EDUCATIONAL UNIT

ANGEL POLIBIO CHAVES

INFORMATICS WORK

STUDENTS: JOHANNA AGATO -

LIC. RODRIGO PAUCAR

Course: Third Year BGU F

1. INDEX

1. INDEX .......................................................................................................................... 1
3. FORMULATION OF THE PROBLEM ...................................................................... 3
4. JUSTIFICATION 5
5. OBJECTIVES 6
GENERAL OBJECTIVE ........................................................................................................ 6
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................ 6
6. FRAME THEORETICALO....................................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER I ..................................................................................................................... 6
Eating disordersS .7
CHAPTER II .................................................................................................................. 11
CAUSES AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS. ........... 11
CAUSES.......................................................................................................................... 11
CONSEQUENCES ............................................................................................ 19
CHAPTER III......................................................................................................................... 20
DISEASES CAUSED BY EATING DISORDERS. ........ 20
CHAPTER IV ................................................................................................................ 29
PREVENTION MEASURES AGAINST DISEASES CAUSED
FOR FOOD DISORDERS................................................................. 29
7. CONCLUSIONS ....................................................................................................... 34
8. RECOMMENDATIONS .............................................................................................. 35
9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 36
10. ANNEXS .................................................................................................................. 37

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2. BACKGROUND

Eating disorders are diseases related to the alteration of the

common eating habits. These behaviors may or may not be voluntarily altered, it is

subject to external and internal factors such as self-esteem level, family pressures,

frustrations, constant comparison with someone close by a relative or friend.

These studies related to eating disorders helped to consolidate

our knowledge about the topic and be able to achieve our different objectives

in our monograph how to determine the factors that cause disorders

nutritional and the consequences they cause.

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3. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Eating disorders are very common today among all types of people.

but especially in children and adolescents. An eating disorder implies more than

it's simply about dieting to lose weight or exercising every day, it's about

extreme eating behaviors, diets that never end and that gradually

return stricter, various factors that cause it and the cruel consequences that

these cause, like diseases that over time lead to death.

Regarding family, mostly patients with eating disorders,

they present a lack of connection with it, especially when they are adolescents, there is a lack

of communication, poor dietary education, and place their expectations on false

treatments. On the other hand, another characteristic is that there are obese people in the family,

oppressive parents or with eating disorders, alcoholism or with substance addictions

toxic.

On the other hand, advertising and the media constantly show

perfect models and prototypes of beauty for both women and men, in

where thinness is the common denominator, which partly makes a great

responsibility, regarding those who suffer from this type of disorders. The exhibition of

extremely lean bodies are associated with success, which has repercussions when there is

lack of self-esteem in patients and at the same time, the great contradiction of companies

fast food and unhealthy foods promote much more disorders and

eating disorders. To maintain a healthy and appropriate diet, whether for

Whether losing weight or maintaining it, it is always necessary to consult a specialist.

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The media associate good with physical beauty and bad with

physical imperfection; popular, successful, intelligent, admired people are people

with the perfect body, the beautiful. People who are not thin and precious are

associated with failure, we also find family and relationship problems.

personal issues, difficulty in expressing emotions and feelings, history of abuse or having

has been ridiculed for its size or weight. And the Social ones: Cultural pressures remain a

valor añadido al hecho de estar delgado, Los cánones de belleza tanto para mujeres como

for men regarding weights and specific body shapes.

People with eating disorders tend to have unrealistic expectations of themselves.

same and of other people. Despite being successful, they feel incapable, inept,

defective, etc. They have no sense of identity. That is why they try to take control of their life and

Many times they focus on physical appearance to gain that control.

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4. JUSTIFICATION

Eating disorders are disorders that are related to the alteration of the

common eating habits, we chose this topic because we believe it is important to give to

to know the topic in greater depth, to be clear about when we are present

an eating disorder, the factors that cause it and the cruel consequences that

these cause diseases that over time lead to death.

Many young people who are not overweight want to be thinner, often they try to

losing weight by dieting or skipping meals. For some, concerns about the

weight becomes an obsession that over time turns into a disorder

serious food (health, self-esteem, and the sense of competence and control).

It can be difficult for parents or teachers to know the difference between normal diets.

of adolescents and a more serious problem. Sensitive or anxious people, with

Difficulties in being independent also carry more risk. If the eating disorder

is causing physical harm, it is essential to get medical help soon. If the young man

get quick help from a specialist, hospitalization is unlikely. If not you

it causes, there is a risk of infertility, fragile bones (osteoporosis), loss of growth and

even death.

The study presented is conducted in order to reveal the different factors that

they affect adolescents, so that by informing we can avoid or prevent them; creating with

Hello, an awareness of the consequences that can affect health and its environment.

In addition to informing not only adolescents, but also parents, these

they will see how they can set a standard regarding health (in this case

nutritional) and how to avoid it.

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5. OBJECTIVES

GENERAL OBJECTIVE

Determine the diseases caused by eating disorders in children and

teenagers

SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES

Explain what eating disorders are.

Determine the causes and consequences of eating disorders.

Mention the diseases caused by eating disorders.

Suggest some preventive measures against diseases caused by

eating disorders.

6. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

CHAPTER I

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Eating disorders

Healthy eating is the intake of the appropriate type and adequate amounts of

foods and beverages to provide nutrition and energy in order to conserve

organs, tissues and cells of the body, as well as helping growth and development

normal. (Barrantes, 2014)

An unbalanced diet can lead to or cause an eating disorder.

allowing the passage to conservation problems of the body's canvases, the growth and

its development, the functioning of the nervous system and brain, as well as

problems in the muscular and skeletal systems.

Eating disorders refer to a wide variety of irregularities in

nutritive behavior. It is commonly presented in a culture obsessed with food.

junk, with diets and with body image.

These cases occur mostly in adolescents as they seek ways

to comply with corporate beauty and slimness standards.

Eating disorders among males generally occur among athletes,

especially the fighters. They have different origins, but whatever they are, always

they will have serious consequences for the body. In the same way that the rhythm of

life causes imbalances due to the desire to obtain the ideal figure. (Pujo, 2014)

According to nutritionist Ligia Pasquier, disorder is a synonym for disturbance.

While others think that an eating disorder triggers a disorder.

A disorder refers to a set of symptoms, risk behaviors, and signs that

it can present in different clinical entities and with different levels of severity; not

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it refers to an isolated symptom nor to a clearly established specific entity. The

Eating disorders are complex disorders that encompass two types of

behavioral changes: some directly related to food and weight and others

derived from the relationship with oneself and with others. Those who suffer from it are people

obsessed with food, body image, and an excessive fear of gaining weight. They

they refuse to eat, even in the face of significant weight loss.

They affect women much more than men and preferably in the stage

teenager or pre-adult and interfere with the normal functioning of social life,

work and study. They occur when a person does not receive the caloric intake that their

The body requires to function according to its age, height, lifestyle, etc.

Eating disorders have become a symptomatic expression of the times.

They arise as a consequence of the way of life, of the predominant aesthetic models, of

psychological problems or self-esteem issues. There is a variety that show their origin from

very diverse ways. Addressing these disorders is vital for physical health and

mental state of every person who suffers from it.

These problems require more than just dieting to lose weight or doing

exercise every day. It involves extreme eating behaviors: for example,

diets that never end and gradually become stricter. It is characterized by

mainly due to uncontrollable and impulsive eating habits or periods

beyond reasonable limits.

The main eating disorders are anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating.

eating (obesity).

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Anorexia is characterized by a significant reduction in food intake indicated for

the individual in relation to their age, height, and vital needs. This decrease does not

it responds to a lack of appetite, but rather to a resistance to eat, motivated by the

excessive worry about not gaining weight or about losing it. (Bibiano, 2009)

In bulimia, food consumption occurs in the form of bingeing (gluttony), during which

a large amount of food is consumed with a sense of loss of control. They are

episodes of voracity that are followed by a strong feeling of guilt, which is

resorts to inadequate compensatory measures such as self-induced vomiting, the

abusive use of laxatives, diuretics, or enemas, excessive exercise, and fasting

prolonged.

Those who present anorexia or bulimia think almost exclusively about how much and how.

whether to eat or stop doing it, and they are obsessively concerned about their image, they ponder

much about how they are seen by others. Behind these behaviors there is a

absolute concern about weight, about not gaining weight, about maintaining extreme thinness or

to achieve a greater. The self-body image is distorted and does not correspond

to reality.

The same person can exhibit various behaviors and in many cases it is

it is common to find behaviors alternately for specific periods of time; the

greater incorporation of pathogenic behaviors may indicate the progress of

affliction.

It is known that they are the product of multiple factors, which can include emotional disorders.

and personality, as well as pressures from the family, it is possible to

genetic or biological predisposition and living in a society where there is an offering

excessive food and obsession with thinness. This idea of aesthetics conveys to the

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young value systems that are based on the 'good look', and the problem is that they may be

to lead to an addiction or aberration for being thin. It is true that this aesthetic is in

fashion, but it is just a trigger that negatively affects some young people with

family problems and personality disorders. Teenagers tend to

to confuse rather to distort the image of their body. Most of them resort to

healthy diets, while others occur through methods that in one way or another

it becomes eating disorders and at the same time it becomes addictive.

In women, poor nutrition and diet disrupt the production of

SEROTONIN is a chemical substance present in the brain that affects states of

mood, like humor, depressive states and the onset of other disorders

psychiatric, this only affects women, low-calorie diets do not

affect the brains of men. (Hernández R. F., 1998-1991)

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CHAPTER II

CAUSAS AND CONSEQUENCES OF EATING DISORDERS.

CAUSES

We cannot talk about a single cause or specific causes that develop the disorder.

but rather of some influencing factors:

The media, trends that involve a type of clothing, a type of shapes

and the implementation to achieve them through certain diets.

From a very young age, female representatives are subjected to a great

pressure to meet a certain ideal of beauty that one imposes rigorously and without

consideraciones. Para los varones esto ocurre en menor medida". Esta especie de dictadura

Fashion demands maximum thinness, which must be achieved without regard to the costs.

The leading figures of the 'genre' paraded daily from the screen and magazines.

(Barrantes, 2014)

In contrast to the thinness of models, which becomes an ideal, recent

research has shown that in the last three decades the average weight of the

The number of young adults has increased. The gap between reality and the

ideal field. Thus, thinness transforms more than just an expression of a social model,

in a product sold with exaggerated insistence through the media.

Influence of the media.

Additionally, in this consumer society where the thinness model is marketed as a

product more and always as a synonym of success, young people receive another message

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contradictory that promotes the consumption of food: "fast food", soft drinks, sweets,

increasingly tempting but of little nutritional value and high in calories.

Victim of all these messages, the young woman often finds herself trapped in this trap.

what the reigning culture extends. Of course, this alone is not enough because everyone

it is affected by these pressures but not everyone develops a disorder

food

The family environment, peer group pressure, the role of women in society and

Certain personality traits contribute to some people being at risk.

That's why it's important to stay alert and inform through advertising campaigns to

counteract the harmful effects of others.

In fact, beyond the work of doctors, psychologists, nutritionists, and educators to

to clarify and inform, there are already some attempts such as the clothing brand SAIL

that include warnings about these diseases in their graphic or television campaigns,

educational factors, the family plays a very important role here, sometimes excess of

protectionism leaves little initiative to the individual, so children are not educated

to know how to face life, fostering instead the lack of skills to make

progressively more important decisions. On the other hand, sometimes society itself in

What we live drives us to a level of excessive demands.

Family factors, the negative factors within the family, possibly both

hereditary and environmental factors play an important role in the provocation and

perpetuation of eating disorders. A study found that 40% of girls

between the ages of 9 and 10 are trying to lose weight, usually because of

recommendation from mothers.

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Some studies have found that the mothers of anorexics tend to be

involved in their children's lives, while the mothers of bulimics are critical

and distant. Although mothers can have a great influence over their children in

Regarding eating disorders, excessively critical parents and siblings

They can also play an important role in the development of anorexia in girls.

Studies report that people with any of the eating disorders have

higher likelihood of having parents who suffer from alcoholism or substance abuse than the

general population. It seems that there is among women with eating disorders a

higher incidence of sexual abuse; studies have reported rates of sexual abuse of

up to 35% in women with bulimia. People with bulimia also have a

higher probability that people with other psychiatric disorders have a father

obese or having been obese themselves in childhood. (López, 2005)

Factors temporaries, Experiences of failure conflicts interpersonal,

["separations/divorces","body changes in adolescence","changes of school"]

cultural changes (travels abroad)... all these aspects that can overwhelm

a person lacking maturity.

Other factors include having obese relatives or those who also suffer from any of these.

diseases and ultimately living with people who place a lot of importance on weight

and to physical appearance.

We must not forget that beneath this trend lies an entire "industry of

"slimming" that moves by economic interests, regardless of the terrible

consequences that may arise from it. Thus, we are bombarded with advertisements of

advertising that promotes miracle diets, "light" products, etc. encouraging the idea of

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that the secret of happiness lies in achieving a slender female body and a

muscular and athletic body in males.

In the case of women, the pressure is undoubtedly much greater. Society demands the

slimness to succeed, but it is a slimness characterized by an asexual body,

rectilíneo, más propio de un cuerpo de niña que de mujer, una moda absurda que es

it's impossible to continue as it goes against all nature and logic. These variables are

are internalized in today's society and primarily influence women

young people. In this same vein, it has been shown that anorexic teenagers valued

the thin woman as more attractive, healthy, self-confident, and popular than the others

adult women.

Emotional disorders, eating disorders are often accompanied by

depression, anxiety disorder, or both, but it is not known whether emotional disorders are

causes or results of eating disorders. Depressive disorder is the most common in

anorexia and bulimia nervosa (Sáenz, 2011)

On the other hand, studies have revealed low amounts of certain neurotransmitters --

chemical messengers in the brain-- in some people with severe anorexia and bulimia,

that remain low even after they have regained weight. Reduced levels of

these neurotransmitters, serotonin and norepinephrine, are also found in the

people with depression, and abnormalities of serotonin are seen in people with disorder

obsessive-compulsive. A recent study has found that low blood levels

from the amino acid tryptophan, a component in food that is essential in the production

of serotonin, can produce depression.

People who overeat after a strict diet may be

responding to this emotional state of protein stimulation.

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The season often affects depression and eating disorders. In several people, the

depression is more severe in the darkest winter months; similarly a

A subgroup of bulimic patients suffers from a specific form of bulimia which

worsens in winter and autumn; such patients have a greater tendency to have

started eating excessively at a younger age and eating excessively with

more frequently than those whose bulimia is more consistent throughout the year. The

the onset of anorexia seems to peak in May, the month with the highest rates of

suicide.

Anxiety disorders are very common in anorexia and bulimia. Phobias and the

Obsessive-compulsive disorder usually precedes the onset of eating disorders, and

Likewise, panic disorder tends to persist. Social phobias, in which a

The person is afraid of being publicly humiliated, which is common in both disorders.

to eat.

People with anorexia, however, are especially prone to the disorder.

Obsessive-compulsive. Obsessions are images, thoughts, or mental ideas.

recurrent or persistent that can result in compulsive behavior -- routines

repetitive, rigid, and self-prescribed whose purpose is to prevent the manifestation of the

obsession. Women with anorexia can become obsessed with exercise, diet, and

food

They often develop compulsive rituals -- for example, weighing each piece of

food, cutting it into tiny pieces, or putting it in tiny containers. The

the presence of obsessive-compulsive disorder with anorexia or bulimia does not seem to exert a

negative effect on long-term prospects, although the improvement in the disorder of

Eating often is parallel to improvement in anxiety.

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Excessive athletics, the cultural attitude towards physical activity goes hand in hand with the

disordered attitude regarding eating. Americans are encouraged to

They see physical activity only as an intense competitive effort that few can.

achieve, leaving the majority of people as spectators.

In the small community of athletes, excessive exercise plays a major role in

many cases of anorexia (and, to a lesser degree, in bulimia). The term 'athlete triad'

"women" is now used to describe the presence of menstrual dysfunction, disorders

of eating and osteoporosis, an increasingly common problem in young female athletes

and dancers. Anorexia postpones puberty, allowing young female athletes

to maintain a youthful muscular figure without the normal accumulation of fatty tissues in the

breasts and hips that could mitigate its competitive stimulus.

Coaches and teachers exacerbate the problem by recommending calorie counting and

the loss of body fat and excessively controlling the lives of athletes. Some

they are inclusive abusive if their athletes exceed the weight limit and humiliate them in front of

team members or need punishments. In people with disorders of the

personality that makes them vulnerable to this criticism, the effects can lead to

they lose excessive weight, which is known to have been deadly even among famous athletes.

Pituitary abnormalities of the hypothalamus. There are doubts about whether typical abnormalities exist.

observed in the neurological and hormonal systems of people with disorders of

Eating is the result or cause of disorders. The key environment of these abnormalities is

originates in the area of the brain known as the hypothalamus, which regulates the gland

pituitary, sometimes known as the master gland due to its importance in the

coordination of the nervous and hormonal systems.

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Imaging studies of the brains of anorexic patients have found

high levels of proteins known as corticotropin secretion factors which

they are secreted during periods of stress and block the neuropeptide substance, a stimulant

of strong appetite. These appetite-related chemicals can serve

how the biological links between extreme stress diseases in a person's life

young person and the subsequent development of anorexia, although some imaging studies

They indicate that these abnormalities occur after anorexia has developed. It is necessary

more work. Another study links unstable, generally low levels of leptin with the

anorexia; this substance is under scrutiny for its role in obesity.

The pituitary system of the hypothalamus is also responsible for the production of hormones.

important reproductive functions that are severely depleted in anorexia, leading to the

menstrual cessation. High levels of the male hormone testosterone have also been

detected in women with eating disorders. Although most experts

they believe that these reproductive abnormalities are a result of anorexia, others have

it has been reported that in 30% to 50% of people with anorexia, menstrual disorders

occurred before severe malnutrition happened and became a problem due to

A long time after the weight gain, indicating that the pituitary abnormalities

the hypothalamus precedes the eating disorder itself.

Problems around birth, in some people with anorexia, showed a

high incidence of problems during the mother's pregnancy or after birth

which could have played a role in the later development of eating disorders.

These problems include infections, physical trauma, seizures, low birth weight and

maternal age. People with anorexia often had issues with

stomach and intestinal issues at a very young age.

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Infections, research has found a link between anorexia and bacteria of the

grupo A beta-hemolítico estreptocócico, la causa de la inflamación séptica de la garganta

has been identified as a causative factor of a rare form of obsessive disorder

compulsive behavior and anorexia have several behaviors in common. Epstein Barr, the virus that

causes mononucleosis, it has also been associated with the development of anorexia. One theory

what explains these links is that the antibodies provoked by the organisms can

accidentally injure the brain during the process of fighting the infection.

Antibiotics, immunotherapy, and an experimental vaccine against fever

Rheumatic diseases can even help treat anorexia in these patients.

Genetic factors, anorexia is eight times more common in people who have

relatives with the disorder, but experts do not know exactly what the factor could be

hereditary. Many anorexics have a faster metabolism than people.

normal, perhaps making it harder for them to gain weight. This genetic predisposition towards

slimness accompanied by cultural approval could predispose some people to

develop.

Psychological factors Repeated studies attest to the factors associated with them

problems are: dissatisfaction and distortion of body image, body mass index

corporal extremes, the use and abuse of unjustified diets, depression and anxiety.

Body image In puberty/adolescence, an excessive concern about appearance

physical and an overvaluation of the body affect both sexes. The distortion by under or

body overestimation and dissatisfaction with one's own image can lead to

emotional problems linked to eating (Slade, 1992)

Not accepting oneself as a person, having low self-esteem, lack of confidence, being too...

perfectionists, having excessive self-demands, worrying excessively about what others

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what others think of one, perceiving that one has little control over their own life, being little

skilled in social relationships, psychological profile that forms the breeding ground

suitable for the development of this type of pathologies. (Steiner H, 1998; )

CONSEQUENCES

17-year-old girls with hearts the size of a 7-year-old's. Staying, literally, in the

bones are causing alterations in the functioning and size of the heart. A

A total of 130 anorexic Spanish girls have participated in a study. Its results: the

the majority had a small heart and suffered alterations. Antonio Bayo, head of the section

from the Pediatric Cardiology Department of the Niño Jesús Hospital in Madrid and leader of the work, states: "We have

found with a high incidence of anomalies: half of the cases due to a

prolapse in the mitral valve (malfunction of said valve); others suffered from effusion

pericardium (fluid outside the heart). Rhythm disorders were also found.

cardiac." Experts still do not know if weight recovery will restore the

normality to cardiac function.

Amenorrhea (loss of menstruation) is one of the three symptoms that serve for the

diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. This loss has been associated, along with an increase in

the levels of certain hormones, such as cortisol, with the onset of Osteoporosis, two

years of follow-up of 42 patients have served to confirm that there was a loss of

bone density, not recoverable even with a year of treatment with estrogens. The doctor

María Teresa Muñoz Calvo, from the Endocrinology department of Niño Jesús Hospital,

affirms: "We do not know if more years of estrogen administration will help to recover

bone mass. However, we have found that those who regain menstruation of

naturally do increase the strength of their bones.

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CHAPTER III

DISEASES CAUSED BY EATING DISORDERS.

Eating disorders cause various types of diseases, some more common

than others, but many of these can lead to death over the years, among the

diseases we can find:

Anorexia consists of an eating disorder that involves a loss of

weight caused by the patient themselves and leads to a state of starvation. Anorexia is

characterized by the fear of gaining weight, and by a distorted and delusional perception

of the body itself that makes it look fat even when your weight is below it.

recommended. Therefore, it begins a progressive weight reduction through fasting and to the

reduction of food intake. (Guillemot, 2004)

It usually starts with the elimination of carbohydrates, whether it exists or not.

false belief that they make you gain weight. Next, they reject fats, proteins, and even

the liquids, leading to cases of extreme dehydration. Affected individuals may

lose from 15 to 50%, in the most critical cases, of their body weight. This usually

associating with severe psychological disturbances that cause changes in behavior,

of body behavior and body stigmatization.

There are two types of anorexia, restrictive, which is the one in which the affected person bases on the

implementation of diet and physical exercise as methods to lose weight. Does not use substances.

laxatives or diuretics. Restrictive anorexia nervosa is the hardest to identify.

in the early days of their appearance, because people often disguise their behavior and

purging, this type includes, in addition to diets and physical exercises, the

medications as fundamental elements to help lose weight in a healthy way

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exaggerated. Vomiting begins to be used as a way to combat the increase in

weight that the person believes they have, this situation occurs due to the alteration of their self

body image. (Hernández R. F., 1998-1991)

In this pathology, numerous cognitive disorders are also observed that focus on

food, body weight, and physical appearance.

Anorexia is generally diagnosed based on intense weight loss and the

characteristic psychological symptoms. Typical anorexia is an adolescent who has lost

at least 15% of her body weight, fears obesity, has stopped menstruating, denies

to be sick and seem healthy.

Bulimia, people who suffer from bulimia are unable to control the impulses that

they take them to eat, but the feeling of guilt from consuming too much food leads them to a

purging (self-induced vomiting or the use of laxatives or diuretics), rigorous regimens or

excessive exercise to counteract the effects of abundant meals.

Bulimics have about 15 episodes of bingeing and vomiting per week and,

Generally, his weight is normal, as the disease is difficult to detect. In a single

Binge eating can reach the consumption of 10,000 to 40,000 calories.

The doctor suspects bulimia nervosa if the person is too concerned about the

increase in their weight, which shows large fluctuations, especially if there are signs

evidence of excessive laxative use. Other clues include swelling of the

salivary glands of the cheeks, scars on the knuckles from having used the fingers to

induce vomiting, erosion of dental enamel due to stomach acid and a low value

of blood potassium. However, the diagnosis will depend on the patient's description.

of excessive eating behavior-purge.

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The diagnosis is complicated as the episodes of voracity and vomiting are concealed.

easily. Additionally, some symptoms may be confused with those of other

pathologies. For an adequate diagnosis, a psychiatric interview is necessary that

unveils the perception that the patient has of their own body and the relationship that

maintains with food. Likewise, a complete physical examination is necessary to

detect the disorders resulting from their eating behavior. The objectives of

treatment is to correct eating and psychological disorders of the illness.

Orthorexia nervosa is an eating disorder that involves the

obsession with healthy food and forces one to follow a diet that excludes meat, fats, the

foods grown with pesticides or herbicides and the artificial substances that can

Harm the organism. Patients are often so strict that they even feel guilty.

when they fail to comply and are punished with even stricter diets and fasting. It can lead to

nutritional deficiencies. "The orthorexic does not replace the foods they reject with others that

they may provide the same nutritional supplements. This translates to anemia,

vitamin deficiencies or trace element deficiencies or lack of energy," explains Dr. Isabel

Zamarrón, from the Nutrition Department of Ramón y Cajal Hospital in Madrid. Even

it can cause a psychiatric illness.

It is estimated that 28% of the population in Western countries are the most affected.

they are the young people and women.

People who start to feel the effects of this eating disorder tend to

limit the consumption of certain foods, such as red meats, eggs, sugars,

dairy and fats, later aggravating the symptoms to lead to social isolation, already

that the affected individual tends to feel superior due to the standard of living regarding food that

it carries, compared to that of someone else.

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These people are more influenced by the type of food they consume, rather than being aware of the

importance that a meal has in the day-to-day life of a human being. Dedicated to organizing its

diet and plan well in advance what they will consume during the day; they move

long distances to obtain special or purely organic food, they weigh them,

they analyze their components and abandon their activities to be able to carry out their

pathological way of life.

According to the explanation of the nutritionist and neuropath at the Medical Institute of Obesity Rubén

Bravo, this effect may increase in the coming years, as today’s society

"tends to the extremes" and people either take excessive care of themselves or do not take care at all.

they tend towards self-destruction with food as happens with obesity." In the field

psychological, Bravo explains that they often present 'high levels of dopamine and low levels

of serotonin, which causes them to have an excess of euphoria with high levels of anxiety.

And at a physiological level, both an excess can occur and they can suffer a

vitamin deficiency.

Binge eating disorder, also known as compulsive overeating, is a

eating disorder that has been recently recognized. Eating disorders are

a serious mental illness in which emotions and ways of thinking cause someone to

people adopting harmful eating habits, such as binge eating or starving.

binge eating disorder is a serious condition characterized by an uncontrollable way of

eating that results in weight gain. People who suffer from binge eating disorder

they often eat large quantities of food (beyond the point where

they feel full) and at the same time lose control over their eating habits. Although the

The behavior with binge eating is similar to that of those who suffer from bulimia.

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nervous, people who suffer from binge eating disorder do not usually purge.

vomiting or using laxatives. (Bibiano, 2009)

Hyperphagia, many of the binge episodes at the refrigerator are due to the behavioral disorder.

food-related characterized by hyperphagia or compulsive desires to eat everything

hours and it can affect both men and women equally.

These two terms come from the Greek 'HIPER' and 'POLIS', which means 'superior' and

"many" and from the Greek "FAGO", which means "to eat".

In the case of overeating, there is a clinical sign that shows an abnormal form of

increased appetite, synonymous with excessive hunger, which grows to attract unusually large

solid food quantities to the body through the mouth (that is, to an excess of

consumption of some foods that become an obsession.

This exorbitant appetite does not disappear by eating more food or eating more of the same.

habitual. The person does not eat until they are no longer hungry and only does so when hunger appears.

stomach pain (because physically he can no longer ingest food and the abdomen

too inflated).

It is said that a person has hyperphagia or suffers from the syndrome when they consume

during a short period of time (less than two hours) a very significant amount of

foods and whether these attacks occur on average twice a week like

at least a period of six months.

The difference between hyperphagia and bulimia is that a hyperphagic person may end up vomiting.

due to stomach overload, but in no case would this cause it to happen nor would it

I would use laxatives as bulimics often do.

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Obesity, obesity is a treatable chronic disease. It occurs when there is a

excess adipose tissue (fat) in the body. Besides the problem it represents by itself.

Obesity, experts warn that its most negative effects occur because it acts

like an agent that exaggerates and worsens pathologies in the short term and very clearly

grave conditions such as diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular complications (especially

ischemic heart disease) and even some types of cancer such as gastrointestinal.

(Guillemot, 2004)

Except for people who are very muscular, those whose weight exceeds a

20% or more the midpoint of the weight scale according to the standard value weight/height, are

considered obese. Obesity can be classified as mild (20-40% of

overweight), moderate (41 to 100% of overweight) or severe (more than 100% of

Overweight) obesity is serious in only 0.5% of obese people.

Vigorexia, vigorexia is a disorder in which a person constantly worries

for seeming too small and weak. Those with vigorexia suffer from the opposite problem.

someone in need of treatment for anorexia.

Other common names for vigorexia include muscular dysmorphia and reverse anorexia.

People with this disorder are not weak or underdeveloped at all.

The general has a large muscle mass. This disease is more common in men.

Malnutrition is a condition that occurs when your body does not receive the nutrients

sufficient, this continues to be a significant problem worldwide, especially

among children. Poverty, natural disasters, political problems, and war

everyone contributes to suffering, and even epidemics, starvation, and not just countries in

development.

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The exams depend on the specific disorder and in most interventions they

they include nutritional assessments and blood tests.

The prognosis depends on the cause of malnutrition. Most deficiencies

Nutritional issues can be corrected; however, if the cause is a condition, it must be treated.

that disease in order to counteract nutritional deficiency.

Without treatment, malnutrition can cause mental and physical disability, illness.

and possibly death.

Gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa, which is the layer of cells that lines the

stomach from the inside protecting it from the acidity of gastric juices. Although it is not

correct, it is common for the term to be used as a synonym for dyspepsia (pain or

discomfort in the upper abdomen, as well as symptoms of burning, pressure, or fullness

often related, although not necessarily, to meals.

It can be caused by multiple factors: alcohol, tobacco, food, drugs

(non-steroidal anti-inflammatories), major surgeries, or infections (the bacteria

Helicobacter pylori is associated with some types). The symptoms are very variable, already

that each individual can experience them in a different way. The most common are

discomfort or stomach pain, nausea, vomiting, belching, heartburn, or presence of blood in the

vomit or in the feces.

The diagnosis of gastritis is histological, meaning it is necessary to perform a gastroscopy.

and obtain a sample of the gastric mucosa through biopsy so that it can be

analyzed. Therefore, the diagnosis is not solely clinical (it is not based only on the

symptoms) but it is necessary to perform invasive tests (gastroscopy and biopsy)

to confirm its existence.

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Diabetes, type 2 diabetes is closely linked to overweight and obesity. As well as to other

conditions such as hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, and high cholesterol.

Everything you eat becomes energy for the body when we consume food.

how carbohydrates or simple sugars pass directly into the bloodstream

increasing blood glucose concentration, to lower those levels, the pancreas

starts to secrete a hormone called insulin, which is necessary for cells

they can take advantage of glucose.

The abuse of foods high in sugar results in the pancreas becoming exhausted and

produce less insulin, which means that the cells will not be able to obtain glucose,

In addition to this, the latter are beginning to experience a phenomenon called resistance to

insulin, which causes glucose, even in the presence of insulin, to be unable to enter the

cell.

Hypertension, blood pressure is a measurement of the force exerted against the

walls of the arteries, as the heart pumps blood through the body.

Hypertension is another term used to describe high blood pressure.

Cholesterol, cholesterol is a fat (also called lipid) that the body needs to

function properly. Too much bad cholesterol can increase the likelihood of

suffering from heart disease, cerebrovascular accident, and other problems.

The medical term for high levels of cholesterol in the blood is lipid disorder.

hyperlipidemia or hypercholesterolemia.

For many people, abnormal cholesterol levels are partly due to a lifestyle of

unhealthy life, which often includes a diet high in fat.

Other lifestyle factors include being overweight and lack of exercise.

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A cholesterol test is done to diagnose a lipid disorder. Some guidelines

It is recommended to have the first cholesterol test at the age of 20. Every person

the first screening exam should be done at the age of 35 for men and at 45

years in women.

High cholesterol levels can lead to arteriosclerosis, also known as

atherosclerosis. This occurs when fat, cholesterol, and other substances accumulate in the

walls of the arteries and form hard structures called plaques. Over time, these

Plaques can block arteries and cause heart disease, stroke, and others.

symptoms or problems throughout the body. Disorders that are passed down from parents to children

often lead to higher cholesterol levels that are harder to control.

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CHAPTER IV

PREVENTIVE MEASURES AGAINST DISEASES CAUSED

FOR EATING DISORDERS.

Eating disorders cause a multiple series of diseases, some of which

are more harmful than others, we must take preventive measures to avoid suffering from them

consequences of these, among some measures are:

1. Teaching children from an early age both at home and in school, the

importance of having correct eating habits. Eating together as a family whenever possible

possible, turning mealtime into a pleasant gathering where we

exchange the experiences of the day.

2. Discover what you like about your body, remember it, and enhance that attraction with clothing.

that best suits your physique you can also hide the negative aspects. It is normal.

that certain parts of the body do not please you and you want to improve or hide those flaws is not

it's okay as long as it doesn't become an obsession.

3. Don't compare yourself to others; physique is, above all, a matter of genes, and although

bone structure can be improved by practicing sports and with a balanced diet.

height cannot be modified. Learn to feel comfortable with your body because that

confidence is transmitted and you will appear more attractive. Know and value your qualities, and

show it when you meet new people when someone is nice, witty, kind,

says interesting things and knows how to listen, the physical aspect takes a backseat.

2010, p. 10

4. Do not criticize the appearance of others, value them for their qualities and character.

aside from your beauty. If you feel bad about your body, don't start a diet for your

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count without consulting a professional first. Don't isolate yourself, talk to your family and

friends. There are always alternatives to improve without the need to fall into habits

harmful to your health, which are a serious problem and not a solution.

5. The menus must be varied and include all types of necessary foods.

for proper nutrition. Unless there are health reasons, it cannot be excluded

foods in a child's diet, as they are all necessary in the right amounts, although if they

should limit the consumption of sweets and industrial desserts, replacing them, to the extent of

the possible by other events at home. (Bibiano, 2009)

6. Try different vegetables and fruits until you find the ones you like the most.

Even if you don't like cauliflower, you might love spinach. Setting schedules for

regular meals, better if the food is divided into four or five servings throughout the day.

7. Fomentar su autoestima. Es importante que conozcas sus capacidades y

limitations, and learn to feel comfortable with oneself. This will prevent future complexes.

(Sáenz, 2011)

8. Reinforce their autonomy and encourage them to have their own opinions and results.

less vulnerable to media messages and advertising than

they convey the idea that having a perfect body is synonymous with success and happiness,

forgetting the values of people.

9. Discuss these messages about aesthetics and nutrition that are spread with the child.

media, reasoning what is true and what is not, and teaching him to value,

health above aesthetic conditioning.

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10. Do not set goals for him/her, neither academic nor athletic, that exceed his/her abilities.

to avoid frustrations. Encourage him to practice exercises regularly. It's good for his

health and will help you stay in shape.

11. Facilitate their social relationships and participation in extracurricular activities,

excursions, cultural visits organized by the school, etc. If you feel integrated

socially, it is difficult to grow up thinking that you will be rejected for not meeting certain expectations

specific beauty standards.

12. Establish good communication within the family environment, so that the child can

feel safe, and be able to seek advice and help from your own family when you

facing situations that are difficult or stressful.

13. Educators in contact with adolescents play a very important role in the

early detection of eating disorders, and should notify family members if they observe

emotional alterations or changes in behavior or physical appearance of the

young people.

14. If the young person needs to lose weight for health reasons, they should always do so under

medical control and with the knowledge of the parents. If they observe that the desire of

losing weight is unjustified, or that the young person starts to reduce the amount without reason

food, they should consult immediately with a specialist.

15. Relatives should avoid making derogatory comments about physical appearance.

of other people, one can criticize a bad action or someone's bad character, but not

to mock their ugliness or fatness. In this same line, adolescents must be taught to

value the virtues of others instead of judging them by their physical appearance.

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16. Promote integration and coexistence among people coming from different backgrounds.

social and cultural fields help the adolescent understand that being different does not

it means being neither worse nor better.

17. Boost your self-esteem so that you value your qualities and abilities and do not

even though it has its limitations. A positive family environment, without falling into the

overprotection will provide the adolescent with the necessary security and support to

overcome their problems. (López, 2005)

18. Follow a healthy eating plan. Make healthy decisions regarding the

meals; consider your calorie needs and those of your families; and focus on

the balance between the energy ingested and the energy expended.

19. Pay attention to the size of the portions. Look at the size of the portions of

fast food outlet and another restaurant. The portions served there are often

is enough for two or three people. The portion size for children should be

smaller than adult portions. Reducing the size of portions will help you to

achieve the balance between the energy consumed and the energy expended.

20. Stay active. Make sure that the time you dedicate to yourself and to

your family includes physical activity. Look for activities that everyone enjoys. For example,

go out to walk quickly, ride a bike or skate, or train together for a

walk or a run.

21. Reduce the time spent on screens, limit the use of TV, computers,

DVD players and video games, because it restricts the time dedicated to

physical activity. Health experts recommend two or fewer hours a day in front of the

screen without accounting for the time related to work or tasks.

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22. Keep an eye on your weight, your body mass index, and your circumference of

waist. In addition, be aware of your children's growth. Maintain good nutrition

suitable by avoiding excessive intake of sugars and fats.

23. If you notice a patient or a friend who seems to have eating problems that

they could give rise to or indicate an eating disorder, consider discussing it jointly with

the person on these topics and asked how they can help.

24. Indeed, water is beneficial and necessary for the body, but in moderation.

measure. In this sense, mineral water advertisements should have taken this into account and

having warned, from the beginning, that it is advisable for a healthy person to drink

around two liters of water daily. Deceiving the stomach with liquids is not the

better way to lose weight but it can lead to losing health, and even life, if it does

the situation will intensify and prolong.

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7. CONCLUSIONES

Regarding the above, I must say that eating disorders are a problem.

what is being marked in a society like ours since in my opinion our

Food has been changing, leaving behind the traditional and seeking the simplest.

it's like buying packaged food, that's why we become one every day.

a society where consumerism predominates a lot, but it's not that I'm blaming it

our diet but this has to do with the whole culture that surrounds us, from

the media that surrounds us every day to buy things whether

food, clothing, beauty products, light beverages, etc., up to our behavior

individual since each person projects what they are and how they want to be.

I guess this is terrible for people who suffer from eating disorders since

They always focus on how society will see them without thinking about themselves first and deceive themselves.

metalizing that nothing happens, that is why they seek ineffective solutions for

maintain a body that meets aesthetic standards even if it causes harm

physical and mental.

I recommend those who suffer from an eating disorder and also those who don't that

reflections and care more about themselves, leaving aside what society will say,

so it's better to look for effective solutions such as having a proper diet

balanced with fixed schedules without skipping breakfast as it is the most essential, to do

exercise, etc. and remember that YOU ARE MORE THAN AN IMAGE.

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8. RECOMMENDATIONS

It is very necessary to start informing both teachers and students.

carrying out different media such as advertising campaigns, flyers, and other means that

make people aware of how serious these diseases are

Offer healthy foods in bars or cafes, such as sandwiches and natural juices

without chemicals and also salads attractive to the eyes of adolescents.

Carry out awareness campaigns in educational centers about the danger that

it represents eating disorders and the diseases that these can cause as well

physically, as well as psychologically.

To the parents, to prevent their children from consuming excessive amounts of food.

junk and teach children the importance of a good diet, what

will allow for a better quality of life.

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9. BIBLIOGRAPHY

Barrantes, C. Q. (2014). Eating disorders. Obtained from [Link]

Bibiano, C. (2009). Eating disorders. Retrieved on May 21, 2018, from

Guillemot, A. (2004).Anorexia y Bulimia, El peso de la cultura.

Hernández, R. F. (1998-1991).

Hernández, V. (2009). Eating Disorder.

López, C. (2005). Vulnerability to eating disorders in adolescents. Retrieved on

Medicine. (1999). 14.

The concern for physical appearance increases at the same time as the
healthy diet decreases.

Sáenz, S. (2011). Eating habits and disorders associated with social and physical factors
behavioralRetrieved on May 21, 2018, from [Link]

Slade., M. D. (1992).Anorexia y Bulimia. .

Steiner H, L. J. (1998; ). Anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in children and

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10. ANNEXES

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