from organisms of toxic materials, the waste products of
metabolism (chemical reactions in cells including respiration) and substances in
excess of requirements
Nutrition: the taking in of materials for energy, growth and development; plants
require light, carbon dioxide, water and ions; animals need organic compounds,
ions and usually need water

 Exam Tip
Use this mnemonic to help you remember these processes:
MRS. H. GREN

Movement
Respiration
Sensitivity
Homeostasis
Growth and development
Reproduction
Excretion
N utrition

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1.1.2 Concept & Uses of Classification Systems YOUR NOTES


How Organisms are Classified
There are millions of species of organisms on Earth
A species is defined as a group of organisms that can reproduce to produce
fertile offspring
These species can be classified into groups by the features that they share e.g. all
mammals have bodies covered in hair, feed young from mammary glands and have
external ears (pinnas)

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The Binomial System YOUR NOTES

Organisms were first classified by a Swedish naturalist called Linnaeus in a way 
that allows the subdivision of living organisms into smaller and more specialised
groups
The species in these groups have more and more features in common the more
subdivided they get
He named organisms in Latin using the binomial system where the scientific name
of an organism is made up of two parts starting with the genus (always given a
capital letter) and followed by the species (starting with a lower case letter)
When typed binomial names are always in italics (which indicates they are Latin)
e.g. Homo sapiens
The sequence of classification is: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus,
Species

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Linnaeus’s system of classification

 Exam Tip
The order of classification can be remembered by using a mnemonic like:
KING PHILIP CAME OVER FOR GRAN’S SPAGHETTI

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Dichotomous Keys YOUR NOTES

Keys are used to identify organisms based on a series of questions about their 
features
Dichotomous means ‘branching into two’ and it leads the user through to the
name of the organism by giving two descriptions at a time and asking them to
choose
Each choice leads the user onto another two descriptions
In order to successfully navigate a key, you need to pick a single organism to start
with and follow the statements from the beginning until you find the name
You then pick another organism and start at the beginning of the key again,
repeating until all organisms are named

Example of a dichotomous key #1

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Example of a dichotomous key #2

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 Exam Tip
Simple dichotomous keys almost always come up in the multiple choice 
paper, so make sure you can use [Link] occasionally they show up in the
theory paper, and when they do you almost always have to use one instead
of constructing one, so focus on this rather than spending hours learning to
construct them yourself!

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1.1.3 Concept & Uses of Classification Systems: Extended YOUR NOTES


Reflecting Evolutionary Relationships: Extended
Classification systems aim to reflect evolutionary relationships between species
Traditional biological classification systems grouped organisms based on
the features that they shared
If organisms shared more similar features then they were said to be more
closely related
In the past, scientists have encountered many difficulties when trying to determine
the evolutionary relationships of species based on this method
Using the physical features of species (such as colour/shape/size) has many
limitations and can often lead to the wrong classification of species

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Using DNA to Classify Organisms: Extended YOUR NOTES

Organisms share features because they originally descend from a common 
ancestor
Example: all mammals have bodies covered in hair, feed young from mammary
glands and have external ears (pinnas)
Originally, organisms were classified using morphology (the overall form and
shape of the organism, e.g. whether it had wings or legs) and anatomy (the
detailed body structure as determined by dissection)
As technology advanced, microscopes, knowledge of biochemistry and eventually
DNA sequencing allowed us to classify organisms using a more scientific
approach
Studies of DNA sequences of different species show that the more similar the base
sequences in the DNA of two species, the more closely related those two species
are (and the more recent in time their common ancestor is)
This means that the base sequences in a mammal’s DNA are more closely related
to all other mammals than to any other vertebrate groups

DNA sequences can show how closely related different species are

The sequences above show that Brachinus armiger and Brachinus hirsutus are
more closely related than any other species in the list as their DNA sequences are
identical except for the last but one base ([Link] has a T in that position
whereas [Link] has an A)
As DNA base sequences are used to code for amino acid sequences in proteins,
the similarities in amino acid sequences can also be used to determine how closely
related organisms are

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1.1.4 Features of Organisms YOUR NOTES


The Five Kingdoms
The first division of living things in the classification system is to put them into
one of five kingdoms. They are:
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctists
Prokaryotes

Main features of all animals:

they are multicellular
their cells contain a nucleus but no cell walls or chloroplasts
they feed on organic substances made by other living things

A typical animal cell

Main features of all plants:

they are multicellular
their cells contain a nucleus, chloroplasts and cellulose cell walls
they all feed by photosynthesis

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A typical plant cell

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The Animal Kingdom YOUR NOTES

Several main features are used to place organisms into groups within the animal 
kingdom
Vertebrates
All vertebrates have a backbone
There are 5 classes of vertebrates
Vertebrate Table

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Vertebrate classification

Invertebrates
Invertebrates do not possess a backbone
One of the morphological characteristics used to classify invertebrates is whether
they have legs or not
All invertebrates with jointed legs are part of the phylum Arthropods
They are classified further into the following classes:
Invertebrate Table

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Arthropod classification

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1.1.5 Features of Organisms: Extended YOUR NOTES


The Five Kingdoms: Extended
The first division of living things in the classification system is to put them into
one of five kingdoms
They are:
Animals
Plants
Fungi
Protoctists
Prokaryotes
Main features of all fungi (e.g. moulds, mushrooms, yeast)
usually multicellular
cells have nuclei and cell walls not made from cellulose
do not photosynthesize but feed by saprophytic (on dead or decaying
material) or parasitic (on live material) nutrition

A typical fungal cell

Main features of all Protoctists (e.g. Amoeba, Paramecium, Plasmodium)

most are unicellular but some are multicellular
all have a nucleus, some may have cell walls and chloroplasts
meaning some protoctists photosynthesise and some feed on organic
substances made by other living things

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Two examples of protoctist cells

Main features of all Prokaryotes (bacteria, blue-green algae)

often unicellular
cells have cell walls (not made of cellulose) and cytoplasm but no nucleus or
mitochondria

A typical bacterial cell

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The Plant Kingdom: Extended YOUR NOTES

At least some parts of any plant are green, caused by the presence of the pigment 
chlorophyll which absorbs energy from sunlight for the process of photosynthesis
The plant kingdom includes organisms such as ferns and flowering plants
Ferns
Have leaves called fronds
Do not produce flowers but instead reproduce by spores produced on the
underside of fronds

Ferns

Ferns reproduce by spores found in the underside of their fronds

Flowering plants
Reproduce sexually by means of flowers and seeds
Seeds are produced inside the ovary found at the base of the flower
Can be divided into two groups – monocotyledons and dicotyledons

Wheat plants are monocotyledons

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Sunflowers are dicotyledons

How do you distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons?

1) Flowers

Flowers from monocotyledons contain petals in multiples of 3

Flowers from dicotyledons contain petals in multiples of 4 or 5
2) Leaves

Leaves from monocotyledons have parallel leaf veins

Leaves from dicotyledons have reticulated leaf veins (meaning that they are all
interconnected and form a web-like network throughout the leaf)

Comparing monocots and dicots

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 Exam Tip
Identification of monocotyledons and dicotyledons comes up fairly 
frequently in the multiple choice paper and so it is worth learning the two
differences between their flowers and leaves.

Viruses: Extended
Viruses are not part of any classification system as they are not considered living
things
They do not carry out the seven life processes for themselves, instead they take
over a host cell’s metabolic pathways in order to make multiple copies of
themselves
Virus structure is simply genetic material (RNA or DNA) inside a protein coat

Structure of a typical virus

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