22/8/25: Cell division
- Biology is about memorization mainly.
- Biology = a lot of Latin words
- Split all cells in 2 groups:
- Prokaryotes (prok = before)
- evolved b4 having a nucleus
- their DNA is ‘loose’ in the cytoplasm, since having no nucleus.
- binary fission
- has archaea bacteria (ancient bacteria)
- membrane bound organelles.
- copy DNA and divide in 2.
- Eukaryotes (euk = true)
- Evolved to protect & store DNA in a ‘nucleus’
- DNA is now in sections of strands called ‘chromosomes’ (humans have 46.
23 in pairs.)
- All the DNA chromosomes are inside the nucleus.
- (Fungi, animals, protists, and plants are eukaryotes)
- no membrane bound organelles.
- mitosis binary fission (a little more complicated binary fission).
- multicellular organisms
- copy DNA and have extra steps.
28/8/25: Mitosis & Miosis
- Mitosis
- Interphase: the cell produces extra ribosomes and a copy of the
chromosomes.
- Prophase: the spindlefibers appear in the cell as well as the nucleus gets
dissolved.
- Metapase: the DNA lines up in the middle of the cell.
- Anaphase: the spindlefibers pull the copied chromosomes and the original to
opposite ends of the cell wall.
- Telopahse: a new nucleus forms around the two new sets of chromosomes, a
split coming down the middle of the cell.
- Cytokinesis: the cell full splits into two, forming two identical daughter cells.
- Miosis
- Statistics :
- In a graph: no data correlation = 0
- Moderate = 0.50
- Perfect = 1.00
- Correlation formula is: =CORREL(x,y)
- T test= =(F2)*SQRT(r)/SQRT(1-F2^2)
- Bio has 2 hypothesis’:
- Null hypothesis (ALWAYS starting assumption): there is no relationship
- Alternative hypothesis: there is a correlation.
- Statistical significance takes into account the number of data pointe, unlike
the r value.
25/9/25
Menstrul Cycle
- Hormones: created from ovaries.
- Oestrogen
- Progesterone
- Produced by pituitary (brain)
- Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Lutenising hormones (LH
- Key point:
- Blood connect the pituitary glands to the uterus.
- Level of hormones in the full menstrual cycle of 28 days change.
- Day 1: menstruation. The blood capillery comes out of the vagina
- Day 7: The wall in the uterus starts to build up again
- Day 23 approx: the thickness of the wall starts to drop again
Diagrams:
14/10/25 - DNA (Deoxy Ribonucleic Acid) & Genetics
Structure of DNA
- In 1953 two scientists used chemistry facts about DNA to figure out it’s structure.
- X-ray crystallography
- Symmetry seen through photos of x-ray.
- Rosalind Franklin created microscopes to be able to see
- Helix structure discovered
Nitrogenous bases of DNA strands:
- Adenine (A) -Thymine (T)
- Goanine (G) - Cytosine ©
Diagram of Nucleotide:
- Phosphate & Sugar repeat in the helixes no matter what sequence.
- RNA: one strand of DNA
- Bases held together by hydrogen bonds.
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