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Section 30.1: The Biot-Savart Law
• The magnetic field described by the Biot-Savart law is the field due to a given current-carrying conductor.
• It says that the magnetic field element 𝑑𝐁 at a point 𝑃 due to out of page
a length element 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ that carries a steady current 𝐼 is:
𝐁
𝜇0 𝐼𝑑𝐬Ԧ × 𝐫ො
𝑑𝐁 =
4𝜋 𝑟 2
T.m 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ
• 𝜇0 is the permeability of free space, 𝜇0 = 4𝜋 × 10−7
A
into page
𝐼
• 𝑟 is the distance from the element to the point 𝑃.
𝐫ො
• 𝐫ො is the unit vector pointing from 𝑑𝐬Ԧ towards point 𝑃.
• The direction of 𝑑𝐁 is perpendicular to both 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ and 𝐫ො. The angle between 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ
* The direction of the field 𝐁
at a point 𝑃 is given by the
and 𝐫ො is 180 > 𝜃 > 0 . cross product. We can use the:
• The magnitude of 𝑑𝐁 is directly proportional to 𝐼, 𝑑𝑠 and sin 𝜃 while is 1- thumb R.H.R (curl fingers).
inversely proportional to 𝑟 2 . 2- Or grasp the wire with your
• The total magnetic field 𝐁 created at some point 𝑃 by a current of finite size is: thumb pointing in the direction
of 𝐼, your fingers will show
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ × 𝐫ො the direction of 𝐁 surrounding
𝐁= න
4𝜋 𝑟2 the wire.
• Think: Rank the magnetic field produced by 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ at A, B, and C.
Answer:
𝐵>𝐶>𝐴
Dr. Suhad Sbeih 2
Dr. Suhad Sbeih
𝜋
𝜑= −𝜃
2
Write your answer in terms of 𝑎, 𝐼, and the angle 𝜃 from the y-axis as shown.
• Assume that the lines connecting the ends of the straight wire to 𝜑
𝑎
−ve 𝑥 +ve 𝑥
point 𝑃 make angles 𝜃1 and 𝜃2 with the (y-axis).
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ×ො𝐫
• Use: 𝐁= 𝑟 2 By R.H.R → 𝐁 is out of page / Or grasp the wire
4𝜋
𝜋 መ
• The term 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ × 𝐫ො has the magnitude: 𝑑𝐬Ԧ × 𝐫ො = 𝑑𝑥 𝐫ො sin − 𝜃 = 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃 , and the direction: 𝐢Ƹ × 𝒋Ƹ = 𝐤
2
For simplicity: take the
• Thus: 𝑑𝐬Ԧ × 𝐫ො = 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝜃 𝐤መ , also from the right triangle: cos 𝜃 = 𝑎 → 𝑟 = 𝑎 element at the origin 𝐢Ƹ 𝐣Ƹ
𝑟 cos 𝜃 መ
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑥 cos 3 𝜃 𝐤
• The magnetic field 𝐁 at the point 𝑃 is: 𝐁 = න መ
𝐤
4𝜋 𝑎2
−𝑥 1 𝑎 𝑑𝜃
• But: tan 𝜃 = → 𝑥 = − 𝑎 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑎 sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 , use: sec 𝜃 = , 𝑑𝑥 = − 2
𝑎 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃
3 𝜃2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑎 𝑑𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝜇 𝐼 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐁=− න 2 2 መ 𝐁 = − 0 න cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝐤
𝐤 መ 𝐁=− sin 𝜃
𝜃2 መ
𝐤
4𝜋 𝑎 cos 𝜃 4𝜋 𝑎 𝜃1 4𝜋 𝑎 𝜃1
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐁= sin 𝜃1 − sin 𝜃2 𝐤መ . 𝜃1 𝜃2
4𝜋 𝑎 +ve −ve 𝑎
𝝁𝟎 𝑰
1) The magnitude of the magnetic field for a wire of FINITE length: 𝑩 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽𝟐
𝟒𝝅 𝒂
𝝁 𝑰 𝑎
𝜋 𝜋
2) For a wire of INFINITE length [𝜃1 = 2 and 𝜃2 = − 2 → sin 𝜃1 − sin 𝜃2 = 1 − −1 = 2]: 𝑩 = 𝟎
𝟐𝝅 𝒂 ∞ 𝑃
∞
𝜋 𝝁 𝑰
3) For HALF a wire of infinite length [𝜃1 = 2 and 𝜃2 = 0 → sin 𝜃1 − sin 𝜃2 = 1]: 𝑩 = 𝟎 𝑎
𝟒𝝅 𝒂 3
∞
Ԧ 𝐫
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑 𝐬×ො
• For all wire parts, use: 𝐁=
4𝜋 𝑟2
𝑑 𝐬Ԧ
• For the straight portions: 𝑑𝐬Ԧ and 𝐫ො are parallel thus 𝑑 𝐬Ԧ × 𝐫ො = 0 ×
𝐫ො
The magnetic field due to the two straight portions at point 𝑂 is ZERO. 𝐁 By R.H.R → 𝐁 from arc is into page
Or grasp the wire.
• For the circular arc: 𝑑𝐬Ԧ and 𝐫ො are always perpendicular thus 𝑑𝐬Ԧ × 𝐫ො = 𝑑𝑠 , and the direction of 𝐁 produced
by the arc is into the page.
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑑𝑠
• The magnitude of the magnetic field at 𝑂 is: 𝐵= න , the distance from all points in the arc is 𝑟 = 𝑎 ,
4𝜋 𝑟 2
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑠
and ( 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑑 the arc length) 𝐵 = .
4𝜋𝑎2
• The arc length is defined as: 𝑠 =b𝑟 𝜃 , where 𝑟 is the arc radius and 𝜃 is its internal angle (in radians).
𝜇0 𝐼 𝑎 𝜃 𝝁𝟎 𝑰 The magnetic field at the center of an arc of
• Thus: 𝐵 = 𝑩 = 𝜽 𝝅 𝝅
4𝜋𝑎2 𝟒𝝅𝒂 radius 𝒂 and angle 𝜽 in radians ( 𝟐 , 𝟒 , 𝝅 , 𝟐𝝅 , …)
“into page” 𝐼
𝑎
𝜇0 𝐼 𝝁𝟎 𝑰
• The magnetic field at the center of a circular loop of radius 𝑎: 𝐵 = 2𝜋 𝑩=
4𝜋𝑎 𝟐𝒂
the internal
angle of circle
“into page”
Fingers with the current
𝝁𝟎 𝑰 around the loop → thumb
• The magnetic field at the center of a N loops (a coil) of radius 𝑎: 𝑩 = 𝑵
𝟐𝒂 shows the field.
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Section 30.2: Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Conductors
• Consider two long straight parallel wires separated by a distance 𝑎 and
carrying currents 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 in the same direction.
• The magnetic force exerted by the magnetic field of wire2 on wire1 is:
𝐅Ԧ21 = 𝐼1 𝒍Ԧ × 𝑩𝟐 , 𝒍Ԧ
┴𝑩 𝐅Ԧ21
• Its magnitude is: 𝐹21 = 𝐼1 𝑙𝐵2 , using the definition of 𝐵 for an infinite wire at point
𝜇0 𝐼2
𝐹21 = 𝐼1 𝑙
2𝜋𝑎
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
⇒ 𝐅Ԧ21 = 𝑙 towards 𝐼2 (attraction) Magnetic 1st use of RHR: to determine the
2𝜋𝑎 force between direction of 𝑩𝟐 generated from 𝐼2 𝑩
• By finding the force exerted by the magnetic field two wires at point in wire1 (or grasp wire2).
of wire1 on wire2, 𝐅Ԧ12 , one gets: 𝐅Ԧ12 = 𝐅Ԧ21 and 𝐅Ԧ12 = −𝐅Ԧ21 .
2nd use of RHR: to determine the
equal in magnitude opposite in direction direction of 𝑭𝑩 on wire1 (segment
𝒍Ԧ𝟏 ) from 𝑩𝟐 , remember:
• The magnitude of the magnetic force between two parallel long straight 𝑩𝟐 𝒍Ԧ𝟏
𝐅Ԧ𝐵 = 𝒍Ԧ × 𝑩
current carrying conductors per unit length is: → 𝒍Ԧ𝟏 × 𝑩𝟐 = 𝐅Ԧ21 𝐅Ԧ21
𝐹𝐵 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝑰Ԧ𝟏 𝑰Ԧ𝟐
= 𝒍Ԧ𝟏 𝒍Ԧ𝟐
“Definition of Ampere” 𝑙 2𝜋𝑎
∙
𝑩𝟐 𝐅Ԧ21 𝐅Ԧ12
×
𝑩𝟏
• If 𝐹𝐵 /𝑙 = 2 × 10−7 N/m, 𝑎 = 1 m & 𝐼1 = 𝐼2 , the current in each wire is 1A.
𝑰Ԧ𝟏
• If 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are in the same direction, wires attract each other. 𝒍Ԧ𝟏 𝑩𝟏
𝐅Ԧ21 𝐅Ԧ12
• If 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are in the opposite directions, wires repel each other. × ×
𝑩𝟐 𝒍Ԧ𝟐
5
Dr. Suhad Sbeih 𝑰Ԧ𝟐
• The two magnetic forces on the levitated wire are 𝐹𝐵,𝐿 and 𝐹𝐵,𝑅 due to the left- and right- hand wires on
the ground. Their horizontal components cancel out. Their vertical components add to:
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2 𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐹Ԧ𝐵 = 2 𝑙 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ = 𝑙 cos 𝜃 𝑗Ƹ
2𝜋𝑎 𝜋𝑎
• The gravitational force on the levitated wire is: 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = −𝑚𝑔𝑗Ƹ
• The net force on the wire is zero: σ 𝐹Ԧ = 𝐹Ԧ𝐵 + 𝐹Ԧ𝑔 = 0
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝐼2
𝑙 cos 𝜃 = 𝑚𝑔
𝜋𝑎
𝑚𝑔𝜋𝑎 0.4 9.8 𝜋 0.01
𝐼2 = = = 113 A
𝜇0 𝐼1 𝑙 cos 𝜃 4𝜋 × 10−7 100 10 cos 30°
Dr. Suhad Sbeih 6
Section 30.3: Ampere’s Law
• The line integral of 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑠Ԧ around any closed path equals 𝜇0 𝐼, where 𝐼 is the total steady current passing through
any surface bounded by the closed path:
• Use this R.H.R to predict the
ර 𝐵 ∙ 𝑑 𝑠Ԧ = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 path over which you integrate.
• Take 𝑑𝑠Ԧ 𝐵 to avoid getting
Closed path (amperian loop)
negative 𝐵 .
• Example: 𝐵 at a distance 𝑎 from a long straight wire that carries a current 𝐼 is:
𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׯԦ = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝐵 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑑 ׯ0 𝐼
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵 2𝜋𝑎 = 𝜇0 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐵=
2𝜋𝑎
- Same result for the infinite wire case in example (30.1).
• Example: Rank the magnitudes of 𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׯԦ for the closed paths 𝑎, 𝑏, 𝑐, 𝑑 from greatest to lowest?
A) B)
𝑎 ⇒ 1 + 5 − 2 𝜇0 = 4 𝜇0
𝑏 ⇒ 1 − 2 𝜇0 = −1 𝜇0
𝑐 ⇒ 1 + 5 𝜇0 = 6 𝜇0 𝑎=𝑐=𝑑>𝑏
=
𝑑 ⇒ 5 − 2 𝜇0 = 3 𝜇0 zero
6 > 4 > 3 > −1 mag.
𝑐>𝑎>𝑑>𝑏
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1) For 𝑟 ≥ 𝑅: 𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׯԦ = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 ⇒ 𝐵 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑑 ׯ0 𝐼
𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐵= 𝑟≥𝑅
2𝜋𝑟
2) For 𝑟 < 𝑅: 𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׯԦ = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 ⇒ 𝐵 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑑 ׯ0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
𝜇0
𝐵 2𝜋𝑟 = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 ⇒ 𝐵= 𝐼
2𝜋𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑐
• Since the current is uniformly distributed through the cross-section area of the wire,
the current density is constant through the cross-section “inside the conductor”.
𝐼
Thus, 𝐽= = constant
𝐴
𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 𝐼
⇒ =
𝜋𝑟 2 𝜋𝑅 2
𝜇 𝐼
0
𝑟2 𝐵𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 2𝜋𝑅 is when 𝑟 = 𝑅
𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 = 𝐼 2
𝑅
at the wire’s surface
𝜇0 𝑟2 𝜇0 𝐼
𝐵= 𝐼 ⇒ 𝐵= 𝑟 𝑟<𝑅
2𝜋𝑟 𝑅 2 2𝜋𝑅 2
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Section 30.4: The Magnetic Field of a Solenoid
tightly wound loosely wound
• A solenoid is a long wire wound in the form of a helix.
solenoid “ideal” solenoid
When it carries a current, a uniform magnetic field is
produced in its interior.
B at each
• Ideal solenoid: is a tightly wound solenoid and very long end is about
compared to its radius, its external field is almost zero half its value
at the center.
and its interior field is uniform over a great volume.
• Take a rectangular path and apply Ampere’s law:
𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׯԦ = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
integral survives zero zero zero
𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 Ԧ + 𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 Ԧ + 𝑠𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 Ԧ + 𝑠 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 Ԧ = 𝜇0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
1 2 3 4
cross-sectional view
𝐵 𝑑𝑠Ԧ
and B has a
┴
𝐵 𝑑𝑠Ԧ 𝐵~0 𝐵
┴ 𝑑𝑠Ԧ
value inside 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑑 𝐵 0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐 close to the center of the
1 solenoid, B is uniform (constant)
𝐵 𝜇 = 𝑠𝑑 0 𝐼𝑒𝑛𝑐
Side 1 length 1
𝐵𝑙 = 𝜇0 𝑁𝐼 , 𝑁: number of turns (source points)
𝑁 𝑁
𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝐼 , 𝑛= is the number of turns per
𝑙 𝑙 unit length
The magnetic field near the
⇒ 𝐵 = 𝜇0 𝑛 𝐼 center of an ideal solenoid
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Section 30.5: Gauss’s Law in Magnetism
Magnetic Flux 𝝋𝑩 :
• The magnetic flux associated with a magnetic field is defined like the electric flux.
• Consider an arbitrary shaped surface, the magnetic flux through an area element 𝑑𝐴 is:
𝜑𝐵 = 𝐴 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 Ԧ
, where 𝑑 𝐴Ԧ is the vector perpendicular to the surface of a magnitude 𝑑𝐴.
a)
• A special case is when a plane of area 𝐴 makes an angle 𝜃 with 𝐵, the magnetic flux
throught the plane is: 𝜑𝐵 = 𝐵 ∙ 𝐴Ԧ = 𝐵𝐴 cos 𝜃
b)
┴
a) If the field is parallel to the plane surface, 𝐵 𝐴Ԧ (𝜃 = 90°) → 𝜑𝐵 = 0.
b) If the field is perpendicular to the plane, 𝐵 𝐴Ԧ (𝜃 = 0°) → 𝜑𝐵,𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐵𝐴.
* Unit of magnetic flux: T . m2, which is defined as a weber (Wb): 1 Wb = 1 T . m2.
• Magnetic field lines do not begin or end at any point (NOT LIKE electric field lines
that originate and terminate on electric charges).
• Magnetic field lines are continuous, and form closed loops.
• For any closed surface, the number of magnetic field lines entering a surface equals the
number of lines leaving the surface.
Gauss’ Law in Magnetism: the magnetic flux through any closed surface is always zero.
𝐴 𝑑 ∙ 𝐵 ׯԦ = 0
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𝑎
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𝜃1
𝑎 𝜃2
4𝑙 2𝑙
𝑅= =
2𝜋 𝜋
𝐼
𝑅
“into page”
Fingers with the current
around the loop → thumb
shows the field.
Dr. Suhad Sbeih 12
Infinite wire
circle
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½ infinite wire ¼ circle
arc (𝜽 = 𝝅/𝟐)
½ infinite wire
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𝜇0 𝐼
• The magnetic field at 𝑃 has the magnitude: 𝐵 = 𝜃
4𝜋𝑟
𝜋 𝜋
• The angle 𝜃 in radians is: 𝜃 = 30° × = Angle conversion from
180° 6 degrees to radians
4 𝜋 ×10−7 ×3 𝜋
• Thus: 𝐵 = = 2.62 × 10−7 T = 262 𝑛T
4 𝜋 ×0.6 6
• This magnetic field at 𝑃 is directed into the page.
* If there is a charge moving at 𝑃 with some velocity to the right, what is the
direction of the magnetic force acting on the moving charge?
𝐅Ԧ𝐁
It is given by: 𝐅Ԧ𝐁 = 𝑞𝐯 × 𝐁
Use the R.H.R ×
𝐯
𝐅Ԧ𝐁 is upwards! 𝐁
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2 1
𝐵1 is in and 𝐵2 is out of page
both fields are into page
𝐵1 is out and 𝐵2 is into page
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(a)
(b) The force between the wires is attractive.
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𝒚
𝐅Ԧ𝐵
𝒗 𝑩 𝒙
∙
𝒛 𝐅Ԧ𝑔
Dr. Suhad Sbeih 19
(inside)
(outside)
𝐽 = 0 for 𝑟 > 𝑅
𝐼 the integral cancels for 𝑟 > 𝑅
𝐽= → 𝐼 = 𝐽𝐴 → 𝐼 = 𝐴𝑑 𝐽
𝐴
* also, circle’s area: 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟 𝑑𝑟
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of
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