PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
def add_sub(x,y):
c=x+y
d=x-y
return c,d
print(add_sub(10,5))
Output:
(15, 5)
The return statement is used to exit a function and go back to the place from where it was
called. This statement can contain expression which gets evaluated and the value is returned.
If there is no expression in the statement or the return statement itself is not present inside a
function, then the function will return the None object.
def hf():
return "hw"
print(hf())
Output:
hw
----------------------------
def hf():
return "hw"
hf()
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
>>>
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
-------------------------------------
def hello_f():
return "hellocollege"
print(hello_f().upper())
Output:
HELLOCOLLEGE
# Passing Arguments
def hello(wish):
return '{}'.format(wish)
print(hello("mrcet"))
Output:
mrcet
------------------------------------------------
Here, the function wish() has two parameters. Since, we have called this function with two
arguments, it runs smoothly and we do not get any error. If we call it with different number
of arguments, the interpreter will give errors.
def wish(name,msg):
"""This function greets to
the person with the provided message"""
print("Hello",name + ' ' + msg)
wish("MRCET","Good morning!")
Output:
Hello MRCET Good morning!
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Below is a call to this function with one and no arguments along with their respective error
messages.
>>> wish("MRCET") # only one argument
TypeError: wish() missing 1 required positional argument: 'msg'
>>> wish() # no arguments
TypeError: wish() missing 2 required positional arguments: 'name' and 'msg'
----------------------------------------------
def hello(wish,hello):
return “hi” '{},{}'.format(wish,hello)
print(hello("mrcet","college"))
Output:
himrcet,college
#Keyword Arguments
When we call a function with some values, these values get assigned to the arguments
according to their position.
Python allows functions to be called using keyword arguments. When we call functions in
this way, the order (position) of the arguments can be changed.
(Or)
If you have some functions with many parameters and you want to specify only some
of them, then you can give values for such parameters by naming them - this is
called keyword arguments - we use the name (keyword) instead of the position
(which we have been using all along) to specify the arguments to the function.
There are two advantages - one, using the function is easier since we do not need to
worry about the order of the arguments. Two, we can give values to only those
parameters which we want, provided that the other parameters have default argument
values.
def func(a, b=5, c=10):
print 'a is', a, 'and b is', b, 'and c is', c
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
func(3, 7)
func(25, c=24)
func(c=50, a=100)
Output:
a is 3 and b is 7 and c is 10
a is 25 and b is 5 and c is 24
a is 100 and b is 5 and c is 50
Note:
The function named func has one parameter without default argument values,
followed by two parameters with default argument values.
In the first usage, func(3, 7), the parameter a gets the value 3, the parameter b gets the
value 5 and c gets the default value of 10.
In the second usage func(25, c=24), the variable a gets the value of 25 due to the
position of the argument. Then, the parameter c gets the value of 24 due to naming i.e.
keyword arguments. The variable b gets the default value of 5.
In the third usage func(c=50, a=100), we use keyword arguments completely to
specify the values. Notice, that we are specifying value for parameter c before that
for a even though a is defined before c in the function definition.
For example: if you define the function like below
def func(b=5, c=10,a): # shows error : non-default argument follows default argument
-------------------------------------------------------
def print_name(name1, name2):
""" This function prints the name """
print (name1 + " and " + name2 + " are friends")
#calling the function
print_name(name2 = 'A',name1 = 'B')
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Output:
B and A are friends
#Default Arguments
Function arguments can have default values in Python.
We can provide a default value to an argument by using the assignment operator (=)
def hello(wish,name='you'):
return '{},{}'.format(wish,name)
print(hello("good morning"))
Output:
good morning,you
---------------------------------------------
def hello(wish,name='you'):
return '{},{}'.format(wish,name) //print(wish + ‘ ‘ + name)
print(hello("good morning","nirosha")) // hello("good morning","nirosha")
Output:
good morning,nirosha // good morning nirosha
Note: Any number of arguments in a function can have a default value. But once we have a
default argument, all the arguments to its right must also have default values.
This means to say, non-default arguments cannot follow default arguments. For example, if
we had defined the function header above as:
def hello(name='you', wish):
Syntax Error: non-default argument follows default argument
------------------------------------------
def sum(a=4, b=2): #2 is supplied as default argument
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
""" This function will print sum of two numbers
if the arguments are not supplied
it will add the default value """
print (a+b)
sum(1,2) #calling with arguments
sum( ) #calling without arguments
Output:
Variable-length arguments
Sometimes you may need more arguments to process function then you mentioned in the
definition. If we don’t know in advance about the arguments needed in function, we can use
variable-length arguments also called arbitrary arguments.
For this an asterisk (*) is placed before a parameter in function definition which can hold
non-keyworded variable-length arguments and a double asterisk (**) is placed before a
parameter in function which can hold keyworded variable-length arguments.
If we use one asterisk (*) like *var, then all the positional arguments from that point till the
end are collected as a tuple called ‘var’ and if we use two asterisks (**) before a variable like
**var, then all the positional arguments from that point till the end are collected as
a dictionary called ‘var’.
def wish(*names):
"""This function greets all
the person in the names tuple."""
# names is a tuple with arguments
for name in names:
print("Hello",name)
wish("MRCET","CSE","SIR","MADAM")
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Output:
Hello MRCET
Hello CSE
Hello SIR
Hello MADAM
#Program to find area of a circle using function use single return value function with
argument.
pi=3.14
def areaOfCircle(r):
return pi*r*r
r=int(input("Enter radius of circle"))
print(areaOfCircle(r))
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Enter radius of circle 3
28.259999999999998
#Program to write sum different product and using arguments with return value
function.
def calculete(a,b):
total=a+b
diff=a-b
prod=a*b
div=a/b
mod=a%b
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
return total,diff,prod,div,mod
a=int(input("Enter a value"))
b=int(input("Enter b value"))
#function call
s,d,p,q,m = calculete(a,b)
print("Sum= ",s,"diff= ",d,"mul= ",p,"div= ",q,"mod= ",m)
#print("diff= ",d)
#print("mul= ",p)
#print("div= ",q)
#print("mod= ",m)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Enter a value 5
Enter b value 6
Sum= 11 diff= -1 mul= 30 div= 0.8333333333333334 mod= 5
#program to find biggest of two numbers using functions.
def biggest(a,b):
if a>b :
return a
else :
return b
a=int(input("Enter a value"))
b=int(input("Enter b value"))
#function call
big= biggest(a,b)
print("big number= ",big)
Output:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Enter a value 5
Enter b value-2
big number= 5
#program to find biggest of two numbers using functions. (nested if)
def biggest(a,b,c):
if a>b :
if a>c :
return a
else :
return c
else :
if b>c :
return b
else :
return c
a=int(input("Enter a value"))
b=int(input("Enter b value"))
c=int(input("Enter c value"))
#function call
big= biggest(a,b,c)
print("big number= ",big)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Enter a value 5
Enter b value -6
Enter c value 7
big number= 7
#Writer a program to read one subject mark and print pass or fail use single return
values function with argument.
def result(a):
if a>40:
return "pass"
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
else:
return "fail"
a=int(input("Enter one subject marks"))
print(result(a))
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Enter one subject marks 35
fail
#Write a program to display mrecet cse dept 10 times on the screen. (while loop)
def usingFunctions():
count =0
while count<10:
print("mrcet cse dept",count)
count=count+1
usingFunctions()
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
mrcet cse dept 0
mrcet cse dept 1
mrcet cse dept 2
mrcet cse dept 3
mrcet cse dept 4
mrcet cse dept 5
mrcet cse dept 6
mrcet cse dept 7
mrcet cse dept 8
mrcet cse dept 9
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
UNIT – II
CONTROL FLOW, LOOPS
Conditionals: Boolean values and operators, conditional (if), alternative (if-else), chained
conditional (if-elif-else); Iteration: while, for, break, continue.
Control Flow, Loops:
Boolean Values and Operators:
A boolean expression is an expression that is either true or false. The following examples
use the operator ==, which compares two operands and produces True if they are equal and
False otherwise:
>>> 5 == 5
True
>>> 5 == 6
False
True and False are special values that belong to the type bool; they are not strings:
>>> type(True)
<class 'bool'>
>>> type(False)
<class 'bool'>
The == operator is one of the relational operators; the others are: x != y # x is not equal to y
x > y # x is greater than y x < y # x is less than y
x >= y # x is greater than or equal to y x <= y # x is less than or equal to y
Note:
All expressions involving relational and logical operators will evaluate to either true or false
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Conditional (if):
The if statement contains a logical expression using which data is compared and a decision
is made based on the result of the comparison.
Syntax:
if expression:
statement(s)
If the boolean expression evaluates to TRUE, then the block of statement(s) inside the if
statement is executed. If boolean expression evaluates to FALSE, then the first set of
code after the end of the if statement(s) is executed.
if Statement Flowchart:
Fig: Operation of if statement
Example: Python if Statement
a=3
if a > 2:
print(a, "is greater")
print("done")
a = -1
if a < 0:
print(a, "a is smaller")
print("Finish")
Output:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
3 is greater
done
-1 a is smaller
Finish
--------------------------------
a=10
if a>9:
print("A is Greater than 9")
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
A is Greater than 9
Alternative if (If-Else):
An else statement can be combined with an if statement. An else statement contains the
block of code (false block) that executes if the conditional expression in the if statement
resolves to 0 or a FALSE value.
The else statement is an optional statement and there could be at most only one else
Statement following if.
Syntax of if - else :
if test expression:
Body of if stmts
else:
Body of else stmts
If - else Flowchart :
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Fig: Operation of if – else statement
Example of if - else:
a=int(input('enter the number'))
if a>5:
print("a is greater")
else:
print("a is smaller than the input given")
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
enter the number 2
a is smaller than the input given
----------------------------------------
a=10
b=20
if a>b:
print("A is Greater than B")
else:
print("B is Greater than A")
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
B is Greater than A
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Chained Conditional: (If-elif-else):
The elif statement allows us to check multiple expressions for TRUE and execute a
block of code as soon as one of the conditions evaluates to TRUE. Similar to the else,
the elif statement is optional. However, unlike else, for which there can be at most one
statement, there can be an arbitrary number of elif statements following an if.
Syntax of if – elif - else :
If test expression:
Body of if stmts
elif test expression:
Body of elif stmts
else:
Body of else stmts
Flowchart of if – elif - else:
Fig: Operation of if – elif - else statement
Example of if - elif – else:
a=int(input('enter the number'))
b=int(input('enter the number'))
c=int(input('enter the number'))
if a>b:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
print("a is greater")
elif b>c:
print("b is greater")
else:
print("c is greater")
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
enter the number5
enter the number2
enter the number9
a is greater
>>>
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
enter the number2
enter the number5
enter the number9
c is greater
-----------------------------
var = 100
if var == 200:
print("1 - Got a true expression value")
print(var)
elif var == 150:
print("2 - Got a true expression value")
print(var)
elif var == 100:
print("3 - Got a true expression value")
print(var)
else:
print("4 - Got a false expression value")
print(var)
print("Good bye!")
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
3 - Got a true expression value
100
Good bye!
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Iteration:
A loop statement allows us to execute a statement or group of statements multiple times as
long as the condition is true. Repeated execution of a set of statements with the help of loops
is called iteration.
Loops statements are used when we need to run same code again and again, each time with a
different value.
Statements:
In Python Iteration (Loops) statements are of three types:
1. While Loop
2. For Loop
3. Nested For Loops
While loop:
Loops are either infinite or conditional. Python while loop keeps reiterating a block of
code defined inside it until the desired condition is met.
The while loop contains a boolean expression and the code inside the loop is
repeatedly executed as long as the boolean expression is true.
The statements that are executed inside while can be a single line of code or a block of
multiple statements.
Syntax:
while(expression):
Statement(s)
Flowchart:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Example Programs:
1. --------------------------------------
i=1
while i<=6:
print("Mrcet college")
i=i+1
output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
Mrcet college
2. -----------------------------------------------------
i=1
while i<=3:
print("MRCET",end=" ")
j=1
while j<=1:
print("CSE DEPT",end="")
j=j+1
i=i+1
print()
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
MRCET CSE DEPT
MRCET CSE DEPT
MRCET CSE DEPT
3. --------------------------------------------------
i=1
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
j=1
while i<=3:
print("MRCET",end=" ")
while j<=1:
print("CSE DEPT",end="")
j=j+1
i=i+1
print()
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
MRCET CSE DEPT
MRCET
MRCET
4. ----------------------------------------
i=1
while (i < 10):
print (i)
i = i+1
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
2. ---------------------------------------
a=1
b=1
while (a<10):
print ('Iteration',a)
a=a+1
b=b+1
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
if (b == 4):
break
print ('While loop terminated')
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Iteration 1
Iteration 2
Iteration 3
While loop terminated
--------------------------
count = 0
while (count < 9):
print("The count is:", count)
count = count + 1
print("Good bye!")
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link] =
The count is: 0
The count is: 1
The count is: 2
The count is: 3
The count is: 4
The count is: 5
The count is: 6
The count is: 7
The count is: 8
Good bye!
For loop:
Python for loop is used for repeated execution of a group of statements for the desired
number of times. It iterates over the items of lists, tuples, strings, the dictionaries and other
iterable objects
Syntax: for var in sequence:
Statement(s) A sequence of values assigned to var in each iteration
Holds the value of item
in sequence in each iteration
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Sample Program:
numbers = [1, 2, 4, 6, 11, 20]
seq=0
for val in numbers:
seq=val*val
print(seq)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/[Link]
1
4
16
36
121
400
Flowchart:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Iterating over a list:
#list of items
list = ['M','R','C','E','T']
i=1
#Iterating over the list
for item in list:
print ('college ',i,' is ',item)
i = i+1
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
college 1 is M
college 2 is R
college 3 is C
college 4 is E
college 5 is T
Iterating over a Tuple:
tuple = (2,3,5,7)
print ('These are the first four prime numbers ')
#Iterating over the tuple
for a in tuple:
print (a)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
These are the first four prime numbers
2
3
5
7
Iterating over a dictionary:
#creating a dictionary
college = {"ces":"block1","it":"block2","ece":"block3"}
#Iterating over the dictionary to print keys
print ('Keys are:')
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
for keys in college:
print (keys)
#Iterating over the dictionary to print values
print ('Values are:')
for blocks in [Link]():
print(blocks)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Keys are:
ces
it
ece
Values are:
block1
block2
block3
Iterating over a String:
#declare a string to iterate over
college = 'MRCET'
#Iterating over the string
for name in college:
print (name)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
M
R
C
E
T
Nested For loop:
When one Loop defined within another Loop is called Nested Loops.
Syntax:
for val in sequence:
for val in sequence:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
statements
statements
# Example 1 of Nested For Loops (Pattern Programs)
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(0,i):
print(i, end=" ")
print('')
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
1
22
333
4444
55555
--------------------------
# Example 2 of Nested For Loops (Pattern Programs)
for i in range(1,6):
for j in range(5,i-1,-1):
print(i, end=" ")
print('')
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Output:
11111
2222
333
44
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Break and continue:
In Python, break and continue statements can alter the flow of a normal loop. Sometimes
we wish to terminate the current iteration or even the whole loop without checking test
expression. The break and continue statements are used in these cases.
Break:
The break statement terminates the loop containing it and control of the program flows to
the statement immediately after the body of the loop. If break statement is inside a nested
loop (loop inside another loop), break will terminate the innermost loop.
Flowchart:
The following shows the working of break statement in for and while loop:
for var in sequence:
# code inside for loop
If condition:
break (if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside for loop
# code outside for loop
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
while test expression
# code inside while loop
If condition:
break (if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside while loop
# code outside while loop
Example:
for val in "MRCET COLLEGE":
if val == " ":
break
print(val)
print("The end")
Output:
M
R
C
E
T
The end
# Program to display all the elements before number 88
for num in [11, 9, 88, 10, 90, 3, 19]:
print(num)
if(num==88):
print("The number 88 is found")
print("Terminating the loop")
break
Output:
11
9
88
The number 88 is found
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
Terminating the loop
#-------------------------------------
for letter in "Python": # First Example
if letter == "h":
break
print("Current Letter :", letter )
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link] =
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Continue:
The continue statement is used to skip the rest of the code inside a loop for the current
iteration only. Loop does not terminate but continues on with the next iteration.
Flowchart:
The following shows the working of break statement in for and while loop:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
for var in sequence:
# code inside for loop
If condition:
continue (if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside for loop
# code outside for loop
while test expression
# code inside while loop
If condition:
continue(if break condition satisfies it jumps to outside loop)
# code inside while loop
# code outside while loop
Example:
# Program to show the use of continue statement inside loops
for val in "string":
if val == "i":
continue
print(val)
print("The end")
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
s
t
r
n
g
The end
# program to display only odd numbers
for num in [20, 11, 9, 66, 4, 89, 44]:
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
# Skipping the iteration when number is even
if num%2 == 0:
continue
# This statement will be skipped for all even numbers
print(num)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
11
9
89
#------------------
for letter in "Python": # First Example
if letter == "h":
continue
print("Current Letter :", letter)
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Current Letter : P
Current Letter : y
Current Letter : t
Current Letter : o
Current Letter : n
Pass:
In Python programming, pass is a null statement. The difference between
a comment and pass statement in Python is that, while the interpreter ignores a comment
entirely, pass is not ignored.
pass is just a placeholder for functionality to be added later.
Example:
sequence = {'p', 'a', 's', 's'}
for val in sequence:
pass
Output:
C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
>>>
Similarily we can also write,
def f(arg): pass # a function that does nothing (yet)
class C: pass # a class with no methods (yet)
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PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
UNIT – III
FUNCTIONS, ARRAYS
Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, local and global scope, function composition,
recursion; Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module;
Python arrays, Access the Elements of an Array, array methods.
Functions, Arrays:
Fruitful functions:
We write functions that return values, which we will call fruitful functions. We have seen
the return statement before, but in a fruitful function the return statement includes a return
value. This statement means: "Return immediately from this function and use the following
expression as a return value."
(or)
Any function that returns a value is called Fruitful function. A Function that does not return
a value is called a void function
Return values:
The Keyword return is used to return back the value to the called function.
# returns the area of a circle with the given radius:
def area(radius):
temp = 3.14 * radius**2
return temp
print(area(4))
(or)
def area(radius):
return 3.14 * radius**2
print(area(2))
Sometimes it is useful to have multiple return statements, one in each branch of a
conditional:
def absolute_value(x):
if x < 0:
55