Complex Integration

186

4.13 Exercises is true or false. Justify

followingstatements
of
4.144. Determine or a counterexample.
your answer with a proof Jordan arc of class cl
= O, is a
2 2"/t, t e (0, 11,with smooth contour.
a non-simple +72 onlyif
t2eti/4, t e (0, 1), is two contours, then so is
the sum
la,bl -+ C are
(c) If : la,b) -+ C and :
71(b) = 72(c). Rew < O).
holds
(d) The inequalityle: -Il < Izl for a,be D = {w : Rew
0).
a bl holds
(e) The inequality le —ebl
la
2
Iz —rl Idzl = 8r
function on C, then
(g) If f is a complex-valuedcontinuous
f(z) f(l/z)
z

with complex coeffcients, then

(h) If p(z) is a polynomial of degree n in z
p(z) dz = kip' (0).
121=1

(i) There is an entire function f (z) such that el (z) = 25(e2z+ 1)/ cos(iz).
z
(j) There is an entire function f (z) such that ef( ) = —5(e 2z— 1)/sin(iz).
(k) If f is analytic and nowhere zero in Q = {z : Rez < 2003), then In If I is harmonic in
(l) If g e H(Ä) and such that lg(z) —zl Izl on IzI = 1, then one has the estimate
1 + (1 for each a G A.
(m) Let r be the closed square given by {z : —5S Re z, 1m z 5). Then, there cannot exist
a function f whichis analytic on a domain that contains such that maxzer
and f" (1) = 1.
(n) If f is an entire function such that d0 < ra for some fixed a > O,and forall
r > 0, then f (z) E 0 in C.
(o) Let f be analyticon C\{l) suchthat f(0A C R, then f is a constant function'
(p) The Taylor series (z converges to —Log (4 —z) for
an(z Iz —31 < 1•
(q) If f(z) = has the property that is
E 00 f (n)(a) converges, then f
(r) If a power series E 00 anzn convergesfor Izl
for all n 2 0, then < 1 and if bn e C is such that Ibnl
bnzn converges for
Izl < 1.
(s) If {an)n20 is a sequence of real numbers
such that

then the radius of convergenceof

the series zoo
anzn is 3
4.13 Exercises
187

(t) The power series an(z (a 0) can convergcat z = 0and diverge at z = b,

whenever 1b al < lat.
(u) An entire function that takes real values on the
real axis and purely imaginary values on
the imaginaryaxis must be an odd function: f(z) for all z C
=
(v) If f is entire and f (z) = f(—z) for all z, then there exists an
entire function g such that
f (z) = g(z 2) for all z C
(w) If f is analytic in a neighborhood of Oand f (z) = —f(—z)for all z € A6, then there
exists an analytic function g in Ab such that f (z) = zg(z2) for all z €-A6.
(x) The Laurent series (z converges only at z = Oand nowhere else.
(y) If f is an analytic function on the closed disk Izl) R for some fixed positive number
R > 0, then f can never satisfy the inequality If (n (0)1 n!nn for all n € N.
(z) If f € H(D) and a e D, then the inequalityIf (n)(a)12 n!nn cannot hold for all n 2 1.

4.145. Determine whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Jus-

tify your answer with a proof or a counterexample.
(a) Sinz z = k Z.
(b) For z = + iy, coshc is never zero and coshz has infinitely many zeros when y # O.
(c) The zeros of sin(l/z) are z = l/nr (n e Z) and each zero is isolated.
(d) The Uniqueness theorem does not necessarily hold for harmonic functions.
(e) If the zeros of an analytic function are not isolated then f (z) Othroughout the domain
of analyticity.
(f) If D is a domain and f € H(D) vanishesthroughout any neighborhoodof a point in D,
then f (z) 0 in D.
(g) If D is a domain and f e H(D) such that f (z) = Oat all points on an arc inside D, then
f (z) 0 throughout D.
(h) If f (z) = E n>o anzn convergesin AR, R > 0, such that f 2(z) = f (z) for every z in the
open interval (0, R), then f (z) is either 1 or 0 for all z e AR.
(i) If f € H(A) such that f@) = for every real number c in A, then f(z) = -f(-z)
for all z in A.
(j) There exists no function f that is analytic in the unit disk A such that f (I/n) —
2k+1for n = 2, 3, . , where k N is fixed.
(k) There exists a function f that is analytic in a neighborhoodof z = 0 such that f (l/n) =
f (—1/n) = n ¯2k for all sufficiently large n, where k € N is fixed.
(l) There exists an analytic function in the unit disk A such that
1 1
— for n 22.

(m) There exists an analytic function f in A such that f (l/n)) = (n + l)/(n 1) for n 2 2.
(n) There exists an analytic function f in A such that f (inIn) = —n¯2 for n 2 2.
for
(o) There exists no analytic function f in such that f(z) 0 and f (nin/(n + 1)) = O

(p) There exists an analytic function f in A such that f (—1/2)= 3, f (n¯2) = 5

for n 2.
 188 Complex
Integration

(q) Supp€xse
that f, g e H(A), and neither f nor g has a zero in A. If
for all n = 2, 3, . , then f (z) = cg(z) in A for some constant c.
(r) If f e H(A), is a sequenceof non-zerocomplex numbers such that zn
n oe and f(zn) = for all n e N, then f is even.
(s) If is a sequenceof distinct complex numbers in A such that zn + 0 as n
there exists an entire function f such that f(zn) = zn for all n G N and f (5) =
0.
(t) If f and g are entire functions which agree on some interval [a, b] C R, then
f(z)
in C
4.146. Compute Ij = fI, Iz12dz, j = 1, 2, 3, 4, where
(a) 11(t) = acost -Fibsint, a, be R, OSt 27r
(b) 72(t) = t2 + it, 0 St S 1

(c) 73(t) = t if Oft < 1

—ieirt/2 if 1st < 2
(d) 14(t)= it, Ost < 1

4.147. Compute f Iz12dz, J = 1 to 7, over the same

paths used in Example 4.6.
4.148. For {z: Iz I = 1}, evaluate the following
integrals
Idzl
(E) n dz, (i) n Idzl, Idzl, — Idzl
where n € N is fixed, and la! 1.
4.149. Let f € H(Ä) and have no zeros
in S. Suppose that
(i) Ml for —7r/2S 9 7r/2 and,
(ii) 112 for 7r/2 S 9 37r/2.
Find an upper bound for If (0)1.

4.150. Let f be analytic inside

and on the square
M, for each z € S Q centered at the
origin. Suppose
that S S j S 4)' where Sj denotes the enumeration
of its sides•Show
4.151. Let f e H(Ä). Using the
following integrals: Cauchy integral
formula for derivatives, evaluate

f (et9)
and 18=
f(e i9) sire (9/2) U.
z2 + 3z — 7
4.152. Iff(a) =
IzI=4 (z — dz for lal
4, determine f(a)
and also f'(l + O
4.13 Exercises 189

4.153. Use Cauchy's theorem and/or Cauchy integral formula to evaluate the following
integrals:
Log (z + 1)
(a) dz (la! > 1)
z4 + az3
121=1
(b) dz zn
dz
Izl=4 (z —
zl/2
(c) _ dz (g) dz
121=5 z 2 3z —4

4.154. Iff e H(A) and (f — for all z G A and for some a > 0, then show
that there exists a positive real number M (independent of f) such that If '(z)l M (1 —
for all z e A. Does it also work for a < 0?

[Link] 3-L(A)
and (1- Izl)- for all z e A and for some a > 0, then
showthat M (1 — for some M > 0, independent of f. Does it also work if a < 0?

4.156. Find the radius of convergence of the series on the right hand side of (I—z)¯l Log z =
N
E _o an(z —3)n , where Log z denotes the principal branch of the logarithm. Will your answer
iT/4 (r > 0),
change,if we replace Log z by another branch of log z whose branch cut is the ray re
rather than the negative real axis.

4.157. Using the Cauchy inequality, discuss the fonowing statements:

(a) There does not exist a function f such that f is analytic on the closed disk Iz + Il 5,
f max
= i and Iz+11S5 = 5.
= i with max —
— 25 as well as when
(b) Answer the same question when Iz+11S5
1/3 with max = 5.
Iz+11S5

4.158. Let f (z) = 1+z2 +z4 +z6+ • • z €-A, and {an) be a

sequence of real numbers such
series f(z) = anz
that f(z) = an(z —5)n. Find the radius of convergenceof the
the Taylor series, about z = 1, of the function
4.159. Find the radius of convergence R of

for
4.160. Find the Taylor expansions about 0
sin z 1
h(z) = and g(z) =
f(z) = 1 z + z2
the corresponding series.
and determine the radius of convergence of
and g are analytic at a, g(k)(a) = O=
4.161. (L'Höspital rule) Supposethat f equal zero. If g(n)(a) C, show that
for k = o, 1,2, . but both are not identically
, n —1
f(z) f (n)(a)
g(z) ¯ g(n)(a)

providedthe limit on the right exists.

 Complex
190 Integration

4.162. What arc the zeros of VG (if it has any)?

4.103. Determine all f C H(A) such that + e l/n = O for all n = 2,3, . Justify
your answer.
—0 and f" (1+1 In) = 7-3(l/n)
4.164. Suppose that f is an entire function such that f' (0)
for each n = 1,2,3, . Find all f that satisfy these properties.

4.165. Does Theorem 4.123 provide a Laurent series expansion of any branch of logz in
an annulus r < Izl< R?

4.166. Find the Laurent series expansion of each of the following:

1 1 1

z(z 2 + z — 2) 1 + 7. 2
1 1 1
— 1)(z 2 — 9)
3z—5
•
z 2 + 5z —6 z2 + 7z — 8
In each case, how many such expansions are there? In which region is each of them valid? Find
the Laurent coefficientsexplicitly for each of these expansions.

4.167. Does tan(l/z) have a Laurent series convergent in a region 0 < Izl < R?

4.168. Let cot(rz) = anzn and csc(rz) = Y_ b zn Define the Laurentseries

expansion of cot(rz) and csc(7rz),on the annulus I < Izl < 2. Evaluate
the coeffcients and
n for n G N.
 Maximum Principle, Schwarz' Lemma, and Liouville's
260

Gauss's theorem.
We complete the proof of
of Gauss's theorem, we have
As an immediate application
all the zeros of a polynomial lie in a half.
.72. Theorem. (Lucas's Theorem) If
the same half-plane.
then the zeros of its derivative also lie in
half-planes determined by each side of a
If we apply Lucas theorem with reference to
polygon, we obtaitv the following

6.73. Corollary. If all the zeros of a polynomial lie in the smallest convexpolygon,
the zeros of its derivative also lie in the same polygon.

The first equality in (6.70) immediately yields the following result. Later we shall seethat
this is a consequenceof a general result.

6.74. Theorem. If N is the number of zeros (counted according to multiplicity)of&

polynomialp(z) in A(a; R), then
p'(z)
dz = 2TiN.
Iz-al=R p(z)

6.8 Exercises

6.75. Determine whether each of the followingstatements is true or false. Justify

your answer with a proof or a counterexample.
(a) There exists an analytic function f on S, f (O)= 1 + i, > 2 for Izl = 1, and hUing
a zero in A.
(b) For each n e N, one has maxlzlsr Izn + bl = rn + lbl and the maximum is attainedat

(c) Let f(z) = zm/(zn +2p), where m, n € N are fixed, and p is real such that p > 1/2. Then'
maxtzlfl= 1/(2p- 1).
(d) If Q = {z = c + iy : 0 c, y 1}, then maxz€QIz2 2zl =
(e) Supposethat f e H(ÄR) and satisfies the conditions
Then, f is a constant on AR. 2 on DAR and f(0) =
(f) Supposethat f is an entire functionand has zeros
then If (z)! (M/5)lz2 +41 for Izl < 3.
at z = ±2i. If M =
(g) Let f be an entire function and has n
zeros at Wk= e2kri/n (k = O, n —1),tis
n-th roots of unity. If M = mæqzl=3
then S M(3n — —Il for
(h) If f G 3-1(Ä)such that f has a zero of then
order n at z and M = Izl=i
S Mlzl n for Izl S 1.
(i) If w = pa(z) is a Möbius map of A
conformallyonto itself, f € and g(w) f(z)'
then (1 —lw12) = (1 —Iz12)If '(z)l•
Note: What happens when g(w) = w?
 EM'rcises 261
6S

analytic function f
0) Thereexists an of A onto itgelf such 1/2, f (1/2) = 1/3,
= that f (0)
andf(1/3)
(k)Thereexists an analytic function f :A A 8'1Chthat f (1/2) = 0 and If '(1/2)1 4/3.
(l)Thereexists an analyt,ic function f :A A 8tichthat f (O)= 1/2 and = 3/4.
(m)Thereexistsno analytic function f :A fitl('.ht,hat f (1/2) = 3/4 and f' (1/2) = 3/4.
(n)Iff is entire and Izl for all z, then f is of the forrn
a + bz2 with 1b! 1/2.
, n 1, then each zero of
the polynomial p(z) = zn + an—Iz" —1+
+ (1222+ at z + 1 lies in the annulus D = {z : 1/2 < Izl
< 2}.
(p)Eachpolynomial of the form p(z) = ao + al z + • • • + an—Izn¯l + zn gati8fies the inequality
s 1) 21.
(q)Iff is entire and Ref (z) is bounded as Izl —+00, then f is constant.
(r)supposef is entire which takes real z into real and purely imaginary into purely imaginary.
Then,f is an odd function.
(s)If f is entire such that f omits a non-empty disk, then f is constant.
(t) Anentire function f whose imaginary part is the square of the real part is constant in C
(u)If k 1 is a fixed constant and f is entire such that f (z) = f(kz) for all z e C, then f is
constant on C.
(v)Anentire function f such that f (z) 0 in C and [Link] f(z) 0 is necessarily a constant.
(w)Anentire function f such that If' (z)l must be of the form beaz for some constants
a and b with lal 2.
(x)Iff = u + iv is entire and 0 2 < v2 + 2004on C, then f is a constant.
(y)If u(z) = u(c, y) is harmonic in C satisfyingthe conditionu(z) al In Izl I + b for some
positiveconstants a, b and for all z e C, then showthat u is a constant.
(z) Ifu(z) = u(c, y) is harmonic in C such that u(z) Izln for some n N and for all z C,
thenu(z) is a polynomial in and y.

6.76. Define f (z = 1 —z for Izl 1. Show that attains its maximum value when
-l. If f(z) is replaced by g(z) = (1 — or 1 z2, does the same conclusion hold?

6•77•If f e H(A) is such that < 1 for z e A and f fixestwo distinct points of A,
then showthat f is the identity function.

6•[Link] exist an analytic functionf : A -+ with f(O)= -1/2 and f'(o) = 3/4?
Either
findsuch an f or state why there does not exist such a function f. Answer the same
question
whenf(0) = ± 1/2 and f'(0) = 4/5.

Supposethat f is analytic and Ref(z) < Oin A. Find an estimate for

If f e H(A), f (O)= 1 and IRe < 1 for z A, then showthat

that Ref(z) < a for

all If f R(A), f(O) = Oand if there existsa constanta > 0 such2a.
then show that 2alzl/(1 —Izl) for z A and
 Principle, Schwarz' Lemma, and Liouville'sTh
Maximum eorem
262 M < 00 for all z
analytic on with R, and
suppose f is
with < R. Showthat
f(zo)= for
< for < R.
f(z) 2 iozl
111
M2 üjof(z)
case the equality is achieved
geometrically and show that in this
0 = 0 = wo = Mei0z/R, where O is real.
is of the form f(z)
for co e \ {0) iff f
analytic and bounded by M for z € A and has zeros at the points
6.83. Supposef is N all z G A. Is this an improvement
l, ... A. Provethat M rlj=l z¯Zi for
f if equality holds forsome
M? What can you say about
the hypothesizedinequality

If f : A —+ A is analytic such that f (0) = f(1/3) = f (—1/3),then showthat

6.84. cannot be made smaller.
7/572. Showalso that the bound 7/572
there is no bianalytic mapping of the right half-plane
6.85. Prove or disprove the following:
plane.
U = {z : Rez > 0} onto the whole complex

6.86. Let f be entire such that eRez for z G C. What can you say about f?

6.87. Find the set of all entire functions f such that If (Z)! Iz15/ 2 + Iz19/2 for z € d.
Justify your answer with a proof.

6.88. Ifp(z) = ao + al z + • • • + an—Izn¯ l + zn (n > 1), then show that there existsareal
R > 0 such that 2¯l lzln 21zln for Izl R.

6.89. If f is an entire function which for some real numbers a and satisfiesRef(z)
ßlzlOfor all z with sufficiently large Izl, then f is a polynomial of degree not greater than a (see
also Exercise 10.35).-

6.90. In each case given below, determine whether or not there exists a non-constantentire
function f(z) satisfying the following conditions. If there is, give an example. If not explain
why not.
(i) f(0) = and = 1/2 for all z e DA
(ii) f (eiO) = 3 and = 1 for all z with Izl = 3
-
(iii) f(0) 1, f (i) = 0, and 10 for all z G C
(iv) f (0) = 4 3i and 5 for all z e A
(v) f (z) = 0 for all z = n7r, n
Z.