Endodontic instruments

II/ General description of an instrument

endodontic and principles of
standardization
*Description
Endodontic instruments consist of:

1
1/A handle
2/A stem
2
A blade
3
Standardization:
Ingle and Livine established a nomenclature in 1958
that can be used in a standardized system
according to 4 criteria:

Identity of the instrument according to its diameter at the level

from a fixed point.
the conical shape of all instruments.
Uniform progression.
a performance of forms.
Based on these elements, the identification diameter at
was fixed at point D1 and expressed in hundredths of
millimeters.
Point D1 is located less than 1 mm from the tip of
the instrument begins the active part.
The increase in diameter D1 from one number to another is:
*2/100 mm of no. 6…………..10.
5/100 mm of item 10………..60.
10/100 mm of no. 60………140.

The working length is 16 mm.

The conicity is the same for all instruments, given the point.
D2 the diameter is 0.032 mm.
The conicity formula is as follows:

Diameter D2 - Diameter D1 = 0.03 = 0.01875

Distance D2-D1 16
 Size of Code 50 yellow
the instrument of identification

06 Rose 55 Red
08 Gray 60 Blue
10 Violet 70 Green
15 White 80 Black
20 Yellow 90 White
25 Red 100 Yellow
30 Blue 110 Red
35 Green 120 Blue
40 Black 130 Green
45 white 140 Black
 III/classifications

According to the function:

Group I: instruments for catheterization.

Group II: the instruments with a function of eviction
pulp parenchyma.
Group III: the instruments with amplifying function.

According to the profile:

Category 1: smooth profile.

Category 2: barbed wire profile.
Category 3: twisted profile.
Category 4: carved profile
Category 5: cut profile

According to the mode of use:

Manuel.
. Mechanized.
 Group I II III

FAMILIES manual manual mechanized manual mechanized

categories

Smooth profiles Smooth brooch

Equalizer

Barbed wire profiles Tire-nerf Alésoir-

giromatic

Twisted profiles Lime K Lime K

Scraper Scraper
K-flex

Notched profiles Grater Rispi

Profiles MMC Lime H Girofile

cut Mrs. Unifile Dynatrak
Hélifile Héligiro
 Classification according to ISO standard

Group I: includes preparation instruments

manual channels.
Group II: includes preparation instruments
mechanized channels.
Group III: includes the forests
Group VI: includes the absorbing tips and the
stopping cones.
 IV the classic instruments of preparation
canal

Hand tools
A/smooth profile
• Probes

Non-standard instruments, round section or

square, very thin and flexible.
Used either for searching entries
drainage, either for the drying of the latter
(square turning probe).
B/barbed wire
• tire-nerf

Round-section instrument, very fragile, with risk of

rupture at the base of each notch.

Used to separate the nerve fibers from the walls.

C/ twisted profile
• Kerr-type brooches (triangular section)

These are rods with a uniform conicity and which

effectiveness is given by the acute end and
sharp of each coil (0.5 to 1 coil/mm), suitable for
the removal of canal debris by
quarter turn rotations.
• Kerrtype limes
They have the same description of the pins, but the
spires are more numerous than these last ones, they
are in the range of 1.5 to 2.5 per mm.
They have a scraping action by back-and-forth movements.
and comes.

• Theflexo-file
Same manufacturing principle as the K file, but its
flexibility, its resistance, and its efficiency are
higher.
The dynamics are the same as those of file K.
• The flexo-reamer
Identical to a pin, but with superior flexibility.
• The K-flex

It is a rhombus-shaped section instrument, large

resistance, increased flexibility and efficiency
comparable to the lime K.

C/ notched profile
• Lime rat tail
The identification symbol is a polyhedron with 8 sides.
Resembles the bottle opener, the difference lies in the incisions that
are more curved and the tips perpendicular to the axis of the
stem. Used for the removal of organic debris,
the widening of the channels by the effect of a grater.
• The reamer or tap 2/3
It is a reamer of the 2/3 coronary, it
has perpendicular barbs
to its axis and a foam tip of 1.5 mm.
It is a conical instrument, but this conicity does not
does not comply with ISO standards.

D/cut profile
• Cutting instrument
Limes H (Hedström)

These are instruments cut with a deep groove

of great fragility because the mass of the metal does not
located in the central part of the body of
the instrument.
MMC (micro-mega-catheter)

This instrument features a step closer than that

from the lime K, but more pronounced which makes this
last, an intermediate instrument between the K file
and the endodontic probe.
It allows catheterization of the finest channels.

MME (micro-mega-expander)

It looks like the H file but with an angle of attack and

a more moderate blade amplitude.
He plays the role of an extender.
• Instruments with two cutouts
Burns Unifile

Similar to the H file, the difference lies in the

number of blades that is double on the same one
section .
The latter is in S, which gives it 2 blades.
active couplings in the direction of the clock
watch (1/8th of a turn).
It allows catheterization and the widening of the canal.
• Instruments with three cuts
-Helifile

Has 3 cutting blades that only work in the

the direction of the hands of a clock.
These blades have a variable pitch along the axis.
the instrument; the foot is tighter towards the neck and
more open towards the tip.
The angle of attack of the blades is quite low in relation to
to the main axis of the instrument.

Apical Helium

It is a flexible instrument 20mm long that

ends with a working blade (helicopter file) of 5 mm.
Intended for the preparation of the apical area.
• Instruments for canal obturation

The endodontic file systems

They are made up of 3 parts
A handle, a rod, and a working part.
They are used in the condensation of gutta-percha.
There are several types depending on the technique of
condensation
vertical shafts.
side walkways.
In mechanically assisted instruments to
alternative movements

The savings
The design is the same as for the manual except
he climbed on giromatic
He works in alternative rotation by removal in
coronary direction.

the drill bit

These are H files equipped with a mandrel for
exclusive use on giromatic contra-angle.
It allows for widening and finishing the root walls.
 The dynatrac
It is a Unifile mounted on giromatic, its general shape
is a helical progression in the apical direction, which
facilitates the evacuation of dental debris, with a
about 1 mm foam that avoids protrusions and the
perforations.

Heligiro (triple edge)

It is a helifile designed to be mounted on a contra-angle.
giromatic.
The ale-soirs-giromatics
They are practically tensioners mounted on a counter.
giromatic angle
They pose a real danger and their indication remains limited.
 VI rotary endodontic instruments
Glidden Grits Forest
It is the most used instrument in preparation.
mechanics of the 1/3 or half coronary
channels. Consisting of an inactive, long and thin stem
where the point of fragility is located near the chuck.
The active part is small, elongated, and
provided with a foam tip.

the drill bit or torpan bit

This is a reamer broach mounted on an angle piece.
Intended for the preparation and expansion of channels.
 The forests of peeso or largo
These are expanders whose active part
cylindrical is longer and equipped with a tip
mousse.
Intended for the clearing of canal openings
coronary) and the opening of the pulp chambers.

The rotary paste carrier (lentulo)

It is a left spiral thread that is used to send the dough in
apical direction and on the walls of the canal.
They are in number of 4 where each number corresponds to
a color.
 Endodontic contra-angles

• The giromatic
It is a modified contra-angle by BLANC or the
continuous rotary motion is transformed into a
alternate movement, ¼ right, ¼ left.

• The racer binder

In addition to the alternating movements, it allows for
alternating axial movements.
This contra-angle accepts manual instruments.
(lime K, lime H, broche).
• The Finder channel
It is a catheterization and placement device.
mechanized form putting into motion
classical endodontic instruments. The movement
is a longitudinal variable of variable amplitude associated with a
rotation.

Channel compactors
• The compacting machine of MAC SPADDEN

It is a standardized instrument used on a contra-angle.

for the obturation of root canals by
thermomechanical condensation of gutta.
There are two types of compactors:
-the widest of 55...140, resembles the H file
 except for the shoulders of the blades which are
directed towards the tip at the place of being towards the handle.
the smallest from 25...50, resemble
the unified Bruns except for the shoulders of the
blades that are directed towards the tip at the place of being
towards the handle.

• Thespreaders
They are channel blenders with a pointed end, they
are intended to cold condense gutta percha
laterally.
They are available in 2 forms:
handle spreader.
finger spreader.
• Thepluggers
These are flat-ended conical rods for tamping.
vertically hot gutta-percha.

VII ultrasonic and sound systems

Ultrasonic system
• Definition
Ultrasound corresponds to acoustic vibrations,
inaudible sounds with frequencies between 20,000 Hz
ET 100000 MHZ. In endodontics, frequencies are used.
between 20,000 and 50,000 Hz.
Composed of a central unit on which are mounted
let it be:
- steel files with a diameter of 15……25
length of 21.....25 mm.
diamond files with foam tip
diameter 25…..35.
These files work according to 3 successive movements: go
and comes

Sound systems
• Definition

Characterized by audible frequencies ranging from

between 16,000 and 20,000 Hz.
Here it is a pneumatic device that generates
frequencies who will be selected by a
adjustment ring.
The files are of diameter 10 to 40 with 4 lengths:
17, 21, 27, 29 mm.
The movement of these files is vertical, slow, and weak.
amplitude (2 ..3 mm), associated with a slight movement
the circumferential translation.
 THE NEW GENERATION OF
Endodontic Instruments
IN NICKEL-TITANIUM

A new range of rotary instruments has

was developed, it relies on:
The use of Ni-Ti.
The abandonment of the ISO standard.
Modification of the tip.
Modification of conicity.
 Non-equiatomic alloy
44% Titanium
56% Nickel

(a small % of Ni can be replaced by

cobalt ).
The characteristics specific to the material:
Super elasticity and shape memory.
Flexibility.
The cutting efficiency.
The resistance to corrosion.
The sterilization effect.
The morphological characteristics
The active part
Rotary instruments can be classified
in 02 groups:
1- The so-called passive instruments
Non-cutting.
Equipped with radian flats.
However, these instruments present a
low cutting efficiency.

instrument of that passive

2. The so-called active instruments

Cutting.
Without flat radians.

Instrument this asset

The point

Soft and smooth.

It enhances guidance.
and internal security
canal
Transition angle

Foam point and active tip

The section

Section of a Section of a
instrument to Instrument at
zero cutting angle positive cutting angle
The angle of attack

It is slightly positive allowing:

to easily scrape the shavings
continuous rotating dentin without risk.
Avoid intra-canal screwing.
To favor the removal of debris in
coronary direction.
The conicity of the instruments

The conicity of these instruments can range from

2% to 12%.
The use of multiple conicities allows
to limit the contact surface between the
instruments and the canal walls.
 COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN

ENDODONTIC INSTRUMENTS

IN NICKEL-TITANIUM AND STEEL

SUPER ELASTICITY

The instruments in Ni-Ti

Return to their original forms without
no deformation under a
given constraint.
Stainless steel instruments
Undergo a deformation
equivalent to a change of form
permanent.
FLEXIBILITY
The elasticity module of Ni-Ti is 4
times > that of stainless steel.
The rigidity of steel instruments
stainless is proportional to the diameter
(exponential).
 CUTTING EFFICIENCY
Nickel-Titanium instruments are more
effective in continuous rotation than the
steel instruments.

CORROSION RESISTANCE
Ni-Ti and steel have a resistance
similar to corrosion.
THE BREAK FROM FATIGUE
The selection of Ni-Ti instruments
deformed is more delicate than that of
steel instruments.

THE COST
The cost related to the basic investment and
the functioning is greater than that of
manual instruments in steel.
 CONCLUSION
The canal anatomy and the almost presence
systematic of canal curvatures
complicate the formatting of the system
canal
The rigidity of classic manual tools
and their weak elastic memory make
even more complex this procedure.
Many instruments have been put in place
work to overcome these disadvantages, they are
the Ni-Ti instruments used in rotation
continue that represent the instruments of
choice for channel formatting.