REPETITION METHOD

POLYGONAL

I. OBJECTIVES:

It can be mentioned that one of the important objectives encompasses

everything else is mainly learning to use the optical theodolite
electronic and its application in the polygonal repetition method.

Learning to have well-defined selected points since they

points must be far enough apart, immobile,
easy to locate and with good visibility so that they offer a
well-defined aim both vertically and horizontally (with the
theodolite)

Correctly using THE POLYGONAL REPETITION METHOD,

taking into account the correct steps to follow.
 II. INTRODUCTION

For the development of this practice, we need to have knowledge.

previously learned as is the use and installation

of the theodolite as well as the correct uses of different

electronic optical theodolite devices to be able to freeze

angles, in order to give good aim to the directions of

the points of the polygonal formed given by the engineer in classes

previous.

The practice of this work consisted of measuring the angles

interiors and exteriors using the repetition method employing the

electronic optical theodolite and the precision with which an angle can

measured by this procedure is proportional to the number of times

the angle repeats itself (up to ten times); but the precision does not

increases significantly when more than ten repetitions are done,

due to the lost movements in the instrument by the

accidental errors that can be made.

To apply this method, a repeating theodolite is needed.

to say, an instrument that allows to repeat the measurement of the angle

horizontal accumulating successive readings on that limbo

freezing those angles.

III. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

REPETITION METHOD

(Repetition of horizontal angles)

DESCRIPCIÓN:

In this practice, in order to apply this method, a theodolite is needed.

repeater (in our case we use an electronic optical theodolite), that is,
an instrument that allows repeating the measurement of the horizontal angle by accumulating
successive readings about that limbo.

What this method aims to take advantage of is the ability to multiply.

(measure several times) an angle in a mechanical way, obtaining the reading of the
product of such repetitions with the same precision as the reading of a
simple angle.

According to what we could extract from the explanation in class, the accuracy of the
the repetition method increases with the number of times it is multiplied or
repeat the angle and also if greater precision is required, it is preferable to do the
I work with a theodolite of higher angular resolution (the accuracy depends on the
equipment used and the person who operates it.
 PROCEDURE:

Below is a detail of the operation for an angle measured by

repetition at each of the vertices of the polygon ABC.

GENERAL DESCRIPTION: N
A certain number of angle measurements will be made.
E
internal at a first point, then it will proceed to
measure external angles at this same point (the
the number of external measurements will be equal to that of
internally). Thus, this same procedure will be carried out.
in the next two points.

Ext. B

Point: B Int. B

Int. A

Ext. A

Point: A

Ext. C
Point: C
Int. C

The instrument will be properly installed on a first point.

A, after completing the procedure in A we proceed to install in B and finally in
point C.
...once ready to measure, the following steps will be taken
way

To measure interior angles:

We take as an example for the description of the procedure the angle

formed by the points A, B, and C (BAC).

1st "FINE AIM": One looks towards the point, holding the
mounting screws, both horizontal and vertical; once
Once these screws are tightened, fine adjustment is made with the screws.
tangential both horizontally and vertically, in order to achieve placing the
view at the mark that defines point B.
Press the "0SET" key to set the angle reading at
0º00’00’’, where we will start measuring the interior angle BAC
(but first the horizontal fastening screw is loosened).
3rd Sweep the first corner in a clockwise direction; until reaching the visualization of the
point C, then we secure the horizontal fastening screw (it is no longer
necessary the vertical), we aim finely with the screws
horizontal and vertical tangents until we are positioned above the mark
what defines point C.
4th Then freeze the angle by pressing the 'HOLD' key,
the end of maintaining the angle that will serve as a starting point for measuring the
next angle.
5th Release the horizontal and vertical fastening screws.
6th Invert the glasses.
7th Rotate the team clockwise or counterclockwise to visualize.
again the point B, then tighten the holding screws
horizontal and vertical, and make fine adjustments with the screws
horizontal and vertical tangents to be on top of the mark that
define point B.
8th We defrost the angle by pressing the "HOLD" key again.
9th The horizontal fastening screw is loosened and swept for the second time.
turn the angle clockwise; until reaching the point C,
then we secure the horizontal and vertical fastening screws,
we make fine aiming with the horizontal tangential screws
vertical until we position ourselves above the mark that defines point C.
10º Freeze the new accumulated angle.
11º Release the horizontal and vertical mounting screws.
12º Turn the binoculars back again.
13th Repeat this procedure from step 7 to 12, as many times
as necessary (in our case, there were four repetitions).
in the last repetition we only got up to step 10.
 INSTALLATION OF THE INSTRUMENT

MEASUREMENT WITH TAPE

MEASUREMENT CON THE

Theodolite
To measure exterior angles:

We take as an example for the description of the procedure the angle.

formed by the points A, B, and C [ CAB (exterior angle)]

For this procedure, we will start from the last reading.

made from the interior angle BAC (from C).
1st Thaw the last reading of the interior angle measurement
BAC.
We release the horizontal mounting screw and sweep the angle at
clockwise (from C) until reaching the brand of
point B.
3rd Secure the horizontal and vertical fastening screws, do
Fine aiming with the horizontal and vertical tangential screws.
4º Freeze the first reading of the exterior angle by pressing the
HOLD key.
5th Invert the binoculars.
6th We loosen the horizontal fixing screw and turn the
instrument in any direction until visualizing the brand that
define point C. then we secure the fastening screws
horizontal and vertical and we make fine adjustments with the screws
horizontal and vertical tangents to that point.
7th Defrost by pressing the 'HOLD' button again.
Sweep clockwise for the second time the angle until
visualize the mark that defines point B.
9th Repeat the steps from 3rd to 8th, as many times as the number of
repetitions in the interior angles, in the last repetition
we reached step 4.
 EQUIPMENT AND EQUIPMENT USED

3. TOPOGRAPHIC LOVE
The topographic tape has a graduation and allows us to measure in
a direct distance.
In order to use or measure with the topographic tape, we must first
recognize the zero of the tape, then observe which are the smallest
divisions of the tape which will give us an idea of the precision of the
love. In our work done in the field, our tape had
a division of 2mm on one side and on the other side there was a division
in inches, so the accuracy of the tape was 2mm.
In this practice, the measuring tape was useful for measuring the distance.
existing between points A-B B-C C-D

4. MILESTONES
The pull is an instrument cylindrical topographic and
elongated that ends in a point in order to insert it into the surface of the
land. As for the dimensions, there is nothing standardized, in
in our case, during practice we used 2-meter high pulls and
with an approximate diameter of ¾ inch, made of iron so that
they are a bit heavy.
theodolite

The precision of angular measurements for planimetric work is

very variable. In low-precision measurements it can be
the use of the compass is advisable, but in those cases where a
the highest degree of accuracy, the role of the compass is limited to
obtaining the magnetic heading of one of the lines of work to
execute. It is necessary then, to use the Theodolite that gives us
directly the measure of the horizontal angle between the lines,
regardless of the position of any meridian. The accuracy
the angular measurement goes from minutes to tenths of a second, from
agreement with the type of device used. Apart from the horizontal angle
we can also obtain, if necessary, the measure of the angle
vertical and the corresponding readings for the static threads
(tachymetric).
5. TRIPOD

It is the support of the surveying instrument, with extendable legs or

telescopic that end in iron spikes with stirrups to step on and
stake in the ground. They must be stable and allow the device to remain at
the operator's viewing height is 1.40–1.50 m. and the legs are separated
conveniently approximately 1m

This instrument has a base and in the central part, it has a screw.
to be able to screw into the thread of the instrument to which it will provide support.

Screw

Base of
tripod

Screw
regulator

Sure

Tripod Regatones
 IV PRACTICAL WORK (FIELD)

JOB DESIGNATION
After the engineer gave us the position on the ground of points A,
B, C to form a polygon, our practice consisted of:

Find the interior and exterior angles of the polygon using the method of
repetition.
Measure the sides of the polygon using the tape measure.

DESCRIPTION OF THE LAND

The land where we carried out our practice was flat, as it did not present
pronounced slopes and depressions; it also presents a lot of
vegetation.

MEASUREMENT WITH TAPE

Part of the work consisted of measuring the segments AB, BC, CA that
constituted the perimeter of the land to be worked on
using a 50m topographic tape. In practice, we carry out the
next procedure:

For the first section, we extend the tape from point A which is
materialized through a stake that is located beneath our
team to point B which is materialized by a pull.

We used the tape more than once to determine the distance AB,
taking auxiliary points to be able to find the final distance giving us
a length of 63.20m.

In order to find the length of side BC, it was enough for us to extend just one.
see the tape, since the distance from side BC was less than the length of
the tape resulting in a distance of 44.16m.

To find the length of the third segment we proceed the same way as in the case
previously determining the length of section CA giving us a measurement of
22.44m.
CALCULATION OF ANGLES

For the measurement of angles using the repetition method, we follow the
following procedure, which is related to the current practice which
it consisted of measuring the internal and external angles of the given polygon:

INTERNAL ANGLES

To explain the procedure, we will take angle BÂC as an example.

Once materialized, through the pulls, each of the
vertices (points) of the quadrilateral, we choose one of its sides AB that
it will be our reference alignment from which the
interior angle that it makes with one of its continuous sides.

2. We situate and we leveled the theodolite at one of the points of the

alignment, point A, at this position we rotate the theodolite until we locate
the zero in its reading, that is 00º00`0``, aiming above
from the team to the direction at the pull that determines point B and looking through
the binoculars to confirm the direction.

3. Having the theodolite with the sight coincident in the alignment AB and
its reading at zero, we thaw the angle and sweep in the direction
schedule until the AC alignment locating the marker using the telescope
placed in C then we adjust the horizontal fastening screws and
vertical, we clarify the image of the threads until it matches
perfectly with the direction of the pull and proceed to measure the angle,
with the HOLD key we freeze the angle and proceed to the next
step.

4. We turn the theodolite (with the angle read in the previous step frozen)
again to the AB alignment and we match
perfectly the address of the pull B.

5. Now we unfreeze the angle and sweep again towards the

AC alignment, where we repeat step 3, obtaining the second
reading of the angle (repeated).

6. We repeat the previous steps two more times until completion.

four angle readings.

For the rest of the internal angles of the triangle, we set up the theodolite at each
one of the remaining vertices and we repeat each of the previous steps,
according to the sides.
EXTERNAL ANGLES
For the measurement of external angles, the reading of the
last internal angle, for the explanation we will take the measurement as an example
of the external angle BÂC:

1. With the reading of the last interior angle, we have the position of the theodolite.
in the AC alignment, in this case we do not freeze the angle, but rather
we sweep, without turning the binoculars, clockwise until
position the theodolite in alignment AB, obtaining in this way
the first reading of the external angle.
2. Inthis new position of the theodolite, we freeze the angle, we give it
we return to the eyepiece and we turn the theodolite again towards the
AC alignment, in which we thaw and sweep it again.
angle up to alignment AB, where we obtain our second
reading of external angle.

3. Then we repeat the previous steps two more times until completed
four angle readings.
Determination of Angles
In order to find the repeated angle, we will need the following formulas:

Numero de Vueltas =[ Lectura Inicial + (Medición Simple)x (Numero de Repeticiones)]/360

For the repeated angle, the following formula is used:

Angulo Repetido = (Lectura final–Lectura Inicial)/# repeticiones

For the final angle:

Final Angle = 360° * (#repetitions) + Final Reading

We now proceed to determine the repeated angles with the data from
field:

Simple measure of the external angle of A:

(360° - 111°49'35") + 83°51'10" = 332°1'35"

POINT A
ANGLE POSITION OF NUMBER OF READING ANGLE
GLASSES REPETITIONS REPEATED
0 0°00'00"
ANGLE D 1 27°58'05"
INTERNAL I 2 55°54'40"
D 3 83°51'05"
I 4 111 degrees 49 minutes 35 seconds
27°57’23.75”
0 111°49’35”
ANGLE D 1 83°51’10°
EXTERNAL I 2 55°53’25”
D 3 27°54’55”
I 4 359 degrees 56 minutes 20 seconds
332 degrees 1 minute 41.25 seconds
 Now we calculate the number of laps:

# turns = *(332°1'35° x 4) + 111°49'35" +/ 360° = 3.9998

We take the whole part, that is 3.

Now we find the final angle

Final Angle = 360°*(3) + 359°56’20” = 1436°56’20”

Now we find the repeated angle:

(1436°56’20”-111°49’35”)/4 = 332°1’41.25”

Now we add the two repeated angles (interior angle and angle
exterior) = 332°1’ 41.25” + 27°57’23.75” = 359°59’5”. And this
the result has to be close to 360°

Now we proceed in the same way for points B and C.

POINT B
ANGLE POSITION OF NUMBER OF READING ANGLE
glasses REPETITIONS REPEATED
0 0°00'00"
Angles D 1 13°48’30”
INTERNOS I 2 27°36'45"
D 3 41°26'30"
I 4 55°16'35"
13°49'8.75"
0 55°16'35"
ANGLES D 1 41°27'50"
EXTERNALS I 2 27°38'25"
D 3 13°50’30”
I 4 0°02'25"
346°11'27.5"
 POINT C
ANGLE POSITION OF NUMBER READING
OF ANGLE
GLASSES REPETITIONS REPEATED
0 0°00'00"
ANGLES D 1 138 degrees 14 minutes 55 seconds
INTERNOS I 2 276°29'05"
D 3 54°44’25”
I 4 192°58’30”
48°14'37.5"
0 192°58’30”
ANGLES D 1 54°44’30°
EXTERNALS I 2 276°30'50"
D 3 138 degrees 16 minutes 20 seconds
I 4 00°02’20”
311 degrees 44 minutes 55 seconds

NOTE:
CHECKING ANGLES OF THE CLOSED POLYGON USING A COMPASS.

Part of the job was to determine the orientation of each side of the triangle.
for that we used the compass to determine the azimuth of sides AB,
BC and AD.

The purpose of doing that was to be able to check the measure of the internal angles.
and external points of the closed polygon and the results are shown in the following figure:
 IV. CONCLUSIONS

We could conclude that the more repetitions we do the

accuracy will be greater, but up to a certain limit.

In the verification of the data, we found those to be correct.

measured angles, which is why the brigade concluded that we managed to use
this method correctly.

As an observation: When measuring angles in the

first point A, we had made a mistake in the investment of
glasses because when checking the data they did not save
correlation, that's why we had to do it again
measurement for this point, but we finally achieved the objective of the
practice.