TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

INDOAMERICA

School of Industrial Engineering

Research Project

Title: Graphical Representation of a Formula

Career: Industrial Engineering

Academic Cycle: First Semester - Blended

Participating students: Garcés Gabriel

Tipantasig Luis

Module: Mathematics

Teacher: Ing. Edith Tubón Núñez Mg.

Mathematics 20
1.1 OBJECTIVES

Through the development of this project, it is intended to achieve that

following objectives

Use mathematical knowledge to organize, interpret

e intervenir en diversas situaciones de la realidad.

Understand and interpret different forms of expression

mathematics and incorporate them into language and ways of

common arguments.
Factor polynomials using the different methods studied.
Apply grouping strategies to factor polynomials.
Represent a geometric figure using formulas

considering the area, the angle of it.

Find a figure that proves the formula
( a−b2 ) =a2−2ab+b 2
Raise a binomial to the third power and compare the algebraic method with

the geometric.
To concretely represent the cube of a binomial.
Facilitate mathematical learning through this material.
Combine algebra with geometry.
Draw conclusions from the work done.

Mathematics 20
1.2 INTRODUCCIÓN

The fundamental purpose of mathematics is the development of the

faculty of reasoning and abstraction as well as a solid training
this science contributes to reflecting on the different aspects of
a situation, to affirm an analytical capacity and to reinforce power
of synthesis. In the functional aspect, the objective of mathematics has
has always provided an effective tool for getting by
in everyday life. Currently in society, information is
is increasingly presented in mathematical terms by
what is necessary on many occasions is to make decisions in the
same terms.

That is why a mathematical education is necessary that

facilitates the correct understanding of the information, enhances the meaning
crítico constructivo y facilite la toma de decisiones. Por esta razón las
mathematics provides the necessary foundation to structure and
understand other branches of science and to delve into the
development of society.

In the development of this work, basic concepts will be used.

mathematics applications such as: factorization which is
one of the fundamental processes of algebra. Its relevance is so
important as the basic operations of addition, subtraction,
multiplication and division. Factorization is the reverse of the
division (the reverse process of multiplication).
In multiplication, two or more factors are multiplied to obtain a
product. In factorization, a product is broken down into factors.
If two factors are multiplied, a product is obtained. If a factor is factored out
product is obtained the factors.

In basic mathematics, integers are factored, in algebra they are.

factor polynomials. To understand the factorization of polynomials, in
this work will be reviewedconcepts of basic mathematics

Mathematics 20
 related to integer factorization Notable Products and
interpretation of algebraic formulas in terms of Figures
Geometric. Also, it will be known how formulas are used to
special products that can be represented in geometric form
considering the length and area of squares and rectangles.

Mathematics 20
1.3 SUMMARY

In this work, we will analyze a bit the geometric meaning of some

notable products in relation to the notion of area, taking into account
considering the additivity that they guard the geometric shapes
elementary elements that make it up when constructing them, whether they are
these
parallelograms such as squares or rectangles. Additionally,
we will see the application of some notable products addressed from a
geometric point of view, applied in the solution of the equation
quadratic using some cognitive processes and we will also see some
numerical applications of them. Likewise, we will see the meaning.
geometric mean of the geometric mean (squaring of the rectangle or of the
triangle) and some applications of it, generated from the
additivity of the areas of elementary geometric figures
involved.

1.4 KEYWORDS:

Geometry Notable products, Polynomials, Factorization,

Geometric Representation, Area, Volume

1.5 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

Notable Products
They are those products that are governed by fixed rules and whose result can
to be found by simple inspection. Their so-called "Identities"
Algebraic. They are those products whose development is classical and for this reason

It is easily recognized. The most important are:

Mathematics 20
Square of a Binomial:
The Square of the first Term, plus the Double Product of the First by the
second Term, plus the Square of the Second Term.

( a + b )2= a2+ 2ab + b2

Difference of Squares Binomial:

The Square of the First Term, minus the Double Product of the First by
the second Term, plus the Square of the Second Term.

( a - b )2= a2-2ab + b2

Difference of Squares:
The Square of the First Term minus the Square of the Second
Term.

( a + b ) ( a - b ) = a 2- b2

Product of two binomials that have a common term:

The square of the common term, plus the product of the common term by the
sum of the non-common terms, plus the product of the non-common terms
common.

(x + a)(x + b) = x2(a + b)x + ab

Cube of a Binomial:
The Cube of the First Term, plus the triple product of the square of the
first by the second term, plus the triple product of the first by the
square of the second term, plus the cube of the second term.

( a + b )3= a3+ 3 a2b + 3 ab2+ b3= a3+ b3+ 3 ab (a + b)

Difference of Cubes
The Cube of the First Term, minus the triple product of the square of the
first by the second term, plus the triple product of the first by the
square of the second term, minus the cube of the second term.

Mathematics 20
( a - b )3= a3- 3 a2b + 3 ab2- b3

Sum of two Cubes:

The cube root is taken of each of the two cubic terms, to obtain a
binomial (the sum of two numbers), and based on that binomial, it is used the
next rule to obtain a trinomial: the square of the first, minus
the product of the first by the second, plus the square of the second.

a3+ b3( a + b ) ( a2– ab + b2)

Difference of Cubes
The cubic root is taken of each of the two cubic terms, to obtain a
binomial (the difference of two numbers), and based on that binomial, it is used
the square of the first, plus
the product of the first by the second, plus the square of the second.

a3- b3( a - b ) ( a2+ ab + b2)

Sum of Squares of a Trinomial or Square of a Trinomial:

The square of the first term, plus the square of the second term,
plus the square of the third term, plus double the product of the first by
the second, plus double the product of the second by the third, plus double
product of the third by the first.

( a + b + c )2= a2+ b2+ c2+ 2ab + 2bc + 2ac = a2+ b2+ c2+ 2 ( ab + bc + ac)

Cubic Sum Trinomial

( a + b + c)3= a3+ b3+ c + 3(a + b) . (b + c) . (a + c)

Factorization

Case I - Common factor

Factoring out the common factor is adding the common literal of apolynomial, binomial

otrinomial, with the smallest exponent and the common divisor of its coefficients.

Mathematics 20
Common monomial factor
Common factor by grouping of terms

Common factor polynomial

First, the common factor of the coefficients should be determined along with
the one with the variables (the one with the lowest exponent). It is taken into account here

that the common factor has not just one term, but two.

Example:

It is clearly appreciated that the polynomial (x-y) is being repeated, then

that will be the common factor. The other factor will simply be what remains of the
original polynomial, that is:

The answer is:

In some cases, the number 1 must be used, for example:

It can be used as:

So the answer is:

Mathematics 20
Case II - Common Factor by Grouping of Terms
To work with a polynomial by grouping terms, one must have in
It is noted that there are two characteristics that are repeated. It is identified because

it is an even number of terms.

A numerical example could be:

Then they can be grouped in the following way:

Applying the first case (Common factor)

Case III - Perfect Square Trinomial (P.S.T.)

It is identified by having three terms, of which two have roots.
exact squares, and the remainder is equal to double the product of the roots of the
first by the second. To solve a T.C.P. one must reorder the
terms leaving first and third the terms that have a root
square, then the square root of the first and third terms is extracted and is
write in parentheses, separating them by the sign that accompanies the
second term, when closing the parenthesis, the entire binomial is raised to
square.

Example 1:

Ejemplo 2:

Example 3:

Example 4:

Mathematics 20
Organizing the terms, we have

Extracting the square root of the first and last term and grouping them
in a parenthesis separated by the sign of the second term and raising to the

square remains:

It is identified by having two terms squared and joined by the

minus sign. It is solved using two parentheses, (similar to the
products of the form (a-b)(a+b), one negative and one positive.

Or in a more general form for even exponents:

Example 1:

The factorization of the difference or subtraction of squares

consists of obtaining the square root of each term and
represent these as the product of binomials
conjugated.

Case V - Perfect square trinomial by addition and subtraction

It is identified by having three terms, two of which are perfect squares,
but the remaining needs to be completed by adding so that it is the
double product of its roots, the value that is added is the same as the one that is subtracted

so that the original exercise does not change.

Mathematics 20
 Note that the parentheses in "(xy+xy)" are
merely for visual clarification.

Case VI - Trinomial of the form x2 + bx + c

It is identified by having three terms, there is a literal with exponent to the
square and one of them is the constant term. It is solved by
the square root of the
variable, looking for two numbers that when multiplied give as a result the
independent term and summed (which can be negative numbers) give
as a result, the midpoint.

Example:

Example:

Example:

Case VII - Sum or difference of powers to the n

The sum of two numbers to the power of n, ain+bn breaks down into two
factors (whenever n is an odd number):

Remaining as follows:

Example:

The difference is also factorable, and in this case, it does not matter if n is even or
odd. Remaining as follows:

Example:

Mathematics 20
The differences, whether of squares or of cubes, come from a particular case.
from this generalization.

Case VIII - Trinomial of the form ax2+ bx + c

In this case, there are 3 terms: The first term has a coefficient
different from one, the letter of the second term has half the exponent
of the previous term and the third term is a constant term, that is

without a literal part, like this:

To factor an expression of this form, the term is multiplied

independent for the coefficient of the first term (4x2) :

Then we must find two numbers that, when multiplied together, give
as a result, the constant term and its sum must be equal to
coefficient of the term x:

Then the term x is placed in full.2without being

squared in parentheses, also the 2 terms are placed

previously discovered:

To finish, these terms are divided by the coefficient of the term x.2:

The factorization is thus finished:

Mathematics 20
 :

Case IX - Perfect Cube of Tetranomials

Considering that notable products tell us that:

Square

In geometry, a square is a parallelogram that has its sides

equal and also its four angles are equal and right, it has 4 axes of
symmetry, 4 vertices and 4 edges.

Properties

It is the polygon that has its opposite sides parallel and, therefore, it is a
parallelogram. Since its four internal angles are right, it is
also a special case of rectangle, is an equilateral rectangle. From
in a similar way, having all four sides equal is a special case of
Rhomboid, it is an equiangular rhombus. Each internal angle of a square.
measures 90 degrees and the sum of all of them is 360°. Each external angle of the
The square measures 270°.

Among the rectangles that have the same perimeter, the square is the one that
it has a larger area. A square is a rhombus that has at least one
right angle.

Equations and elements

The length of the diagonal can be calculated using the Theorem of

Pythagoras:

Mathematics 20
 d=L2√

The area of a square is the square of the length of its side:

A=L2 Let A be the area and L the side.

The perimeter of a square is 4 times the value of the side

P=4.a

Rectangle

In plane geometry, a rectangle is a parallelogram whose four sides

form right angles with each other. The opposite sides are the same.
length. The perimeter of a rectangle is equal to the sum of all its
sides.

P=2.a+2.b

The area of a rectangle is equal to the product of two of its adjacent sides.

A=a.b

Mathematics 20
Properties

Its parallel sides are equal.

Its two diagonals are equal, and they intersect in equal parts (this
characteristic also defines it), at a point called midpoint, which at
its center of symmetry.
The plane can be paved by repeating infinitely many rectangles.
The rectangle has two axial symmetries, with respect to axes parallel to
its sides and that pass through the center.

Cube

A cube or regular hexahedron is a polyhedron with six square faces.

congruent, being one of the so-called Platonic solids.

A cube, besides being a hexahedron, can also be classified as

like a parallelepiped, straight and rectangular, since all its faces are made of

four sides and parallel two by two, and even like a prism with a base
quadrangular and height equivalent to the side of the base.

The regular hexahedron, like the rest of the platonic solids,

it satisfies Euler's polyhedron theorem, as it has six faces, eight
vertices and twelve edges (8+6=12+2).

Has: Faces 6, Polygons that form the faces Squares,

Edges 12 and Vertices 8

Mathematics 20
Volumen, Área

Given a regular cube with edge a, we can calculate its volume V.

using the following formula:

V =a3

And the total area of its faces A (which is 6 times the area of one of them, Ac),
via

A=6 a 2

Mathematics 20
1.6 DEVELOPMENT

Graphical Representation of a Formula

Many of the formulas for special products that are covered in this
section can be represented in geometric form, considering the length,
the area and the volume. For example, the figure illustrates how one can
interpret the formula of the Square of a binomial through areas of
squares and rectangles.

In the figure, a and b represent lengths, a2, b2, ab y (a + b)2represent

areas. The ancient Greeks always interpreted algebraic formulas
in terms of geometric shapes as done here.

1. Explain how the figure verifies the formula

a2– b2(a + b) (a - b)

The figure shows a square with side a and area = a2

Mathematics 20
 On the other hand, there is a smaller square with side b and area =
b2

There is also a rectangle with sides a-b and b.

a-b

b b
b
a-b a b

a
a-b

Applying the formulas for the area of a square and a rectangle

obtains

b x b = b2

b x (a – b) = ab – b2

a x (a-b)= a2– ab

(a2-ab)
(a2-ab)

b2 (ab-b2)
a+
b
(a+b)(a-b)= a2- ab + ab - b2= a2- b2

2. Find a figure that verifies the formula

(a - b)2= a2- 2ab + b2.

Mathematics 20
 A square with side a is observed.
Then a smaller square with side b and whose area is b.2
After a rectangle with sides a-b and b has as area the product
b(a-b)
Next, another rectangle with the same characteristics as the
previous
Finally, a square with sides a-b and whose area will be equal to: (a-b)2

b a-b
a
b b

a-b a

b a-b

a-b
The area of the yellow square is equal to

(a-b)2= a2– [b2+2b(a-b)]

(a-b)2= a2– [b2+2ab-2b2]

b2 b(a-b)

(a-b)2= a2– [2ab- b2]

(a-b) squared

(a-b)2= a2-2ab + b2

3. Explain how the following figure verifies the formula

(a + b)3= a3+ 3a2b + 3ab2+ b3

Mathematics 20
 In the first instance, there is a cube with sides. a, of which its
volume is = a3

a
a3
Now there are 3 identical figures with 2 sides of length a and width b for this reason the

a b)
2
the volume of these will be equal to: 3(a

a a2b

b
a

Now we find the volume of the following group of figures with side a by
height b and width b and since there are 3 identical figures, it is multiplied by three

Volume = 3(ab2) b

b ab2

Mathematics 20
Finally, the volume of the small cube with side b will be equal to
b
V=b 3

b b3
b
So in the end, if the obtained volumes are added, the following is obtained.
expression:(a + b)3= a3+ 3a2b + 3ab2+ b3

Is it possible to draw a geometric figure that verifies the

formula for (a + b)4?

Explain.

In our opinion, an analysis of the factors would be conducted.

(a + b)4=(a+b) (a+b) (a+b) (a+b)

This can also be:

(a + b)4(a+b)2(a+b)2 o´ (a + b)4=(a+b)3(a+b)

In this case, it would be more advisable to use 2

(a + b)4=(a+b) (a+b) 2

2
due to the geographic representation of (a+b) it has already been

determined in the following figure.

Mathematics 20
 For lo
It could be said that a duplicate image would be needed.
to represent the expression (a + b)4
Although on the other hand the expanded expression of (a + b)4es:
+
a+
=
2(ab]()+
[=
ba+
)(+
2ab2+ b) 4
ab(+)= 22 2 22 2 2 2 2

+a 4ab
2ab +2ab+ 4ab 3
+ 2ab
+ ab
+2ab
+ b+ 2 2 3 2 2 3 2 2 3 4

Now terms are grouped:

a 4 4
a =+
3
2(a)b+2(a)b =4(a)b 3 3

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
+(a)(b)+4(a)(b)+(a)(b)=6(a)(b)
+2a(b)+2a(b)=4a(b) 3
3 3

b=+b 4 4

(a + b) = 4a + 4ab
4
+ 6ab3 + 4ab + 2b 2 3 4

According to this resolution, it could not be graphed because they do not exist.

areas or volumes raised to the fourth power.

5.
a) Perform (a + b + c)2
(a+b+c)(a+b+c)

a2+ab+ac+ab+b2+bc+ac+bc+c2

a2+b2+c2+2ab+2ac+2bc

b) Trace una figura geométrica que verifique la fórmula

What was found in Section a).
According to the result of subsection a), the following is determined
figures:
Two rectangles with sides a and c whose area will be equal to ac when treated.
The area of 2 identical figures is multiplied by 2.

Mathematics 20
c
So you have 2ac

a
ac

There are also 2 rectangles with sides a and b whose area will be equal.
the ab y and since there are two figures it is multiplied by 2
Then you have 2ab

a
b
ab

Then there are 2 rectangles with sides c and b, and whose area will be equal to
because there are two figures, you multiply by 2
Then you have 2bc

c length abc
A square of side area is a2
and whose bc

a
a2
Another smaller square with side c and whose area is c2
And another square with side b whose area will be b.2
Therefore, if all these areas are added together, the following is obtained.
graphic. c a b
b2
c C2
b

Mathematics 20
1.7 CONCLUSIONES
Comparing the algebraic method with the geometric method helps to
clearly see the development of the binomial to the power.
Working with the geometric method helps to find the causes of
the results physically and not just following formulas.
By applying geometry and algebra, problems can be solved
everyday life.
To represent a mathematical operation concretely that is
abstract help to understand and learn the operations
mathematics.
Raising a binomial to the cube is the same as calculating the volume of
a cube of (a+b) in length.
A notable product is a product that can be obtained without
perform the multiplication.
The square of the binomial, like other notable products, has a
geometric representation in the plane.
If the ends of the strokes 'a' and 'b' are extended, they divide a
square into four smaller areas: two squares, one with side "a" and
another smaller one with side "b", and two rectangles with length "a" and width "b".
The sum of the areas of these squares and rectangles is equal to
total area of the square with side a + b
The square of a binomial is equal to the square of the first term
more (or less) double the product of the first term by the
second plus the square of the second term

Mathematics 20
1.8 BIBLIOGRAPHY

[Link]
[Link]

ca_C binomial_de_un.pdf
[Link]

geometric_presentation.html
[Link]/numeros/numeros/71/Articles_02.pdf
[Link]

NOTABLE [Link]
[Link]/media/NM1/NM1_Productos_Notables-

[Link]

Mathematics 20
Mathematics 20