Use of Modifiers

†hme word, phrase ev clause Ab¨ †Kvb word, phrase ev clause m¤•※K©
AwZwi³ Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki※Z e¨eüZ nq, Zv※`i modifiers e※j|
Position of Modifiers
Modifiers †h kã※K modify K※i Zvi Av※M ev c※i em※Z cv※i| Ae¯‟vb
Abyhvqx modifiers †K `yB fv※M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v
(i) Pre-modifiers (ii) Post-modifiers
Pre modifiers
†hme modifiers, modified element ev k※ãi Av※M e※m Zv※`i modify K※i,
†mme modifiers †K pre modifiers e※j|
Post modifiers
†hme modifiers, modified element ev k※ãi c※i e※m Zv※`i modify K※i,
†mme modifiers †K post-modifiers e※j|

Pre modifier
ক্ষয ঴মস্ত Words বা Phrases Pre modifier
ন঵঴াযব বযবহৃি ঵য় ক্ষ঴গুয঱া নিযে উযেে করা ঵য঱া।
i) Adjective.
ii) Present participle.
iii) Past participle.
iv) Noun adjective / Noun.
v) Determiners.
vi) Quantifiers.
vii) Compounds.
viii) Possessive.
ix) Adverb.
x) Intensifiers.
এগুয঱া নিযে আয঱াচিা করা ঵য঱া।
i) Adjective as pre-modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun/Noun
phrase এর পূ যবয adjective ব঴য঱ ঐ adiective ক্ষক pre-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন “““এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয adjective as pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““এ একনি original adjective বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) I try to discover the ......... ( use an adjective to pre-modify
the noun) talents of my students.
Ans: hidden/secret.
ii) It was an ....... (use an adjective as pre-modifier) journey.
Ans: interesting.
ii) Present participle as pre-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পূ যবয Present participle
(verb+ing) ব঴য঱ ঐ Present participle ক্ষক Pre-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন “““এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয Present participle as
Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “““এ মূ ঱ Verb এর ঴াযথ ing ক্ষযাগ করযি
঵য়৷ ক্ষযমি:
i) Sudipto likes his ““““ (Use present participle as
pre-modifier) room.
Ans: reading.
ii) Vobosindhu stood on the ““““ (Use present participle to
pre modify the noun) train.
Ans: running.
iii) Past Participle as pre-modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পূ যবয Past
participle (v3) ব঴য঱ ঐ Past participle ক্ষক pre-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন “““““এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয Past participle as
pre-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “““““ এ v3 বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) Most of the villagers drink ““““ (Use past participle to
pre-modify the noun) water.
Ans: polluted / contaminated.
ii) We should respect a ......... (use past participle as pre-
modifier) man.
Ans: learned.
iv) Noun / Noun Adjective as pre-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পূ যবয আর একনি Noun ব঴য঱ ঐ Noun নিযক N
oun adjective বা Pre-modifier বয঱।
প্রযশ্ন“ এর পযর () এর মযধয Noun as Pre-modifier অথবা Noun
adjective as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত““““এ একনি Noun বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) Some of the students of Khan Saheb Kornoruddin College
respect their ““““ (Use Noun to pre-modify the noun)
teacher.
Ans: English.
ii) We should control our ““ (Use noun adjective as pre-
modifier) problem.
Ans :population .
v) Determiners as pre-modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পূ যবয determiners
(a, an, the, this, that, these, those
etc.) ব঴য঱ ঐ determiners ক্ষক Pre-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর () এর মযধয determiners as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত a, an, the, this, that, these,
those etc. বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
(i) [Link] possesses all...........(use articles to pre-modify the
noun) qualities of a good teacher.
Ans: the.
ii) Magfur bought““““(use determiners as pre-modifier)
small boat.
Ans: a
vi) Quantifiers as pre-modifier
: Quantifier ঵য঱া noun এর পনরমাি (quantity) নিযিযলক লে। ক্ষকাি Sin
gular Uncountable noun-এর পূ যবয much, little, a little, a
great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less,
some, adequate, enough ইিযানি ব঴য঱ এবং ক্ষকাি Plural countable
noun-এর পূ যবয many, some, few, a great/good number of, a lot
of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several, adequate,
enough ইিযানি ব঴য঱ ঐ quantifiers ক্ষক Pre-
modifiers। প্রযশ্ন “““এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয Quantifiers as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “““এ উপরুক্ত Word গুন঱র মযধয
ক্ষয ক্ষকাি একনি বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) The man has .......... (use quantifier to pre-modify the noun)
money.
Ans: much.
ii) The boy has bought .............. (use quantifier as Pre-
modifier) birds from the New Market.
Ans: two/three.
vii) Compounds as pre-modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পূ যবয Compound
word বা ক্ষজাডা লে ব঴য঱ ঐ Compound word ক্ষক Pre-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন ....... এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয Compounds as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “ এ Compound word বা ক্ষজাডা লে বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) My brother has bought a ““““ (use compounds as pre
modifier) machine.
Ans: new-brand.
ii) It is a “““ (use compounds to Pre-modify the nouns)
idea.
Ans: back-dated
More compound words
Age-old, brand-new, school-going, out-of-order, out-dated,
out-of-date, old-fashioned, back-dated, so-called, far-sighted,
long-sighted, first-class, new-born, long-term, short-term,
quickly-done, slowly-passing, multi-colored, multi-storied,
cash-paid, newly-emerged, above-mentioned, well-
constructed, well-paid, well-designed, well-
known ইিযানি প্রচন঱ি কিগুয঱া compound.
viii) Possessives as pre-modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পূ যবয possessive
case (my, our, your, his, her, their, its, name’s
etc.) ব঴য঱ ঐ possessive case ক্ষক Pre-
modifier বয঱৷ প্রযশ্ন““““এর পযর ( ) এর মধ্যয possessive as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত এ (my, our, your, his, her, their, its,
name’s etc. ) বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) Laboni has read............( Use Possessive as Pre-modifier)
drama.
Ans: his / her /Shakespeare's)
ii) Jesmin will meet.......... (Use possessive to pre-modify the
noun) friend.
Ans: my / his / her.
ix) Adverb as pre-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun/Adjective/Verb এর পূ যবয adverb ব঴য঱ ঐ ad
verb ক্ষক Pre-modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন.......... এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয adverb
as Pre-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““এ adverb বয঴।
ক্ষযমি
i) Shibani has gone to India by ........ (use adverb as pre-
modifier) train.
Ans:down
ii) Nilima has realised the ““““ (use adverb to pre-modify
the noun)
passage.
Ans: above.
x) Intensifiers as pre-modifier: Intensifiers ঵য঱া adverbs or
adverbial phrases যা অিযািয Word এর অথযযক ক্ষজারিার বা ক্ষজার প্রিলযি
কযর। ক্ষকাি Noun/Adjective/Verb এর পূ যবয adverb ব঴য঱ ঐ adverb
s ক্ষক Intensifiers বয঱। প্রযশ্ন “““““ পযর ( ) এর মযধয use
intensifiers as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “““““““ এ Adverbs (absolutely,
completely, extremely, highly, rather, really, so, too, totally,
utterly, very, at all ইিযানি বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) They became “..........(Use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) dear and friendly to us.
Ans: very
ii) A village doctor is a“““...(use an intensifier to pre-
modify the adjective) familiar person in the rural areas of
Bangladesh,
Ans: very.
iii) I felt““““.(use an intensifier to pre-modify the
adjective) sorry for her.
Ans: extremely
iv) She has““““.(use an intensifier to pre-modify the verb)
offended her sister.
Ans: really
Post modifier
ক্ষয ঴মস্ত words বা phrases post-
modifier ন঵঴াযব বযবহৃি ঵য় ক্ষ঴ গুয঱া নিযে উযেে করা ঵য঱া।
i) Adjective.
ii) Present participle / Present participle phrase.
iii) Past participle / past participle phrase.
iv) Prepositional phrase.
v) Infinitive / infinitive phrase.
vi) Appositive.
vii) Relative clause.
viii) Adverb
i) Adjective/Adjective phrase as post-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পযর Adjective/ Adjective
phrase ব঴য঱ ঐ Adjective/Adjective phrase ক্ষক post-
modifier বয঱ ৷ প্রযশ্ন ““““ এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয Adjective as post-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ...... এ একনি Adjective বয঴ আর () এর ম
ক্ষধয Adjective phrase as post-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ...... এ Adjective+Preposition+ext বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) Beauty made her husband “““(use an adjective as post-
modifier)
Ans: happy.
ii) There is nothing....... (Use an adjective to post-modify the
noun)
Ans: wrong.
iii) She made me“““.(Use an adjective phrase as post-
modifier)
Ans: happy in conjugal life.
ii) Present participle / present participle phrase as post-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun/Verb এর পযর present participle (verb+ing)
/ present participle phrase (verb+ing+ext) ব঴য঱ ঐ present
participle/present participle phrase ক্ষক post-
modifier বয঱।প্রযশ্ন““এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয present participle as
post-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““এ verb+ ing বয঴ আর present
participle phrase as Post-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ..........এ verb+ing+ext বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) Chondrima saw her
friend“““ (use present participle as post-modifier)
Ans: going.
ii) Tahera saw him......... (Use present Participle phrase to
post- modify the noun)
Ans: going to college.
iii) I started““..(Post- modify the verb with present
participle) a letter
Ans: writing.
iii) Past participle / Past participle phrase as post-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun/Verb এর পযর Past participle (v3) /past
participle phrase (v3 + ext) ব঴য঱ ঐ Past participle /past
participle phrase ক্ষক post-modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন “““এর পযর (
) এর মযধয Past participle as post-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““এ v3 বয঴ আর Past participle
phrase as Post-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ........... এ v3+ext বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) The message““““ (Use past participle to post-modify the
noun) ten minutes ago is very interesting.
Ans: sent / received.
ii) The mobile phone ......... (Use past participle phrase as
Post-modifier) is costly.
Ans: bought from Dhaka.
iv) Prepositional phrase as post-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun/Verb এর পযর Prepositional phrase
(preposition+ext) ব঴য঱ ঐ Prepositional phrase ক্ষক post-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন ......... এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয prepositional
phrase as Post-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “““এ Preposition +
noun / pronoun বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) The bird ........ (Use prepositional phrase as post- modifier)
is very fine.
Ans: on the tree.
ii) The flowers ........ (Use propositional phrase to post-
modify the noun) look very beautiful.
Ans: in my garden.
v) Infinitive / infinitive phrase as post-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun/Verb এর পযর Infinitive (to+v1) / Infinitive
phrase (to+v1+ext) ব঴য঱ ঐ Infinitive/Infinitive phrase ক্ষক post-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন........ পযর ( ) এর মযধয Infinitive as post-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত এ to + v1 বয঴। আর ( ) মধ্যয Infinitive
phrase as post-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““এ to + v1 +
ext বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) My plan ““““ (Use infinitive as post-modifier) a car
ended in smoke.
Ans: to buy.
ii) His decision ......... (Use infinitive phrase as post-modifier)
came true.
Ans: to help the poor.
vi) Appositive as post-modifier
: ক্ষয ঴ক঱ word বা phrase ক্ষকাি Noun এর পযর বয঴ ঐ noun ঴ম্পযকয অ
নিনরক্ত িথয প্রিাি কযর ঐ word বা phrase ক্ষক Appositive বয঱। ক্ষকাি N
oun এর পযর Appositive ব঴য঱ ঐ Appositive ক্ষক post-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন “““ এর পযর ( ) এর মধ্যয appositive as
post-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত.........
এ অনিনরক্ত িথয প্রিািকারী word বা phrase বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) Sheikh Hasina ...... (Use appositive as post-modifier) is very
intelligent.
Ans: prime minister of Bangladesh.
ii) [Link]......... (Use appositive as post-modifier) is very
rough.
Ans: Principal of this college.
vii) Relative clause as post modifier
: ক্ষকাি Noun এর পযর Relative clause (who / which / that + v +
ext) ব঴য঱ ঐ Relative clause ক্ষক post-
modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন ......... এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয relative clause as
post-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ......... এ who / which / that + v
+ ext বয঴।
i) The man ““““ (Use relative clause as post-modifier) was
very greedy.
Ans: who came here.
ii) I bought a mobile phone “““““ (Use relative clause as
post-modifier)
Ans: which was very fine /costly.
viii) Adverb as post-
modifier: ক্ষকাি Noun/Verb এর পযর Adverb ব঴য঱ ঐ Adverb ক্ষক Po
st-modifier বয঱। প্রযশ্ন “.........এর পযর ( ) এর মযধয adverb as post-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত........... এ Adverb বয঴।
ক্ষযমি:
i) The person “““(Use adverb as post-modifier) is my
teacher.
Ans: behind.
ii) The man“““ (Use adverb as post-modifier) is known to
me.
Ans;here.
iii) He went to school “““(post modify the verb).
Ans: Early/at an early age.

Modifier এর লিযকাি নিয়ম

1. প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয Pre-modify the
Noun উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত““““ এ একনি Adjective বয঴।
2. প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয Pre-modify the
adjective উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““এ Adverb বয঴।
3. প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয use intensifiers as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““এ Adverbs (absolutely,
completely, extremely, highly, rather, really, so, too, totally,
utterly, very, at all ইিযানি বয঴।
4. প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয use Determiners as Pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““ এ Articles= a, an,
the এবং Demonstrative = this, that, these, those ইিযানি বয঴।
5. প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয use quantifiers as pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “““ এ much, little, a little, a
great/good/vast/little amount of, a lot of, a lot, more, less,
some, adequate, enough many, some, few, a great/good
number of, a lot of, a lot, three, ten, more, less, several,
adequate, enough ইিযানি বয঴।
6. প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয Noun/Noun Adjective as pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত “““ এ একনি Noun বয঴।
7. প্রযশ্ন “““ পযর ( ) এর মযধয Possessive as pre-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““এ my, our, your, his, her their,
its, name’s etc. বয঴।
8. প্রযশ্ন ““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয Pre-modify/Post-modify the
verb উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““ এ একনি Adverb বয঴।
9. প্রযশ্ন “““পযর ( ) এর মযধয Use adverbial phrase /
Prepositional phrase as Pre-modifier/Post-
modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““ এ Preposition+ext বয঴।
10. প্রযশ্ন “““““পযর ( ) এর মযধয Use Infinitive/ Infinitive phrase
as Post-modifier উযেে থাকয঱ উক্ত ““““এ to+v1/to+v1+ext বয঴।

ণবেত বছলরর শ্রবার্য প্রলনাত্তর

1. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in
the blank spaces. [D. B. 2019]
Arsenic is a (a)  (pre-modify the noun) substance. It is
(b)  (use an intensifier to pre-modify the adjective)
dangerous for human health. (c)  (use a demonstrative
to pre-modify the noun) substance is found in the water of
the tubewell. There are (d)  (use quantifier to pre-modify
the noun) villages in (e)  (use possessive to pre-modify
the noun) country. Most of our (f)  (use a noun adjective
to pre-modify the noun) people drink tubewell water. As a
result, many of them are suffering from arsenic problem.
This problem is (g)  (pre-modify the verb) found in North
Bengal. We should take proper measures (h)  (post-
modify the verb with an infinitive phrase). Government is
trying to mark the tubewells having arsenic (i)  (use a
participle to post-modify the verb) red colour. People should
be refrained from drinking water of (j)  (use
demonstrative to pre-modify the noun) tubewells.
Otherwise, they will suffer from arsenicosis.
Answer (a) poisonous/ harmful/ detrimental (b) very/ extremely
(c) This (d) many/ some/ a lot of (e) our (f) village/ poor village/
common village (g) mostly/ unexpectedly/ usually/ nowadays (h)
to remain safe/ to be saved/ to remove this problem/ to purify the
water (i) painting (j) those/ these.
2. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in
the blank spaces. [R. B. 2019]
Taking food is essential. We take food (a)  (use an
infinitive phrase to post-modify the verb). We cannot
survive on earth if we do not take food. In fact (b)  (use
a quantifier to pre-modify the noun phrase) living beings
need to take food. But it is a matter of great regret that (c)
 (use possessive to pre-modify the noun) food is being
adulterated. (d)  (use a noun-adjective to pre- modify
the noun) adulteration is increasing (e)  (use an
intensifier to pre-modify the adverb) alarmingly that we
cannot stop it. (f)  (use a determiner to pre-modify the
noun phrase) dishonest businessmen use (g)  (pre-
modify the noun) chemicals in food and fruits to make
illegal and quick money. But they do not think about (h)
 (use a possessive to pre-modify the noun) health. (i)
 (use present participle) adulterated food, people get
sick. They are often attacked with different fatal diseases.
So (j)  (use a gerund) food safety is a must today.
Answer (a) to survive/ to live (b) all (c) our (d) Food (e) so (f)
Some (g) harmful (h) our (i) Taking/ Eating (j) ensuring
3. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the
blank spaces. [J. B. 2019]
Air and water are the most (a)  (pre-modify the noun
with an adjective) elements of the environment. But we are
polluting them (b)  (post-modify the verb with an
adverb). Mills and factories use fuel (c)  (post-modify
the verb with an infinitive) their products. The burning of
this fuel creates smoke (d)  (post-modify the verb with
an adverbial). Motor vehicles also pollute the air, (e) 
(use an appositive). Water is polluted by (f)  (pre-modify
the noun with a quantifier) kinds of waste and filth. We
also contaminate water (g)  (post-modify the verb with
present participle phrase) into it. Farmers use (h)  (pre-
modify the noun with an adjective) fertilizers and
insecticides and pollute water. (i)  (pre-modify the noun
with a past participle) water is (j)  (pre-modify the
adjective with an intensifier) harmful to health.
Answer (a) essential/ vital/ important (b) indiscriminately/
unwisely (c) to manufacture (d) on a large scale/ hugely/
profusely (e) an important element of our environment (f)
all/ various/ different (g) throwing waste (h) chemical (i)
Polluted/ Contaminated (j) very
4. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in the
blank spaces. [C. B. 2019]
Newspaper plays a very (a)  (pre-modify the noun) role
in modern civilization. It publishes news and views of home
and abroad. Only (b)  (pre-modify the noun) knowledge
is not enough in this competitive world. A newspaper helps
a man (c)  (post-modify the verb with infinitive) his
general knowledge. Besides academic books, one should
read newspapers (d)  (post-modify the verb). Newspaper
helps one (e)  (post-modify the verb with an infinitive)
the facts of the world. (f)  (pre-modify the verb with a
present participle phrase) regularly, one can be aware of
everything. There are (g)  (pre-modify the noun) kinds
of newspaper. One should select the newspaper (h)
 (post-modify the verb). One should choose the (i) 
(pre-modify the noun) newspaper because many
newspapers present news partially. Whatever the paper is,
it (j)  (pre-modify the verb) helps a man.
Answer (a) significant/ important (b) bookish/ academic (c)
to increase/ to enrich (d) everyday/ regularly (e) to know (f)
Reading newspaper (g) different/ various (h) properly/
rightly/ justly/ wisely/ prudently (i) impartial/ unbiased (j)
always/ really/ actually/ truly/ certainly/ definitely
5. Read the following text and use modifiers as directed in