OSCILLOSCOPE TRAINING

FIRST OF ALL, I WOULD LIKE TO THANK EACH ONE OF YOU WHO BELIEVED IN MY WORK, I WOULD LIKE
I MADE THIS MANUAL FOR YOU TRYING TO PASS ON IN A CLEARER AND SIMPLER WAY
Possible information on how to learn to work with an oscilloscope, any questions do not hesitate.
FEEL FREE TO ASK, DON'T GO HOME WITH THE DOUBT, THANK YOU ALL AND HAVE A GOOD TRAINING.

Oscilloscopes: history and classification

The oscilloscope (also known as 'Oscillograph') is one of the most important tools and
essential for the analysis of electrical signals. Today in the workshop or service center it is very important
that this device is available. But what exactly do these equipments do? The oscilloscopes
allows you to visualize the changes in the amplitude of the signal provided over a period of time,
observing, measuring and recording this signal.A modern oscilloscopeit is a versatile tool, that
it allows you to verify, adjust, and detect faults not only in isolated electronic components but also
in complete modules.
The history of oscilloscopes began in 1893, when the French engineer and physicist André Blondel introduced them to the world.
the first electromagnetic oscilloscope with two-wire suspension, made with your own hands. This device, with the
the aid of a pendulum with ink, connected to the coil, allowed electrical values to be recorded on a tape of
paper, such as the intensity of alternating currents. Considering that several mechanical devices were used
simultaneously in the process, the first oscilloscopes were not very accurate and their bandwidth ranged from 10
e 19 kHz.
 Automatic hospital ondograph - a predecessor electromechanical oscilloscope invented by André Blondel

The true evolution of oscilloscopes began in 1897, when the German scientist Karl Ferdinand Braun
invented the cathode ray tube (CRT). The British company AC Cossor managed to adapt this technology in 1932.
introduced the first oscilloscope based on the cathode-ray tube.
 When World War II ended, measuring equipment, including oscilloscopes,
started to develop all over the world. More than anything else, it was noticeable in Europe and
in America. In 1946, Howard Vollum and Melvin Murdock founded the company Tektronix, which soon
became a world leader in oscillography. In the same year, Vollum and Murdock manufactured their
first delayed sweep oscilloscope (single cycle sweep)—this technology was
used in the 511 model with a bandwidth of 10 MHz. Delayed sweep on an oscilloscope
refers to the type of scanning that is activated only during the investigated period. time of
development of the electrical impulse.

In the 1950s, practically all developed countries began to manufacture these.

devices. Thanks to this, oscilloscopes have become a universal measuring tool. The
the manufacturing of the first industrial models caused the rapid growth of bandwidth
and the precision of oscilloscopes, until the first digital equipment emerged in
1985. Surely we can consider this year as a key point in history of
development of the oscilloscope. Precisely this year for the CERN research center a
the digital storage oscilloscope was manufactured for the first time in the world. The process of
the development of this device was led by engineer Walter LeCroy, founder of
LeCroy company. Since the 1980s, the oscilloscope market has evolved by leaps and bounds, and today these devices
are indispensable. As in the case of other electronic devices, oscilloscopes can be divided into two groups
due to its signal processing method: analog and digital. Each type obviously has its advantages,
disadvantages and unique characteristics, which we will try to analyze in more detail below.

analog oscilloscope

Occasionally, some examples of analog oscilloscopes can be found on the workbenches of

"old guard" technicians, who by force of habit do not dare to step into the threshold of the digital century. But, in any case,
these models lost in time are gradually being replaced by their digital successors. The market situation of
oscilloscopes are similar to the computer market, where the price of new equipment falls, while
finding replacement parts for older models is practically an impossible mission.
 Practically every analog oscilloscope must have one or
more vertical channels, horizontal channel, time base,
firing system and, of course, ray tube module
cathodic (CRT). The vertical channel must have the attenuator
compensated, pre-amplifier, delay line and
vertical amplifier, which increases the signal level up to the
level required by the CRT module. The horizontal channel has
two different modes of operation: internal and
external. Both horizontal channel modes, as well
like the vertical channel, they work through the amplifier
horizontal.

The time base is generally composed of triggers,

integrator amplifier and addition and inversion schemes.

The trigger system consists of a front selector, trigger

the derivative function scheme. The front selector allows
alternate between ascending fronts and
descendants. Schmitt trigger diagram, which emits the
signal in rectangular format, which is synchronized with
other events. The control of the firing level is carried out
by the transient voltage modification of the Schmitt trigger.

A cathode ray tube (CRT) is a vacuum tube that contains the electron gun, a set of plates.
deflectors (vertical and horizontal), some electronic lenses and a painted screen inside with several layers of
fluorescent and phosphorescent coating.
In most cases, the bandwidth of the
analog oscilloscopes is measured in hundreds of
megahertz, and the "limiter" of the main band is
specifically the CRT module. This equipment can only be
to be used to reflect instantaneous changes in
real-time signal, as the entire display process
the signal on the screen is not subjected to processing
digital. It is clear that analog oscilloscopes do not
they use the terms buffer, signal processing of
entry and so on, associated with the models
modern digital. The input signals are reflected
continuously with a slight delay, produced
for the components of the electronic circuit of
device.

digital oscilloscope Cathode Ray Tube CRT

Digital oscilloscopes are generally divided into three main types:

• digital storage oscilloscopes (DSO), which use real-time sampling technology;

• stroboscopic oscilloscopes (DSaO), which use time sampling technology

equivalent;
• phosphor oscilloscopes (DPO), which use advanced sampling technologies and
signal processing.

Digital storage oscilloscopes emerged thanks to the technological revolution of analog-to-digital converters (ADC),
responsible for the rapid and accurate digitization of high-frequency signals; advances in the area of memory devices,
that must store data as fast as sampling is performed; and compact low-display modules
power. Essentially, memory oscilloscopes use analog-to-digital converters in order to present
signal data in digital format.

UNI-T UTD4204C digital oscilloscope

Under the name of stroboscopic oscilloscopes, devices are understood that use ...
ordered/random sample of instantaneous values of the investigated signal and perform its time transformation. The
operating principles of this type of oscilloscope are based on the stroboscopic effect, therefore, the DSaO uses the
measurement of instantaneous values of repeated signals with the help of short stroboscopic pulses. Thanks to this
principally, stroboscopic oscilloscopes have a wide bandwidth and stand out for their high
sensitivity.
Digital phosphor oscilloscopes are the most advanced type of oscilloscope available. DPOs reflect the signal in three
plans, what is comparable to the capacity of an analog oscilloscope: time, amplitude, and amplitude over the
tempo (intensity). These oscilloscopes are characterized by their high sampling density and ability to
capture data according to the intensity of the investigated signal. The display of the DPO oscilloscope significantly facilitates
the basic process of recognizing the shape of the signal against the backdrop of its transient features - the
The basic image of the signal looks much brighter.
Development trends

Traditionally, the development process of modern digital oscilloscopes focuses on the enhancement of
frequency band and in the increase of reaction speed. Today, the bandwidth in emblematic models of
leading brands reach 6-7 GHz and even more (in some models designed for deep signal analysis).

On the other hand, there is a trend to minimize their size and manufacture portable devices. These devices have
all the technical characteristics of bench oscilloscopes, but they are portable, small in size and priced
accessible. Its dimensions and shape are compatible with those of a mobile phone.
There are also models of USB oscilloscopes that work together with a computer, turning it into a
measuring device. They are compact and lightweight devices that are operated from the computer screen and allow
that the signal is easily processed (in reality all operations are carried out by the computer, the oscilloscope
in this case, it is just an interface). The main advantage of this equipment - the possibility of storing, processing,
print and send the results operationally.
Summary

An oscilloscope is an extremely useful tool and, perhaps, one of the best investments for a technician.
specialized in maintenance, repair, and adjustment of various electronic equipment.
 TYPES OF OSCILLOSCOPE:

Types of oscilloscopes and their purpose

• Types of oscilloscopes.
• Analog oscilloscopes.
• Digital oscilloscopes.
• Digital storage oscilloscopes.
• Phosphor digital oscilloscopes.
• Mixed domain oscilloscopes.
• Mixed signal oscilloscopes.
• Digital sampling oscilloscopes.

1.1. What is an oscilloscope and what is it used for? Basically, an oscilloscope is a measuring instrument that
graphically represents electrical signals in the time domain. In normal operating mode, an oscilloscope displays
how one or more electrical signals vary over time (Figure 1). In this case, the vertical axis (YY) represents the
the amplitude of the signal (voltage) and the horizontal axis (XX) represents time. The intensity (or brightness) of the screen (SCREEN) is by
sometimes referred to as the ZZ axis.
Oscilloscopes Developed for Automotive Use

Hantek Series 6000 Oscilloscope Model 6074be,

designed for automotive use with 4 channels with
Bandwidth of 70 MHz.
Average price in Brazil on Mercado Livre.
Between R$ 2,200 and 3,000 with the basic kit.
New Tecnoscópio oscilloscope, model
New Tecnoscópio 3c, with 3 channels of
input 2 output channels with width
of 20 MHz band, with generator of
PWM signals on the output channels that
it can simulate Hall Rotation sensor,
Inductive and will be able to adjust the quantity
of teeth and the gap.
Média de Preço: entre R$ 3,000 e 3,800
New Oscilloscope
Technoscope, model New
Technoscope 4c, with 4 channels
2 input channels output
with a bandwidth of 20
MHz, with signal generator
PWM on the output channels that
it can simulate sensor of
Hall Rotation, Inductive and
you can adjust the quantity
of teeth and the gap.
Average Price: between R$
4,000 and 4,800
Automotive Oscilloscope
PicoScope 4000: Oscilloscope
with 8 input channels and 2
output channels for Generator
of PWM Signals, an excellent
equipment is very expensive
Average Price in Brazil: R$
12,000
Oscilloscope and Motor Analyzer Mtpro 4.1:
Oscilloscope and Engine Analyzer with 8 input channels and 1 channel for Trigger (Synchronization)
It has functions that are very helpful such as cylinder compression test, coil secondary test, test of
battery, injector nozzle testing and many other tests, without a doubt of all on the list this is the best for both the
that the device delivers in terms of software as well as price, it does not need an attenuator like the
there are many advantages he has over the competitors.
Price Directly with the Manufacturer Sergii in Ukraine U$$ 250.00 approximately R$ 1293.00.
 Raven automotive oscilloscope and scanner is also a
excellent equipment, it has 3 input channels, but a bit expensive for those who are starting to work
with Oscilloscope, it is over R$6000.00 and you still have to pay a monthly fee for the scanner that stays in
starting from R$135.00 reaching up to R$270.00. There are pros and cons to this device, it uses a tablet with a system
operational Android that is portable, easy to use, and fast, the cons, SMALL SCREEN TO SEE THE SIGNALS,
THERE IS NO WAY TO USE THE SCANNER AND OSCILLOSCOPE AT THE SAME TIME, AND SOMETIMES IT IS DONE
IT IS NECESSARY TO USE BOTH EQUIPMENTS,

How to choose a good oscilloscope to use in my workshop, what factors should be considered
analyzed before the purchase to avoid regret?
An oscilloscope has several items that should be analyzed before purchase, such as:
1Bandwidth

This is perhaps the most important characteristic of an oscilloscope and the one that most influences its price. The
bandwidth specification tells us the maximum frequency of the signals we can analyze. The bandwidth
can vary from around 20 to 30 MHz (low-end oscilloscopes, priced around €500) to some
GHz (high-end oscilloscopes, which may cost more than €50000). By convention, the bandwidth of a
The oscilloscope is the frequency at which the amplitude of the drawn signal is reduced to 70.7% of the amplitude of the signal.
(sinusoidal) input. This reduction of 70.7% corresponds to -3 dB on the logarithmic scale. In addition, it is specified in the manual.
of the device and because it is a very important characteristic, the bandwidth is usually written on the front panel of the
oscilloscope.
2:Número de Canais
The number of input channels defines the number of waveforms that can be viewed on the screen at the same time.
of an oscilloscope. Most oscilloscopes have two input channels, but there are some oscilloscopes
that have four input channels (and even more), which allows, in certain situations, to analyze more
easily a given system.
3:Tempo de Subida (Rise Time)
The rise time is another way to describe the useful frequency of an oscilloscope's use. The value of this
Greatness is a more appropriate measure of performance when the usage refers to the measurement of impulses and steps.
An oscilloscope cannot correctly display pulses with rise times shorter than the rise time.
(minimum) specified in the oscilloscope manual. Typical values are around several tens of nanoseconds for
low-end oscilloscopes up to a few hundred picoseconds to high-end oscilloscopes.
4: Vertical Sensitivity
The vertical sensitivity characterizes the amplification power of the vertical amplifier. This quantity is normally
expressed in mV/Div. The smallest voltage that a common oscilloscope can detect is typically 1-2 mV/DIV. Additionally
of the specified vir in the device manual, this characteristic is written on the vertical amplification control. It is also
It is common for manufacturers to present the maximum Volt/DIV value supported in the specifications of oscilloscopes, which
it usually operates in the range of 2-100 Volt/DIV. The use of attenuating or amplifying probes expands the
amplitude range of the signals to be analyzed
5: Sample Rate
In sampling oscilloscopes, the sampling frequency indicates how many samples are acquired per second.
the maximum sampling frequency of an oscilloscope is normally expressed in Mega/Giga samples per second
(MS/s or GS/s). The higher the maximum sampling frequency of an oscilloscope, the greater the accuracy with which it
represents the details of a signal with rapid variations. The minimum sampling frequency may also be
relevant in the measurement of signals with very slow variations, over long periods of time. Typically, the frequency
the sampling changes when the TIME/DIV control is adjusted to maintain a constant number of points on the
signal recording. Another important aspect is that the sampling frequency will impose a certain limit on the frequency of the
signals in analysis. The Nyquist Theorem states that to correctly reconstruct a signal, it must be sampled at a
at least double frequency of its largest frequency component. However, this theorem assumes a length of
infinite recording is a purely repetitive signal. Given that oscilloscopes have a limited recording length and
even periodic signals always show small variations (e.g. noise, spikes), sampling at only one
double the frequency of the highest frequency component of a signal is not sufficient. In practice, the sampling frequency
it must be at least 5 times higher than the highest frequency component of the signal being analyzed. The frequency analysis (or
Spectral) of signals is a complex subject that does not fall within the context of this document. However, it should
It should be noted that any periodic (or non-periodic) signal can be obtained through weighted summation (or integration).
(distinct amplitudes and phases) of a set of sinusoids (Fourier analysis), which will define the
signal frequency components (also referred to as harmonics). In this way, a non-sinusoidal signal may have
frequency components much higher than its fundamental frequency. For example, a pure square wave of 100
kHz is the weighted sum of an infinite number of sinusoids–100 kHz, 300 kHz, 500 kHz, etc..
 As you saw above, there are several items to check when buying an Oscilloscope.
good equipment, but forSIMPLIFY THE DECISION OF WHICH DEVICE TO BUY, BUY WHAT FITS IN THE
YOUR POCKET, THE IMPORTANT THING IS TO HAVE AN OSCILLOSCOPE TO BE ABLE TO WORK, IF YOU HAVE THE MEANS TO
CHOOSE AMONG THOSE MENTIONED ABOVE, WHICH ARE THE BEST AVAILABLE ON THE MARKET FOR OUR FIELD, CHOOSE
FOR WHAT MAY ALWAYS BE THE GREATEST

BANDWIDTH, THIS ITEM WILL BE DESCRIBED AS (BANDWIDTH 70MHZ) FOR THE HANTEK 6074BE,
FOR THE NEWTECHNOSCOPE THE BANDWIDTH (20MHZ) WILL BE DESCRIBED
FOR THE PURCHASE OF A GOOD EQUIPMENT, THE WIDER THE BANDWIDTH, THE BETTER IT WILL BE.
OSCILLOSCOPE, THIS PARAMETER IS VERY IMPORTANT BUT THERE IS ALSO THE ISSUE OF CHANNELS OF
DEVICE, THE MORE INPUT CHANNELS IT HAS, THE BETTER IT WILL BE FOR WORK, FOR
EXEMPLIFY IF YOU HAVE A 3-CHANNEL OSCILLOSCOPE FOR EXAMPLE AND NEED TO TAKE AT THE SAME TIME
TIME THE ROTATION SENSOR SIGNAL, PHASE SENSOR SIGNAL, PRIMARY COIL TRIGGER AND SIGNAL
FOR THE INJECTOR, YOU WILL NEED A 4-CHANNEL OSCILLOSCOPE, IN SOME SITUATIONS OF MY DAY A
DIA EU JÁ USEI OS 8 CANAIS DO MTPRO 4.1,

IF I WERE TO BUY A OSCILLOSCOPE THAT IS IN THESE DESCRIPTIONS ABOVE IN THIS HANDOUT, I WOULD CHOOSE
FIRSTLY THE MTPRO 4.1 BECAUSE IT IS A VERY POWERFUL OSCILLOSCOPE, IT DOES NOT NEED AN ATTENUATOR, IT
SUPPORTS 400 VOLTS OF INPUT WITHOUT ATTENUATOR, THE OTHERS (THE HANTEK 6074BE SUPPORTS ONLY 35)
AC/DC VOLTS ON ITS INPUT CHANNELS, THE NEW TECNOSCOPIO SUPPORTS A MAXIMUM OF 40 VOLTS AC/DC ON THEM
YOUR INPUT CHANNELS, ABOVE THAT YOU WILL HAVE TO USE A ATTENUATOR.
The Hantek 6074 and others
automotive oscilloscopes to
Their input voltage is at
Maximum volts AC/DC, for use
with higher voltages must
use the 20:1 attenuator or probe
x10

THIS ATTENUATOR ATTENUATES THE SIGNAL

IN 20:1, IF YOU HAVE MEASURED 2000
VOLTS THEY WILL ATTENUATE TO 100
 Attenuator for the NewTecnoscopio, important
to highlight that tweezers, attenuators, probes and others
items used in an Oscilloscope are
UNIVERSALS, for example, the Hantek attenuator
serve no NewTecnoscopio and vice versa, the probes
it also serves one for the other.

Hantek HT30a probe, it comes with 2 inputs with banana plugs for
easy connection with Automotive Acupuncture Needle and Alligator Clip. Case
I will teach you how to develop good probes.
quality and low cost, there are a multitude of probes that I can
teach you how to make them.
An important item to have is these
needles for signal capture, with it you can
test the component without having to damage the harness
Vehicle, with her. She is very used for testing.
phase rotation sensor, primary DIS coil,
injector nozzle lambda probe etc, and it's cheap and
indispensable for quality work and without
damage the vehicle's wiring harness.
We will now get to know the home screen of the doHantek 6074be software,

Every time the Hantek software is started

it will appear the guided functions that he has in his
memory, I do not advise using this function because
the recorded signals are different from the real ones
vehicles and also the oscilloscope operator does not
will know how to operate another device for example that
do not have this function. I RECOMMEND USING THE
CONTROL BUTTONS TO LEARN HOW TO USE
ANY OSCILOSCOPE YOU WILL USE.
V
O
L
T
A
G
E
M

P
O
R

D
I
V
I
S
Ã
O
TIME BY DIVISION
The horizontal spaces of the grid lines are related to the configuration Seconds/division.
The vertical spaces of the grid lines are related to the Volts/Division setting.
 1 time for
division 4:
Button
League E
3: Selection of Channels 1, 2, 3, and 4 turn off
channels

2: Voltage By
Division

5: Selection Button of
Type of current

ACE DC
1, Time Selection Button Per Division:this Button selects how much time per division each line will have, for
example, 1 second/per division, 500 ms/per division.

2, Voltage Selection Button per Division:This button selects how many volts or amperes per division there will be.
the division, for example: 1 Volt per Division, 5 Volts per Division

3, Selection Button for which Channel to use:This button selects which channel will change the voltage; NOTE, the voltage
by division can be changed individually per channel, for example: Channel 1 can be set to 5 Volts per division,
Channel 2 can be set to 10 volts per division, channel 3 can be set to 500 millivolts per division, meaning the voltage can
can be altered individually per channel, but the time per division cannot be altered individually, when you change the
Based on the time, all channels will be changed as well, for example: changed from 1 second per division to 100.
milliseconds per division, all 4 channels of this device will have the new time unit of 100 milliseconds.

4, Power On and Off Button for Channels:This button turns the channel on or off, if you are not using one or more channels and
you don't want the reading of a channel or the waveform of a channel to keep appearing, you can easily turn it off
or turn on that channel, you can leave at least one channel enabled.

5, AC/DC Current Selection ButtonThis button selects which type of current the channel will use,
 6: Selection
x and y axis

7: Selection x1 x10
x100 x1000 20:1
CC65 CC650

8: Tipo de Trigger:
Borda Pulso, Video
Can.

9: Type of Scan:

Car, Normal Only

11: It will be used

10: Selection of Which for

Canal will be used select the
to trigger the signal board of
Ascent or
descent

The TRIGGER serves to stabilize the image on the screen, it locks the image.
It is very important the operation of the functions of the TRIGGER in Portuguese, DO NOT STAY WITH
DOUBTS AT THIS STAGE!!!
6: Waveform Button Y and T, X and Y:Show the relative relationship between vertical tension and horizontal time, not
we will use this button in our training and not in our daily life:

Voltage Per Division Button:This button selects how many volts per division the channel will have, it can be
selected voltages x1, x10, x100, x1000 20;1 DC Clamp Amperimeter CC65 and CC650

8: Type of Trigger Selection Button:This button selects the Trigger Mode, whether it is by Edge,
by Pulse, by Video, by Can Uart, etc. We only use edge triggering; we will rarely use pulse triggering.
always adjust the trigger in the middle of the wave

Sweep Type ButtonThis button selects the type of scan that the device will perform to capture the
signal, the captures will be AUTO, NORMAL AND UNIQUE.

10: Channel Selection Button of the Trigger:This Button selects which Channel (1 2 3 or 4) will be used for
Trigger the signal on the screen.

11: Border Button for (Increase +) or (DecreaseThis Button selects which type of Border will be used
To Trigger the Signal, if you select the (More +) button in the SLOPE selection box, the oscilloscope will trigger the signal.
when there is a Positive Rising Edge, and when you select the (–Minus) button the Oscilloscope will Trigger the Signal when
having a Descent Edge.

Configuration and Control Bar

Button H (Horizontal Axis Settings, Time)

Time Button by
division, do the same
adjust the button
Time by division makes,
however, it increases the
Sweep and Roll buttons,
when selecting the
Scroll Button
time decreases,
can be used
this button for
probe test
lambda.
Button V (Vertical Voltage/Current Axis Setting)

This button makes the selection of

which channel will you configure, turn on and
turn off any channel you want,
change the type of coupling from
AC to DC and DC to AC,
set the attenuation to x1, x10,
x100, x1000, x10000 20:1 Claw
of CC65 and CC650 current

In addition, he
there is the option of

invert the signal in the

fabric.
 Button T (Trigger Settings)

This button does the same

Configuration of the Side Buttons
Related to Trigger,

Mode: Edge, Pulse, Can Etc

Scanning: Auto, Normal and
Unique
Trigger Source: Channel 1 2 3 and
4
Type of Inclination: Border
Rise (+) or fall (-)
 Line and Dotted Buttons

The button has the sole function of

show the Signal in the form of
This Button has the Unique Dotted, using this function
Function to show the the viewing becomes poor
Signal on the screen in the shape making interpretation difficult
as they can line up signal.
see in the image
 Mathematical Function

This Button Enables the Function

Mathematics, he
just add up
division multiplication or
division of the channels that you
for example: Channel 1 +
Channel 2, it will add to the
voltage of the two channels,
I have never used this function to
nothing.
 Save or Open Reference Button (Reference Signal)
Quando o usar o Botão de
Reference will open this R here to
side and the signal will appear in color
Branca, if you want, just go to the button.
Reference Configuration and
Turn off. This Button has a very cool function,
he saves the signal on the computer
Captured and can be opened
in the future for comparison, with
this can be done on your own
signal bank.

Podemos ver que quando usa o

the Reference button copies the signal from
channel that was selected, here it was
copied the signal from channel 2, Sensor of
Phase. The bad thing is that he copies.

only a signal, it cannot be

open more than one reference, here
the channel was used as a reference.
 Cross Cursor Button

Turn on the Cross Cursor, The Cross Cursor

measure: Frequency, Time, and Voltage of
only once, for reading in one place
specific and precise click and hold the
right mouse button and drag to
where do you want to measure

When the Cross Cursor is

enabled here below will appear
here below the Frequency, Time
And the voltage that will measure whatever it is

selected on the screen of

To turn off the Crossed Courses or
any other cursor that is
appearing on the screen should go to the
menu bar
 Auto-adjust Button

As the name suggests, this button makes a high adjustment.

no Oscilloscope, for our automotive use, it will almost not be
used, as the captured signals do not have a linear form
like this signal on this screen, if it's picking up a signal from a
sensor that is PWM such as a Sensor of
Hall rotation or a Hall speed sensor can be used.
this button, but it makes an adjustment to try to fit the
signal in the best way, but the signal won't always stay
unstable on the screen, I recommend the operator to adjust it
device, this way you will learn to handle the device and
any other oscilloscope.
 Play and Stop Button

Pause Signal Capture,

can be used to make
analysis of a signal that is
fast, such as
Button Starts the Collection of a Network Signal Can
Data or Capture
Zoom In + and -

It can be used to frame

a large sign on the screen, by
example to take both laps
of the Crankshaft or the 720 degrees.

When one decreases or increases the

zoom or Temp/Div also changes
Drag WaveForm Button

This Button has the Drag Function

wave back or forth, and much
useful for seeing a signal that disappears
fast, like a shot from a nozzle that
does not pulse, a coil shot by
example.
Menu Bar Functions
 Display of Configuration Information
I

Symbol and Position

do Trigger Vertical

Indicate whether the type of edge is rising or falling. Symbol e

Indicate which channels are Which channel is configured to trigger the signal, position of
linked, you can disable and what is the voltage of the Trigger Trigger
maximum of 3 channels Horizontal

Indicate which Indicate how much time per division

Indicate the
Coupling it is configured, it is
number of the canal configuration cannot be
of the canal,
AC/DC by channel, when one puts by
1 2 3 e4
ex:500ms all channels will have
 Trigger Block or Synchronization

The trigger function of the oscilloscope allows repetitive waveforms to be displayed on the screen in a consistent manner.
The trigger allows the time base to start its scan at the same point in each repetition of the shape.
wave.
In a Simple and Objective way, the Trigger locks or Stabilizes the Signal on the screen, without the Signal being Triggered.
will be walking back and forth. The Trigger adjustment block has some functions that I will present to
you

The Trigger Settings are:

1Modo de Disparo:
Make the selection of which MODE OF TRIGGER will be used to trigger the signal on the screen, in the box we have the options: EDGE, PULSE, VIDEO,
CAN, LIN, UART, SPI, and IC E ALT, where for the automotive area only BOARD AND PULSE will be used.

Signal Scanning:
AUTO:The signal captured by the Oscilloscope will drop to the zero line when the car turns off.
example or to press a nozzle for example.

NORMAL:The captured signal will appear on the Oscilloscope screen and when there is a drop in
For example, a coil that has stopped pulsing will freeze the signal on the screen and will return when a signal is received.
to appear, and it is very useful if you are alone with no one to help.

UNIQUE:It waits for a SINGLE signal capture and pauses the image, you will have to press play again to capture a new signal.
3 SOURCE, SELECTION OF TRIGGER CHANNELS:

This box selects which channel of the Oscilloscope will be used to trigger the signal, when
Making the channel selection, the T for Trigger will take the color of the channel used to trigger the signal, and
When moving the Horizontal Trigger in the upper right corner, it showed the Trigger Voltage.
 When to change the position
the Trigger will be indicated
in this corner the reference of
voltage of the Trigger.

When to Change the Trigger Channel

The color of the T in Trigger will be the color
to the selected channel for a
quick interpretation of which
the channel is triggering my signal.

Make the Selection of which Channel will be

used to trigger the signal, it may
to be used only one of the four
Trigger channels.
 4:Type of Direction or Inclination of the Trigger Shot:

This adjustment selects the angle of the shot, whether it is (POSITIVE + OR

NEGATIVE -) when the + is selected it means that the Trigger will use the EDGE
UPWARD OR POSITIVE TO TRIGGER THE SIGNAL, and when it is selected
the descending or negative edge will be used to trigger the signal.

To work with any brand or type of Oscilloscope, we will need to understand what they are.
WAVEFORMS, because they will appear on the oscilloscope screen, for example, the signal of
rotation sensor of the Gol with EA111 engine, its signal is a square wave.
The simplified mode waveforms are drawings that are formed on the screen of the oscilloscope.
that are generated by the measured signal or by the captured signal, for example when we take the
The Lambda probe signal generates a sinusoidal wave that will be shown below, I will not
delve into this topic because it is a very large and complex theme and will only confuse the mind
you, IN GENERAL AND ONLY YOU WILL LEARN WHAT WAVE IS

SQUARE AND SINE WAVE ARE THE TWO USED IN THE AREA
AUTOMOTIVE, I NEVER SAW A TRIANGULAR WAVE OR TOOTH OF
I WORK IN THE AUTOMOTIVE SECTOR, BUT THAT DOESN'T MEAN NO
HAVE.
The Lambda Probe signal is a sine wave, the test
cylinder compression with the oscilloscope
it is also a sine wave.

The signal from the Hall rotation sensor or phase or

Hall Speed Sensor and a Waveform
Square, the PWM that the Module sends to the Body
from Butterfly, to the Controlled Alternator as well
a square wave, the most commonly used waveform in the automotive field is the square wave.
 The Serrated Wave is a waveform that is not
applies in the automotive field, it could be that some car
have some sensor that generates this wave, but I
I've never seen this wave in our area.

The triangular wave also does not apply in the area.

automotive, I am exemplifying for you to know
that these waves exist, in basic form they are these
the four fundamental waveforms, these are
various SUB-WAVES based on the four fundamentals have been formed.

We have already learned about the history of the oscilloscope, what are the equipment focused on
our automotive area, about the function of each button in the software and about the ways of
Waves, we will now begin to understand how to use the Oscilloscope to capture Signals
Automotive, I will explain how the Hall Rotation Sensor works, the Rotation Sensor
inductive, the same applies to Hall Effect Sensors and Inductive Sensors as well as for the Sensor of
ABS Hall or inductive speed.
Hall Effect Rotary Sensor
 Volkswagen Vehicle Engine Family EA11
Hall sensors are primarily used as:

• vehicle speed sensors;

• crankshaft rotation sensors;
• throttle
position sensor (TPS), EGR position, among others (most vehicles
recent
• camshaft rotation sensors (phase sensor).
In some vehicles that use Hall sensors on the crankshaft or on the camshaft
(phase sensor), the sensor reading information can be (or not) vital for the engine's operation, varying
according to the system's project.

Operating principle
In general, the Hall sensor has 3 wires, with 2 intended for power supply (1 for positive power supply and 1 for
negative feedback) and one for the signal.

The Hall rotation sensor (crankshaft) is composed of:

• Hall sensor element;

• magnet

• armor (phonetic wheel).

When there is an armature between the sensor element and the magnet, the signal emitted by the sensor is approximately zero, that is,
a low level of tension.
When there is a window between the sensor element and the magnet, the signal emitted by the sensor is higher, approaching the
supply voltage of the sensor.

In some cases, the output signal voltage may be different from the power supply voltage. For example: power supply 12
VDC, signal voltage equal to 5 VDC. Three different tests will be conducted for testing:

1) If the module is powering the Rotation Sensor with 5 Volts,

2) If the Sensor is receiving the grounding from the Injection Module

3) And finally, if the Rotation Sensor is generating the Signal for the ECU, the signal from the Rotation Sensor is usually
a Square Wave.

In the image next to it is the

drawing of a sensor
CKP rotation and the sensor of
CMP phase, both are of
Hall effect, every sensor
automotive that is by effect
HALL will always have a
positive feeding of 5 or 12
volts and will always have power supply
Negative, different from
Inductive Rotation or Phase Sensors that do not have power, they themselves when the motor starts operating.
generate the signal without the need for voltage to power them.
As shown in the image above, pin 1 of the Rotation Sensor must have 5 volts coming from the Injection Module.
Pin 2 of the Rotation sensor is the signal that the sensor generates and sends to the injection module.

The Pin 3 is the grounding that the Module sends to the Sensor

As you can see, the 5 volts that powers the

Rotation sensors are present, this means
to say that the module is sending
correct feeding for the sensor. The
Oscilloscope is set to 5
volts/div and as you can see the trace has risen

Always Start with the

Channel 2 of the Oscilloscope is picking up the Signal from Time/Division of 5.000ms, after
Rotation Sensor and as you can see the Signal is take the signal if the signal becomes illegible and
normal. Without the Oscilloscope, there would be no way to SEE THE just open the checkbox and go
SIGNAL, could you measure the 9.21 volts that the sensor generates? adjusting the time until the wave settles
but I wouldn't know without a pulse or signal. in a satisfactory way

The Phase Sensor or Hall Speed Sensor works the same way, it has 3 pins which are:
1: 5 Volts Power Supply
2:Signal that the Sensor Generates
3:The grounding that the module plays to ground the sensor
The capture method of the Hall Effect Phase Sensor is the same for the Hall Speed and Rotation Sensor.

Signal Capture from the Fuel Injectors

The fuel injectors are valves that inject fuel; they usually have two wires, one of which has a
12-volt power supply that comes from the fuse and relay box, and on the other wire it receives a negative pulse that comes from the
Electronic Injection Module, for example when a nozzle is not working, the mechanic usually ends up with
doubt whether the defect may be the Module or not, and many times the removal of the injector nozzle is very difficult due to access.

With the multimeter and the Polarity Pen, we can see if there is power to the Fuel Injectors, but we cannot see
If the module is MODULATING THE INJECTOR CORRECTLY, there is no way to see it without an oscilloscope.
TO INTERPRET THIS PULSE.

To capture the signal from the injector pulse, we must be careful regarding the voltage; the injector usually
receives a voltage spike of about 60 volts and most oscilloscopes can handle a maximum voltage of 40
volts, in the case of Hantek, its maximum is 35 volts input.
To pick up the Injector Signal we must use a 20:1 attenuator that attenuates the signal 20 times, thus
This way we ensure that we will not burn our equipment.
You can have several Attenuators, one for each channel for example, so you can take the signal from all four nozzles.
injectors at the same time. To capture the signal from the injector nozzle, we first define which channel will be used to get the
pulse that comes from the Module, then we set the Time/Division, I usually start with 1.000Ms/Div and we configure the
Channel voltage and we set the attenuation to 20:1, we defined the Trigger about one division above the line.
middle of the grid and ready.
 As you can see, the injector nozzle firing
climbed 6 divisions and how the channel is
configured for 10 volts per division the
Here I used the
Oscilloscope received a peak of more or
time of
less than 60 volts and without the Attenuator can
5.000 ms/Div
the burning of the equipment will happen.

The Trigger is
near the first
equal division said
This Voltage Value here from channel two that no texto
it is picking up the signal from the injector nozzle and a
Average tension that is being measured, and the
The trigger is
same average that the multimeter uses for being
measure the voltages synchronized
through Channel 2
they can see too

We can also perform the mechanical test of the injector nozzle with the oscilloscope using the amperometric clamp; this test is a
very effective test to know if the nozzle is working or not,
The test consists of placing a clamp on the injector nozzle wire, it will measure the current consumed by the nozzle.
Injector, we all know that any electronic or electrical equipment consumes a current and with the clamp
We can measure the current consumption of the fuel injector; if there is no consumption, it means that the injector is burnt out.
If the injector nozzle is draining a low amperage, it means that the injector nozzle spring is weak and it should be replaced.
be replaced.
The current clamp or ammeter clamp can also be used for various other tests such as: TO KNOW IF THE
ALTERNATOR IS CHARGING, TEST OF FUEL PUMP CONSUMPTION, TEST OF THE CONDITION OF
FUEL PUMP MOTOR, IGNITION COIL CONSUMPTION TEST, WHERE IT IS NECESSARY TO MEASURE THE
CURRENT CONSUMPTION MAY USE THE CLAMP METER.
Currently, there are several brands that manufacture these tweezers, but the cheapest ones that work very well are from
brand Hantek, the same as the Oscilloscope from our Training, it exists in two configurations, they are: A CC65 AND A
The CC650, the CC65 clamp measures up to 65 amperes and the CC650 measures up to 650 Amperes.

The Hantek Current Clamp is a universal device and can be used with other brands of Oscilloscope such as
New Tecnoscopio, or Raven, or Pico scope, or Mtpro and other models on the market.

HANTEK CC65 HANTEK CC650

They have a reset button and a selector switch that changes the amount of Amperes for every millivolt 1mv/10ma.
1mV/100mA and CC650 also has the reset button and a selector switch for 1mV/100mA and 1mV/1A.

Channel 3 is
selected for
chain claw
The waveform of
Nozzle Current
Injector, here it is
consuming 132mA Selection of
of current. CC65/1mv/10ma
Battery current consumption test with the car running and without the consumers
we will be connected.

Here it was measured the

current consumption
with the car running,
without any
consumer gave 7.39
The Vehicle's Alternator is of consumption, we can
charging the battery at 14.4 let's connect all the
Volts, the voltage was consumers and see if
measured by channel 1
The alternator is
with the probe tip directly
succeeding
on battery.
feed all the
consumers of
car without needing to
remove the Alternator from
car, because many
times and well
laborious.
 Ignition System
The ignition system of a vehicle is responsible for 80% of the defects in the car's electronic injection system, many
Sometimes we doubt where the defect might be, as the Electronic Injection Module does not always register a
failure, when the scanner does not indicate a direction, we have to analyze the entire injection system.
electronics to discover where the fault or faults are, it's not always just a single fault. When we have a
Oscilloscope in hand and we know how to operate and interpret the signals, we can quickly analyze the Ignition system and
make a quick diagnosis without replacing any unnecessary system items and we can also assess the condition
from the ignition coil.
The ignition system is the part that I find most difficult to get a good signal, but we will learn.
in a simple way how to capture the signal.
There are several types and brands of cars, but their ignition systems are generally almost the same; in the past, we used
A single coil that powered a distributor, with the engine running, rotated a rotor and distributed the spark.
According to the ignition order of each vehicle, over time automotive technology has evolved and stopped.
to manufacture cars with a distributor and will start making cars with a system called D.I.S commonly known
with a lost spark, and over time it evolved and they began to make individual coils known as
C.O.P. Coils
There are several models of coils, it would not be possible to list them all in this training due to the large number of models.
different, but once understood how they work, then any car with any type of coil will be easy
to catch the signal and check the state of the electronic ignition system:

I will demonstrate as an example a coil from a 2008 Fiat Strada Fire 1.8, first we must understand
how the ignition system works so we can work with the ignition system,
The ignition system has the following parts:
Battery
Reel
3: Cape of Sail when there is
4: Candle

How the ignition system works

The battery is responsible for providing the energy for the electric discharge.

However, to generate the spark, a very high voltage is required. So it coils, through its primary and
secondary, transforms and elevates the voltage.

Oscillators make the distribution and bring the voltage to the candle, where the spark will be generated for the burn.
fuel.

In summary, the ignition system supplies electricity to the spark plugs of each cylinder at a sufficient voltage and in
precise moment.

In the past, the ignition system also included the distributor and the points, these components were responsible for
work of mechanically distributing the high voltage to each cylinder through the cables to the spark plugs. They
they usually needed constant adjustments and repairs.

Over time, the system evolved into electronic ignition, electronically controlling the entire process through
a mapping.
We will not cover the distributor in this training as it is a very old technology and hardly appears for
we carry out maintenance on the vehicles with this system, but the way the signal is captured is the same as that of the secondary
ignition.
The Electronic Ignition system has as its main element the IGNITION COIL, there are several models of Coil.
Ignition, but their operation is almost the same. The ignition coil is nothing more than a transformer.
voltage elevator, meaning it receives a voltage on the PRIMARY AND INCREASES THAT VOLTAGE BY THOUSANDS OF
Sometimes it discharges in the candles through the secondary,

Individual Ignition Coil with 2

At the end, it receives a feeding of 12
volts at the input coming from the fuse box
it releases and receives a Negative Pulse from
Injection Module which is where it is done
control of its actuation.

Lost Spark Ignition Coil or D.I.S, this

the coil is a double coil, in one piece it is
two coils, it has 4 output terminals and 3
entry terminals, in the entry terminals it
receives 12 volts on the central pin which is common for the
feeding of the coils and on the sides it receives the
negative pulse of control for the actuation of the
Injection module
When it is a double coil
of 4 outlets for the cables of
candle with 3 input terminals,
we can say that it is a
lost spark coil, because
when the spark ignites
cylinder that is exploding at
at the same time it sparks in
another cylinder, but this one
spark and lost because this
the cylinder is not exploding,
that's why it's called SPARK
LOST.
 When taking a signal with an oscilloscope from a coil
from the lost spark like this one in the photo we can take the
Signal both by the PRIMARY OF THE COIL, AS WELL AS BY
SECONDARY OF THE COIL, THE PRIMARY AND THE
SECONDARY AND A MIRROR OF EACH OTHER, ONLY THAT
WE MUST BE ATTENTIVE WHEN WE GO TO TAKE
PRIMARY OF THE COIL, BECAUSE IT HAS SOME SYSTEMS OF
INJECTION THAT THE MODULE SENDS A VERY HIGH VOLTAGE
HIGH IN PRIMARY AND BURNING MAY OCCUR
OSCILLOSCOPE, ALWAYS USE A ATTENUATOR
20:1 TO CATCH PRIMARY COIL OR ONE
SONDA X10, another very important detail, before
do any work on the ignition system with the
For the oscilloscope, we must first ensure that there is none.
SPARK LEAKAGE FROM THE COIL OR CABLES
BECAUSE IF YOU HAVE IT, THE BURNING MAY OCCUR
OCILOSCOPE BEYOND A POSSIBLE SHOCK
ELECTRICITY THAT CAN BE FATAL FOR A PERSON WHO HAS A HEART PROBLEM AND USES A PACEMAKER
I GO THROUGH EXAMPLE.

To determine if there is a current leak in the coil or in the spark plug wires, we should take a wire and connect one end.
the NEGATIVE OF THE BATTERY and the other end attach to a Rod that is insulated like a wooden stick, or a
screwdriver, then we must start the Vehicle and pass the tip of the wire that is attached to the rod or the screwdriver,
we should pass it over the coil and the spark plugs, we pass it in all directions, if there is any leak
current logo will be perceived by the noise, if there is current leakage never get close to the measuring probes of
Oscilloscope or the device itself and even the Computer or Tablet, as it may damage the device due to the discharge.
of current.
 After resolving the current leakage, we must configure the Oscilloscope to capture the Signal, we will use the Primary.
as an example.
1: Define the channels you will use to pick up the signals from the Primary, channel 1, 2, 3, or 4 in the case of Hantek.

Change the attenuation to 20.1 or probe x10

Change the time per division to 1,000 ms/div
4: Change the channel voltage to a high voltage to start capturing the signal and then adjust it as needed.
shape.
5: Ajustar o Trigger Horizontal para próximo a primeira divisão acima da linha do meio da grade
6: Define the Horizontal Trigger channel
When the signal starts to appear on the Oscilloscope screen, adjust the time, voltage, and trigger until the signal is stable.
satisfactory for interpretation, the signal from the primary or secondary gives us some information to diagnose if
is the ignition system items in good condition or not.
 This 3-wire coil and
different from the others because
has a terminal
HONDA
2 terminal coil uses primary negative grounding and
to pick up the signal with the attenuator
CIVIC, CITY receives a PULSE OF 5
FIT SQUARE WAVE VOLTS
20.1 or probe x10.
TO EXCITE THE
PRIMARIO DELAnext
if I get the secondary
Renault and Fiat with coil pliers cop
Fiasa or cable tool

BMW
3 Terminal Coil
you took the primary or
secondary with the probe
secondary, primary
attenuate with the 20.1 or
x10 secondary grabbed the
signal by induction, use in
max 1 volt/div This Coil has 3 terminals, being that
Terminal 2 of the relay and the primary control that the ECU
do it to excite her Primary, to catch the signal
For the Primary, an attenuator 20.1 should be used or
Fiat, Chevrolet x10 probe or you can take the secondary with a
and others Tool handle
 Toyota

This type of coil

also cannot be
These 4-wire coils do not have
take the Primary, because she
como a gente pegar pelo
primary, as it receives pulse receives only from
of 5 volts in the primary, it can be module by pin 3 a
stuck to the primary signal only square wave, in this
to make sure that the module
it's good
if using tweezers to
COP coil or a cable
tool

Gol G3 G4
Saveiro

Peugeot e
Citroën

This type of Coil also cannot

take the Primary, as she only receives from This coil with this square connector shape with 4 wires comes out in
module a square wave through pin 3, in this some cars from the French Line, Peugeot and Citroën, are even possible to get
if using a clamp for COP Coil or a the primary and the secondary with a COP clip or a tool cable.
Audi tool head. She works 2 cylinders per winding of the coil.
When the Coil Receives a Pulse of 5 volts it means that the Transistor feeding the primary of the Coil is within the
Bobina, therefore it is not possible to assess the state of the Ignition system through the primary, the state test of the system will have
want to be done by the secondary through an inductive clamp for spark plug wires, a COP coil clamp when it is
individual spool or cable tool when possible.
When the coil has 3 wires, the power transistor that powers the coil is usually inside the module.
Thus, it will be possible to take the primary from the Coil for analysis of the ignition system, however it must be
ATTACK REGARDING THE HIGH VOLTAGE THAT THE COIL RECEIVES, ALWAYS WHEN IN DOUBT OF A
THE COIL EITHER HAS OR DOES NOT HAVE THE TRANSISTOR INSIDE, PLACE THE ATTENUATOR OR X10 CLAMP AND THEN CHECK.
WHAT IS THE VOLTAGE, AND IF NECESSARY, TURN OFF THE ATTENUATOR.

The signal captured by the Oscilloscope, as mentioned earlier, can show us a lot of things, like bad spark plug wires.
candles with too open or closed electrodes, burnt coil or without POWER, do not worry, because, in
At first it may seem complicated to get the ignition system, but it isn't; keep practicing until you master it.
completely the device.
 TOOL HEAD FOR TESTING
FROM SECONDARY WHEN NOT
HAD TO CATCH THE SIGNAL WITH
THE HT25 SECONDARY PLIER OR
COP TONG

SECONDARY CLAMP FOR CABLES

FROM SAIL, THERE ARE OTHERS ON THE MARKET
SALE, IT'S HERE AND FROM THE BRAND
HANTEK, CAN BE PURCHASED TOGETHER
OF THE OSCILLOSCOPE
 Inductive secondary clamp
FOR INDIVIDUAL COILS COP,
THIS TWEEZER COSTS IN THE MARKET AT
AVERAGE R$350.00, I WILL TEACH
VOICES ON HOW TO MAKE ONE OF THESE
WITH A GOOD COST-BENEFIT
BETTER

HT30A PROBE FROM HANTEK, IT SERVES

FOR MANY TESTS IN THE VEHICLE,
TO RECEIVE SIGNAL FROM THE SENSOR OF
ROTATION, PHASE, NOZZLE, PRIMARY OF
NETWORK COIL CAM AND OTHERS
SENSORS AND ACTUATORS, BUY
ALSO THE NEEDLES OF
AUTOMOTIVE ACUPUNCTURE FOR
DO NOT KEEP POKING THE WHIP OF
VEHICLE.
 TO KNOW IF THE IGNITION SYSTEM HAS ANY FAULT WE MUST
LEARN TO ANALYZE THE WAVEFORM OF THE IGNITION SYSTEM;

In the rectangle below is the time of

loading that the Module does for
control the coil, note that Channel 1
yellow is picking up a 5 volts pulse
what the module uses to excite the primary
The coil and channel 3 PURPLE is working.
the secondary, and you can see that the time of
loading is the same, the time of
the loading of the coil is between
2.00ms to 4.00ms

The loading time is the time that the ECU keeps sending the negative pulse to the primary of the coil, if this
if the time is above 4.00ms the Module is faulty and if it is below 2.00ms the module is also faulty
defect.
 The burn time is the time the candle flickers inside.
from the combustion chamber, the burning time if it is below
0.8ms the car may have: Bad Spark Plug, broken spark plug cable or
bad or poor mixture, always analyze this time calmly,
Many times the cold car's burn time exceeds 0.8.
but then when it heats up, the time starts to decrease
burn, if this happens always change the cables and the spark plugs.

When to use any

cursor on oscilloscope
appears here in the
measures that are being
measure, here the time was
of 2.98ms, the time of
burning of the candle

To know the burn time, just go to the menu above in the CURSOR box, first select the Channel you wish to use.
cursor, and then go again to the cursor tab and choose vertical cursor, then right-click and hold the mouse button
Press the button and drag it to where you want to measure the signal; below the Oscilloscope grid, it will show the charging time.
 To know if the coil is in
good working conditions, we must
observe if there are 3 oscillations
Residual or more, these oscillations
they are energy leftovers that the coil
didn't use it in the firing of the candle, if a
coil have less than 3 oscillations
replace the whole system: CABLE OF
CANDLE, CANDLE AND THE COIL.

Highlighting, whenever the Coil does not have 3 residual oscillations as in the image above, I recommend replacing the entire
system, because a defective coil damages both the spark plugs and the cables and spark plug, another detail, if the module
the defect in the ignition system always replace the entire system, because the Module does not break easily and if it is broken it had a
The culprit was certainly the spark plug, the sail, or the coil.
 As you can see in the image to
side, the defective coil does not
there are the Residual Oscillations,
it doesn't take much effort
to see that the signal is very
different from the System Standard
of Ignition

After changing the coil, 5 appeared.

Residual Oscillations, cannot have
less than 3 residual oscillations,
the more residual oscillations
the coil is in better condition, obviously
that we should also analyze the
visual aspect, if the coil is not
broken, cracked and if there is no
current leak beyond the test of
Primary or secondary.
 THROTTLE BODY AND TPS
As we all know, vehicles starting from the year 2005 almost all adopted a potentiometer throttle body.
signal that sends signals to the ECU to control the engine, they are the ones that tell the ECU to send more pulses to the engine of the
butterfly open more or less.

This Butterfly body is from a 2010 Classic, as you can see in the electric diagram it has: TPS 1 that sends a signal to the
Module informing the position of the Butterfly, it has TPS 2 which also informs the position for the Module, it has a
5 volts supply that comes from the Module when the switch is turned on, has a grounding that comes from the electronic injection Module.
and there are two control wires from the throttle body motor, one of these wires will have a voltage of around 12v from
injection module and on the other terminal of the engine with the engine running there will be a PWM or pulses for control of the
motor.
 This signal is from the Electronic Throttle Body motor,
As you can see, it is a PWM signal with a duty cycle of
80% positive, as the car speeds up the PWM becomes
mais estreito.

You don't need to understand at first what PWM is so as not to confuse yourselves when you get a vehicle.
do not speed up, put a probe on each terminal of the motor and see if you find a pulsating or PWM signal, if there is
only the battery voltage at the two terminals and if there is no pulse it means that the ECU is defective, also test the
5 volts power supply that the module sends to power the TPS 1 and 2.
 Test of the signal of the Valves of the Intake and Exhaust Variable Camshaft.

Some vehicles have a phase variator for the intake control and another for the exhaust control, and very
it's common for these valves to stop working and the mechanic to soon condemn the Module or the valves which in most cases
Times are not cheap, in fact, right now I have a Chevrolet Captiva that the customer brought to me.
Recording Fault P0014 in the injection memory.
According to the vehicle owner, the previous mechanic replaced the entire timing belt assembly of the vehicle and the P0014 persisted.
The vehicle owner reported to me that the mechanic condemned the electronic injection module, arriving here at my workshop right away.
I placed the Oscilloscope on the terminals of the two Valves and saw that the module was perfect, it was sending the Pulse.
correctly for both Valves to act,
While analyzing the defect, it was diagnosed that the negative power supply was missing in one of the phase shifter valves.
besides the connectors of the valves being reversed, if I didn't have the oscilloscope, I wouldn't know if it really
The defect was in the Module or not and they would replace the injection Module which when found costs over R$3,000.

Even changing the module wouldn't solve it because the module wasn't the source of the defect, and the customer would be very upset.
spending R$3,000 on a Module and it not being able to even take legal action, causing losses, stress and
discontent.
 Phase Variator Signal of the Signal of the Phase Variator Valve that
Admission, with a tension of The mechanic said it wasn't working,
8.06 volts and a frequency of As you can see, it is identical to the other sign.
149.7Hz valve that has no type of defect.

The square wave signals that are: Hall Rotation Sensor, Hall Phase Sensor, Phase Variator, Sensor of
Hall Speed, ABS Wheel Sensor, Digital MAF Sensor, Throttle Body Engine Control and some
Electroventilator Modules and others, all these Sensors generate a square wave of low voltage, and the
The way to pick up the signal is the same, it will only change the frequency and some volts and amplitude of the signals.
 M.A.F DIGITAL SENSOR
The digital MAF sensor of some vehicles generates a signal that is a square wave similar to rotation phase sensors.
and other sensors, this sensor measures the airflow passing through it and generates a frequency that the module of
the injection receives, the other MAF sensors that are not DIGITAL send the signal of how much Air Flow has passed
by it in the form of Voltage, the DIGITAL MAF generates frequency instead of Voltage and the Module makes corrections based on
in the information it receives from this sensor and other vehicle sensors. Most Digital MAF Sensors also
the air temperature sensor is also in the same piece.

Example of MAF Sensor MAF Sensor and Air Temperature for Chevrolet line
 The way to capture the signal from the MAF sensor is the same as that of the other sensors.

The DIGITAL MAF sensor generates a frequency

at 1.6 kilohertz and a voltage of 3.4 The DIGITAL MAF Sensor signal generates this type of square wave.
slow march, always consult a similar to the other sensors listed above, the cars from
Technical literature of trust for Chevrolet Onix, Prisma, Spin, Cruze, Cobalt, Tracker, Cativa S10 and
compare the images. others use this sensor, and it often malfunctions.

Signal capture from the MAF Sensor of the 2010 Captiva, this sensor is very important, sometimes it generates the voltage.
but it does not generate the frequency, and the module records malfunction. Without an oscilloscope, one cannot assess if the signal is
Correct, Chevrolet cars with ACdelco Modules almost all use this type of MAF Sensor.
 Lambda Probe
How many types of Lambda Sensors are there? - The lambda sensor is an electronic injection sensor. Perhaps the name is not so obvious,
but there is an explanation: the Greek letter lambda is used to describe the volume of air in the fuel-air mixture. In our cars, it is
that's exactly what the lambda sensor does: it measures the amount of oxygen present in the gases emitted by the engine. Its real
Its name is oxygen sensor, since it is responsible for reading the oxygen in the car's exhaust, that is, if we are talking about
from the exhaust, we are talking about the combustion of fuel.
The technology emerged in the market because anti-pollution laws are becoming increasingly stringent for automakers, which demands automakers
to manufacture cars and engines that are more efficient, emitting less pollution into the environment and the probe is a component that helps to
reduce pollutant emissions.

Where is the Lambda Sensor located and how does it work?

The position of the lambda sensor in the car is strategic: it is located in the exhaust manifold of the engine, a few centimeters before the catalytic converter.
collecting the still hot gases. It needs high temperatures to operate - between 300 and 600 ºC - temperature that
transforms zirconium dioxide or titanium oxide used in the sensor into an oxygen ion conductor.
During its operation, it will indicate to the electronic injection module whether the oxygen level is high or not. If
having too much oxygen is a sign that fuel is lacking and the mixture is lean. Once the injection has this information,
she will make the necessary correction.

The opposite is also true; when the amount of oxygen is low, the injection will reduce the amount of fuel.
leaving the mixture rich. Thus, many defects that come from the engine in the electronic injection system end up reflecting on the
fuel burning ends up being detected by the lambda sensor.

The lambda sensor can vary from car to car. Currently, we have several types of lambda sensors used in vehicles in
Brazilian market. Also known as Oxygen Sensor, it measures the concentration of this gas in the exhaust.
whether the mixture is rich or lean to the computer in the Electronic Injection system. One of the major difficulties faced by
repairers is to identify what type of Sensor is in the vehicle at the time of replacement and to make a brief diagnosis of its
functioning. See the existing variety:
• Conventional: with 1, 2, 3 and 4 wires
• Planar: with 4 wires
• Wide Band Air/Fuel Ratio or A/F: with 4 wires
• Broadband: with 5 wires
• Titanium: with 4 wires

• There are several models of lambda sensors, I will use as

For example, the planar type probe found in many vehicles has 4 wires, with 2 wires...
white wires a black wire and a gray wire, the white wires are responsible for heating the probe, with one wire
The white wire receives positive power from the fuse box and relays, and the other white wire connects to the module.
injeção e através desse fio que a central faz a modulação por PWM da sonda e faz o aquecimento da mesma, o
signal found on the heating control wire of the probe is a square wave similar to the others
sensors found in cars.
• The gray wire is the grounding of the sensor element of the probe and the black wire is the signal that the probe generates and sends to
to read the central and make the necessary corrections and adjustments to the vehicle's injection system.
• Usuallythe scanner reads the signal from the lambda sensor, some even say whether the sensor is heating up.
not you, but for a more precise test of the probe signal, to know if its response is slow, this test only
with the oscilloscope it will be possible to do.
• Cars with a catalytic converter from the year 2010 onwards have two lambda sensors, one PRE CATALYST AND
A POST CATALYST, the pre-catalyst and the one that sends a signal to the module to make adjustments like lowering
 or increase the injection time for example, the Post-catalyst sensor only has the function of assessing the state
from the catalyst, it usually stays locked at 450mv, creating a straight line on the oscilloscope screen.

To capture the signal from the lambda sensor, we should set the time to 1,000s or 1 second per division and the voltage around
500mv/div, the planar and conventional lambda probe, as we all know, operates around 50mv to 900mv, this same
Reading the scanner shows us, the difference is that with the oscilloscope one can determine the response time of the probe that cannot be
more than 0.3 seconds the same as in the image above.
 Communication network C.A.N
The CAN network, the Controller Area Network (CAN) model was proposed by Robert Bosch in 1980 for interconnection
control components in vehicles.

The CAN bus is widely used in current vehicles and was developed to meet the need for exchange
information between the vehicle's control units. Chosen as the main communication network for vehicles, the network
CAN is a very reliable network and provides very secure and fast information exchanges between the units.
vehicle command. It is capable of providing communication through a two-wire bus.
This new technology reduces costs and facilitates many processes carried out in a vehicle to enable it to have the function for the
which was conceived: to transport people and goods.
Nowadays, modern automobiles already have more than one CAN network; we have the CAN network that usually connects the
Injection modules, ABS, airbag transmission, electric steering among others, and in the same vehicle
THERE IS A CAN NETWORK FOR THE COMFORT MODULES SUCH AS BODY CONTROL MODULE,
MULTIMEDIA, AIR CONDITIONING, POWER WINDOWS, ETC.

When a module of the CAN Network has a defect, the CAN NETWORK usually (fails) or stops working, and when
This happens sometimes when we can't communicate with the scanner, then we don't know what to do at this moment.
if we have access to an Oscilloscope we can see if the network is working or not, the CAN network is nothing more than the
communication of the modules, this communication is made at high speed and only an oscilloscope can (SEE
THIS CONVERSATION)

The CAN network has two buses known as CAN HIGH and in some electrical diagrams it may be described.
in English, it will be written CAN HIGH CAN LOW which will be written in English as CAN LOW, the Can network has a
voltage at the terminals of the OBD2 connector or elsewhere in the network of 2.5 volts, both on the high Can and low Can, if
If you suspect that the Can network is not functioning, you can test the voltage of the Can network with a multimeter.
and if it is necessary to use the oscilloscope,

The network can be measured or analyzed directly through the OBD2 port via the high CAN pin terminal of the OBD and the CAN.
LOW PIN 14 OF OBD2
 Can Alto pino 6

Can low pin

14

Many cars that have a CAN network stop functioning when one of the modules fails or does not work correctly.
and when this happens, the communication network stops working, the car won't start anymore, the cars of the French line Peugeot and
Citroën, this happens a lot, when there is a communication network error, the modules record a fault in their memory with
the initial letter started with the letter U as shown in the following image.
Fault codes generated by the CAN communication network always start with the letter U, noting that there are several networks of
communication in current vehicles, I will list some networks here:
CAN network, VAM network, K network, LIN network, and there are several other automotive communication networks.
Here is an example of a Can network with a defect in the Low Can bus, it could be a failure in the harness or some
module that is part of the faulty Can network, the high and low Can communication network is a mirror of each other,
The waveform will be the same for both high and low Can, the only difference is that they are a mirror of each other.
Here is the correct signal of the Can network, as you can see it is a mirror of each other, to pick up the signal we must use a
tempo/div slower or faster, A TIP I GIVE YOU, WHEN THE CAN NETWORK IS NOT THERE
FUNCTIONING AND THE SCANNER DOES NOT COMMUNICATE WITH ANY MODULE, TO DISCOVER WHERE IT IS
THE DEFECT IS ONLY TO TURN OFF THE MODULES ONE BY ONE, WHEN YOU REACH THE MODULE WITH A DEFECT AND
RELEASING HIM, THE NETWORK WILL FUNCTION AGAIN, THIS WAY YOU WILL DISCOVER WHERE IT IS
DEFECT.
 Controlled Alternators
The alternators popularly known as PILOTED are nothing more than alternators where their voltage regulator is controlled.
Through the ECU or Injection Module, this idea arose for better car performance, fuel economy, etc.
The ECU keeps monitoring the parameters of the injection system and when, for example, the engine needs power for a...
overrun to the ECU cuts the signal to the voltage regulator and as a result the alternator does not generate charge at that moment, cutting the
the alternator load the engine gains power as the alternator has stopped generating load, the controlled alternators have several protocols of
communication with the central.

COM system = are alternators that work with the protocol called LIN/BSS Network, this protocol of these alternators has
only one wire for communication between it and the injection module, in this alternator with this type of network we can only see
his communication signal with the Ecu,
RVC System: The alternator with the RVC system has 2 control terminals, RVC and DFM, the terminal marked DFM sends
information for the ECU, the DFM terminal receives signals from the ECU to ensure that the voltage regulator precisely controls the
output voltage.
The RVC-controlled alternator systems that integrate GM vehicles and some other brands allow us to conduct different tests on.
With the oscilloscope, we can test its communication with the ECU, we can test the ECU's communication with it and
we can see how much voltage the alternator is generating, in alternators with RVC system the operating voltage is
It changes from 12.4V to 15.8V, and who makes this change depends on how much load the alternator must generate and the injection module, if the ECU.
to stop controlling the Alternator at a given moment the voltage of it is around 13.8 volts. These RVC alternators receive
a PWM from the ECU, and in this PWM there is the DUTY CYCLE, or WORK CYCLE, IT IS THIS PARAMETER THAT IS THE WORK CYCLE THAT
DETERMINE HOW MUCH LOAD THE ALTERNATOR HAS TO GENERATE, ALSO THERE IS THE FREQUENCY THAT IS AROUND
FROM 125 A 140HZ FOR ALTERNATORS RVC. To test, we can disconnect the alternator connector and connect it to the terminal.
DFM signal generator for PWM and apply a PWM while changing the Duty Cycle, and in the other terminal, we can place the RVC.
Oscilloscope and we can configure it to see the signal that the alternator is sending to the ECU, and at the terminal of the
battery we can see how much voltage the battery is being charged. On this site here, which is the largest Manufacturer of Regulators of
Brazil you can consult the informationoes:[Link]

What is the frequency that the Here is the Here is the Voltage that the Alternator
Type of PWM signal that the percentage of send to the Battery, EX: at 140Hz with
Regulator of Module sends to the Duty Cycle or Cycle 70% Duty Cycle generates a Voltage of
Tension of Alternator Charge, of the signal work, 14.37V, it is important to note because if
Alternator the higher the freq. the higher the duty if these values are not correct the
cycle but the
Faster is the signal the regulator will be faulty
alternator charges
 Engine Synchronization/ ROTATION SENSOR/ PHASE SENSOR
After all, how to know if the engine is at the right point?

You already know that:

• The phase sensor indicates the position of the camshaft.

• The rotation sensor indicates the position of the crankshaft.
In many cases, the simultaneous analysis of these 2 sensors can easily identify engine synchronization problems.
without the need to disassemble hard-to-reach parts to check the markings on the gears or to install
complex tools.

First of all, it is important to remember what each acronym means:

• CKP (Crankshaft Position) - Rotation sensor

• CMP (Camshaft Position) - Phase sensor

[Link] point: CKP x CMP synchronization – It is one of the most used signals, also called synchronization.
virtual.
2. Mechanical point: Synchronization of the ramp midpoints (cylinder pressure variation) - synchronization of
crankshaft in relation to the camshaft or the camshafts of the valves.
3. CKP x PMS synchronization (cylinder pressure) – synchronization related to the position of the phonic wheel in relation to
crankshaft - find out if the phonetic wheel turned falsely.

The synchronization covered in this training will be based on VIRTUAL synchronization, WHICH IS THE SENSOR SIGNAL
OF PHASE (CMP) X THE ROTATION SENSOR (CKP), SYNCHRONIZATION BY THE COMPRESSION TRANSDUCER OF
CYLINDER WILL NOT BE ADDRESSED IN THIS TRAINING.
 THE OTHER POINT OF
SYNCHRONIZATION OF THIS CAR AND
THE SYNCHRONIZATION OF THIS CAR,
Between 8 and 9 teeth of the
THE LAST TOOTH BEFORE THE
CROSSING ROTATION SENSOR
FOLGA CROSSES WITH THE VALLEY OF
WITH THE PHASE SENSOR VAULT
PHASE SENSOR, TO KNOW
DO ESCAPE
THERE MUST BE AN IMAGE
FOR COMPARISON

The synchronization signal is from the 2010 Chevrolet Captiva. As you can see, the signal from channel 1 is yellow and the signal from the sensor is
Rotation, the channel 2 signal in blue and the Phase sensor signal from the Intake command and the channel 3 signal in purple and the signal from the Sensor of
escape command phase, with these signs paused on the screen we enable the vertical cursor and observe where the cursor will go.
WE WILL KNOW IF THE VEHICLE IS AT THE RIGHT VIRTUAL POINT WE MUST HAVE A COMPARISON IMAGE OF
CONFIDENCE, GENERALLY FROM A TECHNICAL LITERATURE LIKE DR. IE OR ANOTHER RELIABLE SOURCE.
 Here is the Captiva Synchronization, I use the Platform from
Doctor IE, she is very reliable, she is essential for those who
want to work with electronic injection, in addition to having the
electrical diagrams also have the mechanical part,
belts, oils, torques and much more, it's worth a lot
investment.

Here ends our training, I covered the main points.

sensors and actuators of vehicles, even though I do not have
List of all sensors and actuators of cars, the base and the
same for all other sensors, here was a Training
on how to work with the Oscilloscope, and not a Training of
Electronic Injection, if you wish, I can elaborate.
other training sessions, such as the advanced Oscilloscope training with
cylinder compression transducers, vacuum transducer and
others, I can also develop a training of
maintenance on the advanced electronic injection system.

Thank you very much to all of you and GOD, FOR

WITHOUT HIM NOBODY WOULD BE HERE AT THIS MOMENT.