UNIT -1:
MaTKiCES
Kank of ca matrix:
"Let A be a hon -7eA mohik f ovder 'n" hen
he vank of Hhe matr?r A' is safd to be'r if erery
minor of ordev hiher than'v'is 8o zero.
"Jt has nÙn-zero
non2ero mninor ot order r.
"For a vank ofir
matrir A'f order mxn the ro
min imm, n
Rank of null matr?r = o
Rank ot non-2evo matrix .
Rank of dentty matix of ordey n n
Kank of non-igular mmatrix of ordor n n
. We denote the ank fmatix A as eCA) e CA) and
to ftnel he rank using Eche lon form.
Eche on toPm (Row Eche bn form)oS-no o . form if:
said to be tn echelon
" The matriz A is
A occurt below a
A
’tvery zero row of the matri
non2ero element
in each vOw imust be incregsi7
rowi
Yow
by
2 3 4
no. of non-zero rouus in the echelon forn fA
of
. The
a equence of row tronsformation .will
by ofrying
kan k of ha matr?e A.
be the
of the
rank of
[Link] the rank the matri
() i 2 3 -| 3 |4 4
-3
2
4x4
3x4
ORz-() Ry
A 5 3 4 4one
2
2 3
-2
Ra Rg+8R;
3
R3 ’ 3Rg+2R2
2 1
Rg 3Ra Ra
12 4
O
237!
33 -3
xitom
Non-zero rows 3
Ran k - 3 o
(1) Find te value af k if tank
""No. ot Non-Zero rows=2
2 Rek
(Gii) Find he fk,
Such that rank=2. R4 - Ra- R,
2 O-3 -
1
2 k
-3
3 So, for ranke2
K-i-3
K,R-2Ry 1 O k=-2
K3> R -3R,ol
2 3
2 3
-. For rank =2, i4 sheud be in Lo o orm
So, K-4 =D
System of neor equatio nt :
Consider m dine oY egua ton in n
n knouone. [Link]
Can be writHen Ae B
[Link]
A= Co-eficient ma tix
am amn
is he variable vector for solu ion matiy
X=
(alA)(A)2
b
2
is cong tant matrirye
B=
bm
Matrix [AlB] or AB
Ony Qn
calbd as Aqumented Matrix
" B+ 0,
i,e, afleast Gne e lemenf s non - zero
lhen AX =B is ca tled a non-honegenow system,
And if B-0, ie, every element in B 's zero (no constaat
In each egua ton) then AX=B sad to be honogen our
cuakont.
Solton of Non -homogenour dpelem of inaar cquatone:
. Condition for Consistencye Caolation prescrt).
e (A) e (AIB)
Ihen, the syrk AXB is always [Link]
*yetem Ax= B contist ant.
<ystem
4
Care : 1
eA)= e (AIE) = n(no. of unknownt)
Then the ystem ha! unique eokton.
Case:2 beatst
e a)- eaIs) n Cno. f unknouons)
n
Then, the zystemm har ?nfinke no. f olu tont.
3n th tase@ a ssign arbitrary conttant to n
variables, where r= e(=e CAIB) and thon solve
for tha remaining varialble întevms of these (n-)
ar bi trary constotako
[AlG] = +2 -I 3
(s varta bles) n=s(varialsler)
n-y 3-2 =1
1’arbitrary cons
Z =k
nstantndanty chongi"g)
= 6 whole rank
3t3k
2et
elA]-2
- 2 Z =3
5 y e 3+2k
then eyslem ie incon sistant.
eA e CAB)
Q. Sove the Syten of euation t 2Ht2Z =2
3xt2y-z 3
22-5y+3Z =-4
A=32 B De + 4 y+ 02 =0
3
-4
4
2 2
[AlB] 5
R ’ Ry-3R
-5 g-4 R3 ’ R-2R,
Ry Reg - R
2 2
Ry 2 Rg+7kg
4 Ry 2Rz + 8 R4
-8
2
- 2,1
-34 34
|8
2
-|
To Chec k:
2 2 eA)= 3 2<)=2
2 + 2 G)+
e[aB) =3 3(2)-2L)+15
elA] = etAs] n (no.f nnknoon s
Solution exit.
only untque +7=-1
> + 2y + 2 2 = 2
7Z = -1 2+ 2-2 =2
x=2/
afolve:
2x-yZ = 2 |2
2
+Z 2 A 4 -7 5
2
4x y -52 =2 A
[A|B] 2--2 Ry R-2Rn
1 2
4 -7 5 2
O -5
R,-R,
e[A) 2
O-5
e AIB] -2
'.' Congis tant Iofntle tolitony
e CA] =e [AIB] n n-= 3 2 =1
2 x-y-Z=2
by-3 z = - 2 lot z=k
’-5y-3k=-9 -5
-2 +3 k
-51
-2 +3k 6+k
) Z=k.
-5 5
Q. Test or consistancy ot z -1
e-y +22 =I
-1 2
A =
-2 3 =1
J [Link]'
R
[AIE]. R3 R,
2-2
4
OO 4
e A) = 3
eCAE) 4 Snconeistant
Q 3x -yt 4z = 3 har infinite eolutions frnd 1
fov'it to be contHant oo st.
6x+ 5y +X =-3 eAJ=e Ae]<3
3 4 3 RiR,-3R 2+5 0
2 3-2
Ry ’ Ry- 2R |= -5
6 -ytoz-9
-3-2
A-y=9-13A 3x-3- 4k+(
65 -3
RRy
.3 k- 2 3k-2
3 I4 3
.Fnd a,u 6
(:) Nooluton |1 2 3 B
8-10
(ti) Unique eolution 2 2
(i) Sn finte soluton
(i) For No soluthon
(A16] I2 3 10
|1 2 eA]# e AIB]
1 16 A-3=0
0 2 4
() For Ontzue
Find
Cxy+z-3 ( ) o co lution )for infntte soltny
(i) Unigue oeA]= eAB Zn=3
=b
So,
(H) Snfte solatand
J
AI6] 2 2 6 3
9a b a-| b-3 00 a-1 b-24
RoRy-R,
Rg R3. &Rz
(:)FoY No kolaon G)Untque soluton
eA]= e AIB] e A]= e
b-27 =0
b-24 +0 b+21
z=kK has infiatke solutin
Q. xtyt-1 ; 2x+Yt42 =k ;4t1+102-
AIIT]R,
A1s] 2 I 4 k R,-2k, 2 k-2ll0--2 k-2
4 1 Io k R3 fR3 -4R,
For nfnite couton, eA]= eAE] z3: s0, k'-3k+2 =0
. K= 1
a Solve the follouwing
(t)
5X,3x-4 X3= 1
2 3y-z 1
2 I -1]R-’Ra-6R,
6
I - 4 R ’ R3-2 2
O,-t -3 2
|-|-12
O. -5 -1 6
2
Ry 3R,- 7R5 2
2 -!
3R4 5R5
28
R 5Ry- 3R4ALo -2
2 -8
C
Ratk
Rs R5 t R4
e(AJe[A IB] 3 ;Onigue [Link]
xt 2(-) + 4 - l
-Il4 -5 Z = 2
-2Z =-8 J-l(y -5)= 2
g22
1 2. I 5 4|
2 | 5 44] Re 2R,-5 Ri
3-2
5-8 -4 R 2R,-3R, o -91-33 -18
!54 2 !5 4
R
:ncoststant
2
Solution off tomogenous syelem of equaton:
.Consider Homoqenous eyckm :
AX=0 withmineariegin nunknowns.
"Ihe homoqenous sylem is olsays con sistant.
Sinces X=
the eysfemm AX =0. as toivial sola tion or) zero
This eolfion s ceLled
eoluton i.e., X=0 nlakon
has a eoleton ofher han fotutal
Ax=0 Tivialsolutin
Ihou that souton it ca led non-
then
AX=O
consls tant)
Case 1:(Tiisl peoatti) Case 2 Non-hial
onzero
n unknow
erA) =n (or) (A| #0 e[A] <n
|Al=0
"Sn case-2 ,we ocsign avbt tvary constant & epretse
-)
the remalnPng varta lbless fn fer,
(n-) arbibag
COnatant.
-+ 4y t4ze0; 1x +1oy +inz =o
a. solve i xt2y+ 32 =°; 3x +
[ 2 3
23
A= 3 4 4 o -4 -9
eIA]3: n3 Trival te lukism ee, yco, Lso). the lon fom
A.
R. dolve : -22 =o: 2x-y ttzo; x-lly+14=0
3 2 3 3
3 - 2
A = 2 4
Ry Ri-2R,
RgRy- Ri 2
const
eA] 2
= n 3 o n kiviol soluton a
(9..Sho that, 2x,- 2x, +X; = 1x, kar Non- trivlal solton
2 e 3 22+ 2X3=) X2
t5uoOx, t 2 X , X Gen. sola in each ca
2-2
(2-) X,
CAJ = 2 -6t) 2
2
2-2 -2 for Non tiviol sol.
Re Ry+2K3 ela]<n n3
R3 2h Oti-d-2t uee (A|=0.
(2=1) 2-2
2 - 6+1)
’2-)s+)-4J +2[2 -1a) +a-6r]
6Xt 2) - 8 - 3 ) * )
’ - 2 + o -8 -4) -t 4 t I-2
for A=1 2 X, t X3
2X|- 4X4 +2X
2
A 2 2
4
-) 3
azo, b= 1 2
2 1
A
3
Avbiha
- 2 cony
2 3-2-1
4 2 Non-triial sol
5X 3/5
-2k=o 5X - 4k + kzo
z= K
a. Shos hat only real no. X for which tha gystem hay
2yt 32= A non- Zero so ution is 6 Ahnd soue
them.
3x+yt 2Z = Ay |A- (-) l-)(-) -s]
2x +21 - [ 3 -32-4]+3[a-2t21] =0
3X + t5 ti2)t23z
2x +
a. Show that realno, 2=6y Kz 5R2 t 3R,
2
- 5 + 2y+ 32 =
3-5 2
3
t2 3 5
n3 n-z 1
2
2 3 let k
-5x y +32=oy5tSk=o
-19 19
-19-9
keR, (k+0
binear Combinaton of Vectors:
". Let the set o Vectors be [Link], n tho
, lineoY Combination of these vecfors is krrtnk
where k,, k , , k g . , k a are ccalars.
Ex -() *>) 5
) k,x, + KyXs=2 t5 4
6 25/ )- )
3/
y The vector i s ntar [Link] of 4he vectr
kineary Bependert Vec tore;Ki, K , k z ,Kn thex
Let the cet f vectors be
Vectof are Said to be linaar ly. not all zero fuch
that calars
e (K, ,k, K3-kay not, all zero, tuck that
k Xn =6
Dinaar oninatou wpth k,=, k,-1
2X1 Hencey ,X are oreay dpendnt.
X a ,Xa) these vec tors
sef f vec tors b e ( ,dentif
Let the thare evist!
to bé nde pen
are said
these vec fors ate sald to
fcalas K,, ki ka - ,ka ) eistt sea lar
ifthere
be inde pen dont, 2ero Sueh that
ka) 'are
(k,,ki kz
2
-kz t 3k
O wfll have t i i a l
we knoo that
Lineay Sn depeat
NoTE: dependant
To Check Whether vectoys ave lineary
ôr) tndependenti mati AA
tors as the colem ns of a
. Pace the given vec
.Find |Al, if Al +o then d qiven vectors are
tly in depen
Aineai7iven
f alo, then qiven
ifa=o, etors are
vectors are lincasy degea dent.
relotion between
the vectort a-e Zineas ly depchdent
a. check whether
+KeX,tRjX, -o
het, the L.c Xn, K, be k, x,
2
Take it in the fom of
Tivial sotion
AX =0 where K
Thus, the lncar combination f Vec torr
only if k k, =k, =0,
Q.6, -2, 4);(2, - ,5); 4 5, -1)
K
5 k, + 2k, + 4 k3OTake fn-the wkerl,
-2k, -3k, +5 kz o forn df
4 K, +5 R2- Tha AX=0. 4
2
2, 4
-2 35 -(0 33
LO. 17 -51y
5 4
n=3 Non - Trivial solution . D.
Vector Norm:Norm of a vector measures the size 6r)
diff. type of otms. Let the vector Le
be
length of vectoy, there ave
1. , nor m or) 1-nc
1-norm
i-1
d. le norm (or) 2 -norm (o) Eucl?de on norm
|xll,=
3. OO-norm
- max Kl , l,..... |X^l :1gisn
4. Generalised norm (o) P-norm
2-norm and. o-norm ofavetor
QFind 1-nom,
X-
Y= (1, -10, 1,1, -7)
+l-1ol°+(+(a1°+/-/?
I+lo0.+1tsI +44
1,I-1ol,Iil, 19l,I- H}=10
-norm ||x llo max