Introduction

When we talk about translation, it is also necessary to talk about the different
translation methods that exist which allow our work
have a better quality and can be understood by the public. The
translation methods facilitate the way we will do our work without
embargo, one must know when the use of these is more convenient since
They can depend on the type of text that is to be translated.

The interpretative-communicative method, the literal translation method, the method

libre de traducción y el método filológico de traducción, son los cuatro métodos
of those we will talk about. A definition of them, their origin and their use, some
examples where they are used as well as some data to take into account
accounts for each of the methods, therefore, it is expected to be useful for
differentiate each one of them.

In addition, it is necessary to remember the terms of the loan and calque since their
usage is an important part of translation methods and the way in which
we use our knowledge in front of certain words. Knowing how to recognize when
a word has been taken from another language without having been translated how to be able

avoid foreign words so that the use of vocabulary is beneficial to

enrichment of the language. Also, to know and differentiate the types of borrowing.
and I duplicate that exists.
6. Interpretive-communicative method:

It emerged at the Superior School of Interpreters and Translators of Paris III (Sorbonne)
New) and it is known by the name of École du Sens. Some of the
Representatives and the most notable works are: D. Seleskovitch M.
Lederer, Interpréter pour traduire (1984), M. Pergnier, Les fondaments
sociolinguistics of translation (1978), Delisle, Reasoned Translation
(1993), A. Hurtado, Translation and Translation Studies (2002), among others.

This method focuses on the process of understanding, de-verbalization and

reexpression that allows the transmission of text whether oral, written, or audiovisual,
formulated in another language while maintaining the same meaning. At the moment of

translate the text, there are three phases that revolve around this process which are the

comprehension, de-verbalization, and re-expression, as mentioned already

previously. These are important as the translator puts their
linguistic and extralinguistic knowledge.

The meaning of the original text must be understood and comprehended by the translator.
when this method is used and thus convey the message in another language,
way to maintain the same function and the genre of the source text
since it is important not to change the true meaning so that the
the message should be fully understood by the recipient.

When we talk about meaning, the pragmatic nature of it is taken into account.
verbal context, which evaluates some non-verbal aspects of communication,
the cognitive context that extracts the meaning of each unit of a sentence
and the extralinguistic knowledge of the reader, knowledge necessary to
find the equivalents of the other language and express them again. It
you could say that the objective of this method is to maintain in the translation the
same purpose for which the original text was written and produce the same
effect.
7. Literal translation method:

In this method, the source text is translated word by word, with care.
not to change the gender or the meaning of the message. It focuses on restructuring the
linguistic elements found in the original text, that is, this method makes
that the original content remains the same, without having to change the structure,
the form or the style of the text.

Este método también es conocido como traducción directa y su uso no es muy

recomendable ya que al traducir por palabra por palabra puede hacer que pierda
the meaning, as well as the sense of the message that is intended to be given to
understand. Furthermore, a translator would not choose this method because it
the intention of the translation is that it is well written, that it is accurate and

culturally relevant, as if it had been originally written in the language of

destination. However, this does not mean that it is not useful or necessary for certain
cases.

One example could be its use in legal documents, to avoid changing or not.
include some important data. It can also be used as a pre-translation,
this way one can see the problems that arise in a text at the time of
translate it and choose the translation method that is most appropriate, according to the

message that is wanted to be conveyed.

The literal translation is full of errors since no attention is paid to any

annoyance in giving meaning to what it translates. The first machines for
They used this method, although over time phrases were introduced.
common for translations to have at least a greater
understanding. Sometimes literal translations can be made by
writers, since sometimes a work may be found written in a
unknown language for them so they translate the works using this method
and then they give it meaning, changing its syntax so that the work can be
understood in the desired language.
8. Free translation method:

This method does not convey the same sense of the original message as it uses the
reformulation (subjective translation, adaptation, free version with elimination of)
scenes or characters). It is a process in which the same is maintained
information from the original text but the semiotic categories are changed such as the
textual genre, that is, one can go from poetry to prose, or to the
communicative categories such as register, for example.

The purpose of this method is to adapt the translation. An example would be of

another sociocultural environment, from a more informal discourse, or from poetry to prose, like

it was already mentioned. A free translation is also 'unfaithful', 'non-literal' or 'not

"equivalent," it is possible to remove elements from the original text as mentioned.
previously. In this method, only the meaning is taken into account, even though
do not transmit the same as there is freedom of interpretation and what makes it possible
omit what is not useful or even add what can be useful for the text.

This method implies that it is possible for the translator to put words that
they do not necessarily come in the text that is being translated for example
make use of idioms, in order for the text to be clear and understandable in the
language to which it is translated. The translated texts are not exact and use
other more suitable words for the understanding of these.

They are often translations made by people and not necessarily meanings.
taken from dictionaries, since the usage of certain words varies sometimes
depending on the language and it would not be possible to express the message clearly.
In other words, the language and expressions are adapted for the audience.
certain culture understands it. Therefore, it is necessary to interpret the meaning of what
it is being said and to make modifications to the translation so that it remains
as close as possible to the original interpretation.
9. Philological method of translation:

Philology is the science that studies language, literature, and all phenomena.
cultural aspects of a people through the written texts they have produced; for the
that this method makes a series of critical comments with notes of type
historical, cultural, among others.

With this method, different notes and explanations are introduced to comments.
which can be philological or historical; furthermore, the translation is aimed at
scholars, that is to say, to a very specific audience, as they have and demonstrate
to possess solid and deep knowledge in one or multiple disciplines.
Moreover, this method is often used in literary texts and its aim is to
to make an erudite, critical, annotated translation which is characterized by comments,
added to the translation as philological, historical, etc. The translation
Philological analysis can be done in verse or prose.

The translator has to add notes and a relatively extensive introduction.

when it comes to a philological translation. The translator becomes a
specialist regarding the work and about the author who translates, also
dominates the literary, cultural, social and historical world in which they are framed. The
text is translated literally without violating the rules of the language system
meta pero añadiendo las explicaciones necesarias sobre la cultura base o ciertas
specific characteristics of the source language in footnotes or
glossaries.

It is frequently used in the translation of ancient texts. For example, the work
from Homer, in the translation of the Bible or from texts originating from cultures
distant. It is also used in the translation of official documents, such as
for example, in school reports, where the evaluation system is explained
base culture in the translator's notes, which will be an integral part even of a
sworn translation.
10. Translation loan:

The loan consists of the simplest procedure for translation, it is the

transfer of lexical elements from one language to another. It occurs when the
words are taken from one language and used in another without being translated. This method,

Sometimes it is used to create certain stylistic effects. F. Lázaro

Carreter (1968, s.v.) defines the loan as: 'linguistic element (lexical, of
ordinary) that a language takes from another, either adapting it in its primitive form,
well imitating it and transforming it more or less.

The loanword is a linguistic adoption or linguistic import, as it is a

transfer of elements that one language takes from another, appropriates, and no longer
returns. It adapts to the linguistic system that accepts it, to the phonetic structure, to
the accentuation and other characteristics that the receiving language may have. By
For example, Anglicisms are better appreciated when one reads a text as if
Get out the original story and not a translation.

This method does not consist of translating, but instead uses a word as it is,
in the foreign language. Many of the loans are no longer recognized as such
mode because they have been lexicalized and even adapt the rules of
a certain language that is not the original one. Loans are usually kept faithful to
original term although they can be adapted to the rules of a language. For
For example, there are loans that have changed only the last letter, others have added.
letters at the beginning of the word have also eliminated consonants. There is no
fixed criterion, it also depends on the geographical diversity of the language,
since sometimes you can find various adaptations of the same
term.

There are two types of loans. One of these is the lexical one, which occurs
when an element is borrowed and is almost always an adjective. The other type
of loan is the grammatical and the latter is based on the ordering and
construction of sentences from another language for grammatical structure of the
own.
11. Translation calque:

The calque consists of taking the phrase from the foreign language and translating it.

literally the elements that compose it. This is when a phrase is taken
borrowed from another language and is translated literally word by word. The advantage
the calques make technical languages easy to
understand for speakers unfamiliar. The calque avoids foreign terms and
it is considered a construction as it benefits the enrichment of the language
receiver.

When a calque is referred to as 'expression calque', it is because the...

syntactic structures of the target language. A very common example is that of
weekend
week." There is also the "structural calque" and it is called that when the
syntactic construction is novel in the target language. An example would be the
science fiction
fiction

There are other types of calques such as: the semantic ones, which copy the meaning. This
The type of stickers that have more inconveniences because many
Sometimes words are given incorrect meanings. The typographical, which occurs
when typographic conventions that only transfer to the target language
they govern in the source language. An example would be the misuse of capital letters
initials in Spanish due to the influence of English; phonetic calques, in
which the words are pronounced the same way as in the language of
origin instead of how it would be in the recipient language. The lexical calque or
paronymous consists of the creation of neologisms following the structure of the
language of origin. It occurs when two words have a form or etymology
similar but with very different meanings and the non-relevant one is chosen. Also, it
they find the spelling calques, those that copy conventions of
transcription of the source language and which lack meaning in the language
of arrival.
Conclusion

The translation methods were clarified to differentiate them and to know when
it is more appropriate to use each of these to give to our
the quality necessary for the message of a certain text to be
understood by the public and the meaning of the message is not lost at the moment of
translate.

In addition, the terms of the loan and the copy were clarified as well as provided to
to know the types of loans and mortgages that exist. Each one is vital as it is the
way in which a language is formed and reconstructed, our knowledge and the
way we make use of that language.
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