\documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage{graphicx} % Required for inserting images
\usepackage{hyperref} % Required for hyperlinks
\usepackage[margin=2cm]{geometry}
\usepackage{subcaption}
\usepackage{blindtext}
\linespread{2}
\begin{document}
\begin{center}
\large {A PROJECT REPORT}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\bfseries{OPTIMIZATION OF SOLAR PV INVERTER BY MPPT ALGORITHM}
\end{center}
\begin{center}
\noindent \textit{Submitted to
Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla
in partial fulfilment of requirement of for the award of the degree of
}
\noindent \textbf{Bachelors of Technology in Electrical Engineering}
\noindent \textbf{By}
\noindent \textbf{SaiSatyam Sassany (2102050002)}
\noindent \textbf{Aditi Jalan (2102050014)}
\noindent \textbf{Sushree Suchismita Mohanty (2102050027)}
\noindent \textbf{Abhishek Pradhan(2102050052)}
\noindent \textbf{Smruti Neha Raul(2102050040)}
\noindent \textbf{Prajna Piyadarshini Sahoo(2102050062)}
\noindent \textbf{Umesh Chandra Mohanta(2102050003)}
\noindent \textit{Under the guidance of}
\noindent \large\textbf{Mr. Manish Tripathy}
\noindent \textbf{Professor in Electrical Engineering}
\begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=3.5cm]{kindpng_3566114.png}
\end{center}
\noindent \textbf{DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING}
\noindent \textbf{VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY}
\noindent \textbf{(SIDDHI VIHAR)BURLA, ODISHA, INDIA}
\noindent \textbf{NOVEMBER, 2024}
\noindent \href{[Link]
\end{center}
\newpage
\begin{center}
\textbf{DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING}
VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
\vspace{0.3cm}
\includegraphics[width=4cm]{kindpng_3566114.png}
\vspace{0.5cm}
\noindent\textbf{\underline{CERTIFICATE}}
\end{center}
This is to certify that the project report
entitled \textbf{"Maximum Power Point Tracking of Standalone Solar PV System under
varying conditions of Irradiance and Temperature"} in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
\textbf{Bachelor of Technology} in
\textbf{Electrical Engineering}, during session
2023-24 in the department of Electrical
Engineering of \textbf{Veer Surendra Sai
University of Technology, Burla(Siddhi Vihar)}, is
a bonafide work carried out by them under my
supervision and guidance.
I believe that the project report fulfills part of
the requirements for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Technology. Neither this report nor
any part of it has been submitted for any degree
or academic award elsewhere.
\vspace{2cm}
\rule{200pt}{1pt} \hspace{1.2cm} \rule{200pt}{1pt}
{Dr. Manish Tripathy} \hspace{5.6cm}{Dr. Manish Tripathy}
\textbf{Head of the department} \hspace{4.3cm} \textbf{Supervisor}
Department of Electrical Engineering \hspace{2.5cm} Department of Electrical
Engineering
VSSUT, Burla-768018 \hspace{5.2cm} VSSUT, Burla-768018
Odisha, India \hspace{6.8cm} Odisha, India
\newpage
\begin{center}
\textbf{DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING}
VEER SURENDRA SAI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY
\vspace{0.2cm}
\includegraphics[width=4cm]{kindpng_3566114.png}
\vspace{0.2cm}
\noindent\textbf{\underline{CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL}}
\end{center}
This is to certify that we have examined the
report entitled \textbf{Maximum Power Point Tracking of Standalone Solar PV System
under varying conditions of Irradiance and Temperature} in partial fulfillment for
the degree of \textbf{Bachelor of Technology} at the Department of \
textbf{Electrical Engineering} of \textbf{Veer Surendra Sai University of
Technology, Burla(Siddhi Vihar), Odisha}
We hereby accord our approval of it as a report work carried out and presented in a
manner required for its acceptance for the partial fulfillment for the award of
degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical Engineering for which it has been
submitted. The approval does not necessarily endorse or accept every statement
made, opinion expressed or conclusions drawn as recorded in this project report. It
only signifies the acceptance of the report for the purpose it has been submitted.
\vspace{3cm}
\rule{200pt}{1pt} \hspace{1.2cm} \rule{200pt}{1pt}
\textbf{Internal Examiner} \hspace{4.5cm}\textbf{External Examiner}
\vspace{0.7cm}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Only the project report is approved}
\end{itemize}
\newpage
%Acknowledgement
\pagenumbering{roman}
\setcounter{page}{1}
\begin{center}
\section*{\underline{ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS}}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Acknowledgements}
\end{center}
\vspace{0.5cm}
We express our deepest gratitude to our project guide \textbf{Dr. Manish
Tripathy, Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical Engineering,} whose
encouragement, guidance and support from the initial to the final level enabled us
to develop an understanding of the subject.
Besides, We would like to thank \textbf{Dr. Manish Tripathy, H.O.D, Department
of Electrical Engineering,} Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology,
Burla(Siddhi Vihar), for providing his invaluable advice and for providing us with
an environment to complete our project successfully.
We are deeply indebted to all faculty members of Electrical Engineering
Department, Veer Surendra Sai University of Technology, Burla(Siddhi Vihar), for
their help in making the project a successful one.
Finally, We take this opportunity to extend our deep appreciation to our family
and friends, for all that they meant to us during the crucial times of the
completion of our project.
\vspace{4cm}
\begin{flushright}
\noindent ([Link]: 2102050002)
\noindent ([Link]: 2102050014)
\noindent ([Link]: 2102050027)
\noindent ([Link]: 2203050001)
\noindent ([Link]: 2102050041)
\noindent ([Link]: 2102050052)
\noindent ([Link]: 2102050062)
\end{flushright}
\newpage
%abstract
\begin{center}
\section*{\underline{ABSTRACT}}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Abstract}
\end{center}
\vspace{0.4cm}
This report delves deeply into the MPPT controller, specifically focusing on
the Perturb and Observe (P\&O) algorithm, detailing its design and how it functions
in real-time environmental conditions. The main priority is to maximize power
output under different temperature and irradiance conditions. Real-time changes are
made possible through the utilization of PRBS signal. It also offers opportunities
for further improvement by monitoring the time needed to reach the maximum power
point (MPP) after deviating from the standard temperature and irradiance.
Therefore, enhancing the efficiency and reliability of the PV array through
optimization. PV systems provide a sustainable option, using sunlight to produce
electricity in a environmentally friendly way. The importance of this project is
found in its ability to tackle major issues that PV systems face, specifically in
maximizing energy conversion efficiency. This not only boosts the total energy
output of the system but also enhances its economic feasibility by maximizing
returns on solar investments. Moreover, the project's goal is to add to the current
knowledge by pinpointing crucial factors that affect the performance of PV systems
and suggesting strategies to optimize future research and development endeavors.
All the simulation was done on the MATLAB Simulink platform. The outcome supports
the previous research findings.
\newpage
\section*{Abbreviations}
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{Abbreviations}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{PV - Photo Voltaic}
\item \textbf{MPPT- Maximum Power Point Tracking}
\item \textbf{MPP- Maximum Power Point}
\item \textbf{P\&O - Perturb \& Observe}
\item \textbf{PRBS- Pseudo-random Binary Sequence}
\end{itemize}
\newpage
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{List of Figures}
\listoffigures
\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{List of Tables}
\listoftables
\newpage
\tableofcontents
\newpage
\section{Introduction}
\pagenumbering{arabic}
\setcounter{page}{1}
Solar energy is a continuously advancing strength, a bright burst of sunlight and
heat from the sun that fuels the future of our world. It serves not just as a
renewable energy source, but also as an unseen stream circulating in the
atmosphere, ready to be utilized. The sun's dynamic energy is harnessed by solar
panels and converted into electricity, creating a connection between the power of
nature and human ingenuity. Solar energy represents the interaction of technology
and nature, a quiet and conceptual exchange where photons and silicon come
together, tapping into unlimited possibilities in a continuous loop of light,
energy, and vitality.
To harness the solar energy, Photovoltaic (PV) arrays are crucial in converting
sunlight into usable electrical energy to utilize solar power. A PV array consists
of several solar panels, each containing numerous solar cells, created to harness
sunlight and transform it into electricity using the photovoltaic effect.
Even though PV arrays show potential as a sustainable energy source, they encounter
various obstacles due to changes in temperature and irradiance. Controlling these
variations is crucial for maximizing the output of solar energy systems as they can
significantly affect their effectiveness and performance.
To optimise the pv array output, the Perturb and Observe (P\&O) algorithm within
the Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) controller is commonly employed in
photovoltaic (PV) systems to enhance performance by constantly modifying the
operating point to capture the maximum power from solar panels. The P\&O algorithm
functions by making small adjustments to the voltage or current of the PV array and
monitoring the power change that occurs. The system is guided towards the Maximum
Power Point (MPP) by the algorithm using the provided data, maximizing power
output.
\newpage
\section{Literature Survey}
\vspace{0.3cm}
\par The main focus of this project is to optimize PV inverters by MPPT
optimization [Link] basic idea behind this project is to increase the
efficiency , get a constant voltage of 230 V and attain maximum power of the PV
inverter. Here we are using different irradiance on PV to get the maximum
efficiency at each one.
\vspace{0.4cm}
\par The PV inverter is used to provide a single phase output voltage of 230V and
is directly connected to the grid of the power system.
\vspace{0.4cm}
Role of solar inverters in solar PV systems:
\vspace{0.4cm}
A solar inverter primarily plays the following roles in a solar power system:
\vspace{0.4cm}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Conversion of DC to AC power
\item Maximization of energy production
\item Ensuring safe system operations
\item Improved grid assistance capabilities
\item Efficient tracking of power output
\end{enumerate}
\vspace{0.4cm}
\vspace{0.4cm}
\vspace{0.4cm}
Shockley [Link] [1] gives the detailed balance limit of efficiency for p-n junction
solar cells, laying the foundation for modern PV cell research.
\vspace{0.4cm}
Green, M. A[2] provides a wide range of research on third-generation photovoltaics,
including organic, dye-sensitized, and quantum dot solar cells, offering insights
into advanced PV cell technologies.
\vspace{0.4cm}
Polman, [Link] [3] provides efficiencies and future challenges of photovoltaic
materials, providing a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in PV cell
technology.
\vspace{0.4cm}
J. A. Gow et al.[4]: provides the development of a PV array model using MATLAB
software and integrates power electronics components within the model to simulate
PV inverter behaviour accurately, contributing to the optimization of PV system
design and control.
\vspace{0.4cm}
J. Youngseok et al[5] provides the improved version of P\&O algorithm for MPPT
optimization. And also this paper is used to provide the control techniques for the
PV array model.
\vspace{0.4cm}
M. A. M. Ramli [Link][6] signifies to attain the maximum power in PV inverter at any
irradiances. By using concept of maximum power point tracking we get the maximum
power and improved efficiency.
\begin{enumerate}
\subsection{Project Motivation}
The objective of this project is to create an MPPT controller that can adjust to
changing environmental factors such as temperature and irradiance, while
efficiently maintaining tracking of the time needed to reach the maximum power
point (MPP).
A fixed MPPT algorithm may not be sufficiently adaptable to rapidly respond to
fluctuations in temperature and irradiance. Quicker and more astute tracking
techniques are needed to guarantee that the system is consistently functioning at
its optimal level.
The project is driven by the necessity for improved and reliable MPPT control in
solar energy systems. By taking into account temperature and irradiance
fluctuations, along with monitoring the time it takes to achieve the peak power
output, we can enhance the overall efficiency of solar PV systems. The suggested
project aims to create a smarter MPPT algorithm that enhances efficiency, response
times, and energy output in varied real-life settings.
\end{enumerate}
\vspace{0.4cm}
\begin{enumerate}
\subsection{Selecting an optimization technique}
We conducted extensive research to select an MPPT algorithm for this project.
There are different algorithms present in this field. Nevertheless, making a choice
is an important undertaking. We chose the P\&O algorithm due to its capability to
quickly adjust to changes in environmental conditions, like sunlight and heat,
making it ideal for use in settings where these factors fluctuate often throughout
the day. Moreover, the algorithm consistently observes and modifies the operating
point, ensuring continuous monitoring of the MPP (Maximum Power Point) regardless
of variations in sunlight conditions. Hence, the P\&O algorithm is most appropriate
for the MPPT optimization technique employed in this project.
\end{enumerate}
\vspace{0.4cm}
\begin{enumerate}
\subsection{Organization of the Thesis}
\item \textbf{Chapter 1} briefly gives the introduction .
\item \textbf{Chapter 2} gives survey of existing literature , project motivation.
\item \textbf{Chapter 3} discusses the various components and elements that
constitute photovoltaic systems.
\item \textbf{Chapter 4} gives the overview of the maximum power point tracking and
different MPPT techniques.
\item \textbf{Chapter 5} discuss the analysis of the perturb and observe method for
tracking maximum power points in PV systems.
\item \textbf{Chapter 6} discussion on controlled algorithms and their application
in maximizing power output using perturbation and observation techniques.
\item \textbf{Chapter 7} presentation of a Simulink and Hardware model.
\item \textbf{Chapter 8} presents the result and discussion of the study .
\item \textbf{Chapter 9} conclusion followed by interested future work suggested.
\end{enumerate}
\newpage
\section{Photovoltaic System Components}
\subsection{Photovoltaic cell}
A photovoltaic or photoelectric cell, which is a semiconductor device, utilizes the
photovoltaic effect to transform light into electrical power. Current is generated
when a photon of light with energy higher than the band gap releases an electron,
leading to electron movement.
\vspace{0.3cm}
\par On the contrary, a photovoltaic cell is distinct from a photodiode. A
photodiode's semiconductor junction channel is illuminated by light, resulting in
the conversion of light into a current or voltage signal while always being
forward-biased.
\subsection{PV module}
In order to meet energy demands, multiple PV modules are typically connected in
parallel and in series. Commercial PV modules are available in different sizes,
usually between 60W and 170W. For example, a small desalination plant requires only
a few thousand watts of power.
\subsection{PV modeling}
A photovoltaic array consists of numerous solar cells that are linked together both
in parallel and in series. While the current in the array is boosted by parallel
connection, the voltage of the module is increased by series connection.
\vspace{0.4cm}
\par A solar cell can frequently be symbolized by combining a current source with a
diode in parallel that is reversed. It has its own resistance in parallel and
series. Series resistance occurs due to blockage in the electron flow path between
the n and p junctions, whereas leakage current is the reason for parallel
resistance.
\newpage
\section{Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithms}
\subsection{An overview of the Maximum Power Point Tracking Algorithm}
MPPT is a method employed in solar and other renewable energy systems to maximize
power generation. The aim is to constantly modify the working state of the system
(like a solar panel) in order to produce the highest power output achievable,
despite variations in environmental factors such as sunlight level and temperature.
MPPT algorithms aid in optimizing PV panel performance by ensuring the system
operates at its peak efficiency by maximizing the power output at the Maximum Power
Point (MPP), which is influenced by environmental variables.
\vspace{0.4cm}
\subsection{Working Principle Of MPPT}
External factors such as sunlight and temperature impact the Power-Voltage (P-V)
curve of solar panels. The curve usually shows one peak - the Maximum Power Point
(MPP) - where the multiplication of current (I) and voltage (V) is at its maximum.
Running the system at the Maximum Power Point guarantees the highest energy output.
If the panel is not working under the MPP, it is not harnessing all the sunlight's
energy, leading to lower power output.
If the panel functions beyond the MPP, it might work at a suboptimal point and
squander energy.
MPPT algorithms continuously adapt the solar panel's operating voltage to locate
and follow this point instantly, actively adjusting to variations in light levels
and temperature.
\subsection{Function of MPPT}
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Maximize Power Generation:}
The MPPT controller plays a crucial role in this process by continuously
monitoring the power generation voltage of the PV photovoltaic panel and tracking
the highest voltage (V) and current value (A).
\item \textbf{Immediate changes:}As the MPP is variable, MPPT consistently
analyzes the solar panel's voltage and current, making real-time adjustments to
track this point.
\item \textbf{Optimize Energy Capture:}In a solar energy system, the amount of
energy produced is directly related to the power output of the solar panel. MPPT
ensures that the system always produces the most power possible by following the
MPP, leading to enhanced energy efficiency and system performance.
\item \textbf{Improve Efficiency:}MPPT minimizes power losses and keeps the
system from operating inefficiently by optimizing the panel's voltage and current.
\item \textbf{Improving Overall System Performance:}MPPT not only boosts the
solar panel's efficiency, but also improves the whole performance of the solar
power system (such as the inverter, battery storage, and grid connection) by making
sure that the maximum power is transferred to the inverter or the grid.
\end{itemize}
\newpage
\section{ Control Algorithm For MPPT Perturb \& Observe ( P\&O) Technique:}
\begin{itemize}
\item P\&O is utilized to monitor the MPP. This method is monitoring the
maximum power point of a solar panel system on a large scale caused by the minor
fluctuations in the power output of a photovoltaic module.
\item The power output has to be measured in comparison to the previous output
power and Periodic measurements are taken to determine the output power.
\item A solar panel is comprised of PV [Link] the voltage and current
results in changes whenever they rise or fall and the power is either increased or
decreased.
\item The P\&O algorithm is compelled to reach the Maximum Power Point. The
alteration of P\&O approach's direction rely on the PV voltage rising and falling
principle .
\item When the voltage goes up, the P\&O stays the same. When the voltage
decreases, the P\&O changes direction the opposite way. And the result is produced
through this procedure.
\item The flow chart of algorithm is shown. The algorithm records the voltage
and power at the kth instant after reading the current and voltage readings from
the solar PV module and calculating the power from them.
\item The power is then recalculated once the values at the (k+1)th instant
are measured. Next, the values at the kth instant are subtracted from the power and
voltage at the (k+1)th instant.
\item Analyzing the solar PV module's power-voltage curve reveals that the left
side of the curve has a positive slope (dP/dV >0), while the right side shows a
nearly constant voltage and a negative power voltage slope (dP/dV\<0).
\item Consequently, a lower duty cycle (close to zero) is represented by the
right side of the curve, while a greater duty cycle (close to unity) is represented
by the left.
\item The method decides whether to raise or lower the duty cycle based on the
sign of dP(P(k+1) - P(k)) and dV(V(k+1) - V(k)) following subtraction, the
algorithm decides whether to increase the duty cycle or decrease the duty cycle.
\end{itemize}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=16cm]{p&o [Link]}
\caption{Solar panel characteristics showing MPP and duty cycle}
\end{figure*}
\vspace{4cm}
%Figure 4.1 depicts a plot of module output power vs module voltage for a solar
panel under a certain irradiation. The MPP symbol represents the Maximum Power
Point, which is the theoretical maximum output that the PV panel can produce.
Consider A and B as two operational locations. As illustrated in the picture above,
point A is located on the MPP's left side. As a result, by perturbing the voltage
positively, we can get closer to the MPP. On the other hand, point B is located on
the right side of the MPP. When we apply a positive perturbation, the value of dP
becomes negative, hence it is important to shift the direction of perturbation to
obtain MPP.[7].
\newpage
\subsection{Flow Chart For MPPT Algorithm}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=16cm]{p&o [Link]}
\caption{Flow chart of MPPT algorithm}
\label{fig:3}
\end{figure*}
\newpage
\section{PRBS Signal}
\subsection{Introduction:}
A periodic, deterministic signal that fluctuates between two values and has
characteristics similar to white noise is called a pseudorandom binary sequence
(PRBS). With a maximum period length of 2n–1, where n is the PRBS order, a PRBS
signal is by nature periodic.
\subsection{PRBS Characteristics:}
\begin{itemize}
\item Periodicity: There is a clear pattern to the PRBS sequence's periodicity.
\item Randomness: By simulating random fluctuations, it can depict transient
environmental shifts (such as changes in temperature, wind,or irradiance
variation).
\item Amplitude: The PRBS signal's amplitude can be adjusted to correspond with the
anticipated range of temperature and irradiance variations.
\end{itemize}
\subsection{Modifying Temperature and Irradiance Using PRBS:}
The PRBS Signal generated is used for modification of Temperature and
Irradiance. It is done so as to create environmental like conditions.
\par The PRBS signal is intended to be used to introduce changes to the constant
values of temperature and irradiance. This is how to accomplish it:
\begin{itemize}
\item \textbf{Temperature (T)} and \textbf{Irradiance (G)} values can be
the base parameters in the system. For example:
\item \textbf{T\_base =} 25°C (base temperature)
\item \textbf{G\_base =} 1000 W/m² (base irradiance)
\end{itemize}
After that, the PRBS signal is scaled to an appropriate range. For example:
To replicate brief temperature changes, PRBS\_T could fluctuate between 0°C and
1°C.
To replicate variations in solar irradiance brought on by passing clouds or other
circumstances, PRBS\_G could ranges from 0 W/m² to 10 W/m².
A time-varying temperature and irradiance can be produced by combining the PRBS
signal with the base values:
\begin{equation}
T_Var = T\_base + PRBS\_T
\end{equation}
\vspace{0.2 cm}
\begin{equation}
G_Var = G\_base + PRBS\_G
\end{equation}
Where:
T\_var (t) and G\_var (t) are the temperature and irradiance variations over time,
respectively.
PRBS\_T and PRBS\_G are Temperature and irradiance are represented by the generated
PRBS signals,respectively .
\
\begin{figure}
% \centering
\includegraphics[width=1\linewidth]{prbs grap3 (1).jpg}
\caption{Graph showing PRBS value, PRBS\_T and PRBS\_G against variation of
time.}
\label{fig:enter-label}
\end{figure}
\newpage
\section{Simulink Model}
\subsection{Theoretical design evaluation of inverter using MATLAB}
\subsubsection{Simulink Model}
\begin{itemize}
\item A Simulink model can be a powerful tool for optimizing a photovoltaic
(PV) system. This involves refining the system's performance, efficiency, and
reliability.
\item The model consist of a PV array which respond to changes in irradiance
and temperature using a MPPT controller having pertub and observe algorithm .
\item This MPPT controller is used to generate PWM signal which is used to
change the duty cycle acting as an control signal to the DC DC converter that
tracks the maximum power point providing optimum output.
\item THe voltage and current are measured across the load which is used to
calculate the maximum power with respect to corresponding irradiance and
temperature .
\end{itemize}
For evaluation of the MPPT controlled PV array we have designed the MATLAB Simulink
model of the PV array using the tool MATLAB. Here is the simulink of model of the
PV array in the following page.
\vspace{1cm}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[angle=90, width=10cm]{Screenshot 2024-12-02 [Link]}
\caption{Simulink Model}
\label{fig:enter-label}
\end{figure}
\newpage
\section{Results and Discussion}
\subsection{Power measurement plot}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=15cm]{graph3 (1).jpg}
\caption{Power measurement plot of PV array}
\label{fig:9}
\end{figure*}
\vspace{0.4cm}
\begin{itemize}
\item In this plot output power across the load terminal for specific
irradiance and temperature is calculated .
\end{itemize}
\vspace{0.4cm}
\subsection{ Excel sheet output}
\begin{figure*}[!htb]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=15cm]{Screenshot 2024-12-03 [Link]}
\caption{}power measurement of PV array
\label{fig:10}
\end{figure*}
\vspace{0.4cm}
\noindent\begin{itemize}
\item Here we get the value of maximum power, time of power maximum, voltage
at power maximum .
\end{itemize}
\newpage
\subsection{Discussion}
Initially a PRBS signal is generated and taken to excel sheet from where these
values are taken to the workspace of MATLAB and assigned variables as temperature
and irradiance . These values are given as input to the PV array. The current and
voltage are taken from the PV array and given to the MPPT controller which operate
on the basis of perturb and observe algorithm . This calculate a reference value
which is compared with the voltage and a error is generated . This error is allowed
to pass through a PID controller and compared to a carrier signal to generate a PWM
wave . This wave is fed to the DC DC converter to change the duty cycle and track
the maximum power [Link] value of maximum power, time of maximum power and
voltage of maximum power are calculated and the value are stored in the excel sheet
.
\newpage
\section{Conclusion and Future Scope}
\subsection{Conclusion}
In addition to discussing the modeling and simulation of PV array , this research
included the application of optimization approaches to the MPPT algorithm and the
usage of PRBS signal . The maximum power along with the time and voltage at that
instant of specific irradiance and temperature are found in the MATLAB and simulink
result. The simulation also suggests ways to maximize the PV array power , such as
tracking the maximum power point using a P\&O algorithm .The outcomes here will
promote the widespread usage of solar PV controlled systems for both residential
and commercial buildings because to their clean and adaptable nature.
\subsection{Future Scope}
\begin{itemize}
\item Enhanced Grid Stability \& Reliability:
Dynamic MPPT response to grid changes.
\item Real-time Control with LabVIEW:
Visualize MPPT performance.
Streamlined system monitoring and decision-making.
\item Autonomous Decision-Making \& Self-Optimization:
MPPT algorithms for autonomous, optimized energy flow.
Continuous assessment of grid and weather data.
\end{itemize}
\newpage
\section*{References}
\begin{enumerate}
\item Maximum Power Generation From Solar Panel By Using P \& O MPPT.
DOI10.1109/ICICCSP53532.2022.9862380 pp. 368
\item Research on MPPT control and implementation method for photovoltaic
generation system and its simulation. DOI: 10.1109/IPEMC.2009.5157747 pp. 1341
\item Understanding the PRBS signal as an optimum input signal in the wavelet-
correlation method of system identification using multiresolution [Link]:
10.1109/SECON.2005.1423213
[Link] pp. 39 40
\end{enumerate}
\end{document}