Scribd
Upload
8 views2 pages

Key Concepts in Mathematics

The document covers various mathematical concepts across multiple chapters, including Euclid's Division Lemma, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, and properties of polynomials and linear equations. It also discusses quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions, triangles, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, and probability. Each chapter presents definitions, formulas, and theorems essential for understanding these topics.

Uploaded by

abhinavsharma.as.1604
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views2 pages

Key Concepts in Mathematics

The document covers various mathematical concepts across multiple chapters, including Euclid's Division Lemma, the Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic, and properties of polynomials and linear equations. It also discusses quadratic equations, arithmetic progressions, triangles, coordinate geometry, trigonometry, and probability. Each chapter presents definitions, formulas, and theorems essential for understanding these topics.

Uploaded by

abhinavsharma.as.1604
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Ch-1 Real Numbers

Euclid’s Division Lemma: For given positive integers a and b, there exist unique integers q and r
such that a = bq + r, 0 ≤ r < b.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic: Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a
product of primes, and this factorisation is unique, apart from the order of the factors.
HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers.

Ch-2 Polynomials
Zeroes of a polynomial: Values of x for which P(x)=0.
Quadratic Polynomial: ax²+bx+c.
Relationship between zeroes and coefficients:
• For quadratic: α+β = -b/a, αβ = c/a.
• For cubic: α+β+γ = -b/a, αβ+βγ+γα = c/a, αβγ = -d/a.
Division Algorithm: P(x) = Q(x) × G(x) + R(x), where R(x)=0 or degree R < degree G.

Ch-3 Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables


General form: a■x+b■y+c■=0 and a■x+b■y+c■=0.
Solution types:
• Unique solution if a■/a■ ≠ b■/b■.
• No solution if a■/a■ = b■/b■ ≠ c■/c■.
• Infinitely many solutions if a■/a■ = b■/b■ = c■/c■.
Methods: Substitution, Elimination, Cross Multiplication.

Ch-4 Quadratic Equations


General form: ax²+bx+c=0, a≠0.
Solutions by: Factorisation, Completing Square, Quadratic Formula.
Quadratic Formula: x = (-b ± √(b²-4ac))/(2a).
Nature of Roots depends on discriminant (D=b²-4ac):
• D>0 → Real & distinct,
• D=0 → Real & equal,
• D<0 → Not real.

Ch-5 Arithmetic Progression


nth term: a■ = a + (n-1)d.
Sum of n terms: S■ = n/2 [2a + (n-1)d] or S■ = n/2 (a + l), where l = last term.

Ch-6 Triangles
Basic Proportionality Theorem (Thales): If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle, it divides
the other two sides proportionally.
Pythagoras Theorem: In right triangle, (Hypotenuse)² = (Base)² + (Height)².
Converse of Pythagoras theorem.
Similarity Criteria: AAA, SSS, SAS.
Areas of similar triangles ∝ (corresponding sides)².
Ch-7 Coordinate Geometry
Distance Formula: √((x■-x■)²+(y■-y■)²).
Section Formula: ( (mx■+nx■)/(m+n), (my■+ny■)/(m+n) ).
Midpoint Formula: ( (x■+x■)/2, (y■+y■)/2 ).
Slope of a line: (y■-y■)/(x■-x■).
Equation of line: y=mx+c.

Ch-8 Introduction to Trigonometry


Trigonometric Ratios (in right ∆):
sinθ = Opp/Hyp, cosθ = Adj/Hyp, tanθ = Opp/Adj, cotθ = 1/tanθ, secθ = 1/cosθ, cosecθ = 1/sinθ.
Identities:
• sin²θ+cos²θ=1.
• 1+tan²θ=sec²θ.
• 1+cot²θ=cosec²θ.

Ch-14 Probability
Probability = (Favourable outcomes)/(Total outcomes).
0 ≤ P(E) ≤ 1.
P(E) + P(not E) = 1.

You might also like