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1. Recognize interrelationships of electrical
engineering with other fields of engineering.
2. List the major subfields of electrical
engineering.
3. List several important reasons for studying
electrical engineering.
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4. Define current, voltage, and power,
including their units.
5. Calculate power and energy, as well as
determine whether energy is supplied or
absorbed by a circuit element.
6. State and apply basic circuit laws.
7. Solve for currents, voltages, and powers in
simple circuits.
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Electrical systems have two
main objectives:
• To gather, store, process, transport, and present
information
• To distribute and convert energy between various
forms
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Electrical Engineering
Subdivisions
• Communication • Electronics
systems • Power systems
• Computer systems • Signal processing
• Control systems
• Electromagnetics
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Why Study Electrical Engineering?
• To pass the Fundamentals of Engineering (FE)
Examination
• So you can lead design projects in your own field
• To be able to operate and maintain electrical
systems
• To communicate with electrical engineering
consultants
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1.2 Circuits, Currents, and Voltages
Electrical Current
Electrical current is the time rate of flow of
electrical charge through a conductor or
circuit element. The units are amperes (A),
which are equivalent to coulombs per
second (C/s).
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Electrical Current
dq(t )
i (t ) =
dt
t
q(t ) = ∫ i (t )dt + q(t0 )
t0
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Direct Current
Alternating Current
When a current is constant with time, we
say that we have direct current,
abbreviated as dc. On the other hand, a
current that varies with time, reversing
direction periodically, is called alternating
current, abbreviated as ac.
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Voltages
The voltage associated with a circuit
element is the energy transferred per unit of
charge that flows through the element. The
units of voltage are volts (V), which are
equivalent to joules per coulomb (J/C).
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1.3 POWER AND ENERGY
p (t ) = v(t )i (t )
t2
w = ∫ p (t )dt
t1
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KIRCHHOFF’S CURRENT
LAW
• The net current entering a node is zero.
• Alternatively, the sum of the currents
entering a node equals the sum of the
currents leaving a node.
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KIRCHHOFF’S VOLTAGE
LAW
The algebraic sum of the voltages equals
zero for any closed path (loop) in an
electrical circuit.
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Resistors and Ohm’s Law
a
v = iR
b
vab = iab R
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Conductance
1
G=
R
i = Gv
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Resistance Related to Physical
Parameters
ρL
R=
A
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