‫فقرة‬

‫لو سألك‬
Note ‫تعالى نجمع‬

Master gland Pituitary gland

Activity gland
Thyroid gland
Bone gland Parathyroid gland
Sugar regulator Pancreas
gland. {Islets of Langerhans}
Emotional gland Adrenal gland
 Note Type of stimulation of the Human glands

Hormonal stimulation
Thyroid gland
Conc. of substance in blood
Parathyroid gland Conc. of substance in blood

Mammary gland Hormonal stimulation

Hormonal stimulation
Adrenal gland
Nervous stimulation
 Note
Type of stimulation of the Human mixed glands

Nervous stimulation
Pancreas Hormonal stimulation
Conc. of substance in blood

Ductal cells of stomach Hormonal stimulation

 ‫تعالى نجمع الهرمونات الي ليهم تأثير عكس بعض‬
Hormones that have antagonizing effects.

 Parathormone hormone Calcitonin hormone

 Insulin Glucagon – Adrenaline – Noradrenaline

Glucocorticoids – Thyroxin
Adrenal cortex hormones and ACTH
33) Study the table in front of you that expresses the result
of medical analysis that measures the concentration of
ACTH and aldosterone hormones in blood, then determine.
What can you conclude? (Experimental Exam 2, 2021)

A) Disturbance in both of pituitary gland and adrenal gland cortex.

B) The adrenal gland cortex responds to hyperactivity of the pituitary gland.
C) The pituitary gland works normally with enlargement of adrenal gland
cortex.
D) Both of the two glands work normally
Note
Vesicular cells

Vesicular cells that act as endocrine gland

Vesicular cells of thyroid gland that secrete

thyroxin hormone
Vesicular cells that act as exocrine gland
Pancreatic acini of pancreas that secrete
pancreatic juice
Note
Vesicular cells
TSH
Vesicular cells that work under hormonal
stimulation
Vesicular cells of thyroid gland
Vesicular cells that work under nervous and
hormonal stimulation Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Pancreatic acini of pancreas
Note
Chemical structure
Note

The relationship between ACTH and adrenal cortex

hormones

Adrenal cortex Adrenaline

hormones Noradrenaline ACTH

Adrenal cortex
ACTH ACTH
hormones
 Note
The relationships

Rate of excretion of

Conc. of potassium
Conc. of sodium in

sodium

in blood
blood

Conc. of Aldosterone Conc. of Aldosterone Conc. of Aldosterone

hormone hormone hormone
Rate of excretion of

Conc. of Aldosterone
Conc. of Aldosterone
potassium

hormone
hormone

Conc. of Aldosterone
hormone Conc. of sodium in blood Conc. of potassium in blood
 Note
The relationships
Conc. of Glucose in blood
Insulin Conc. of Fructose in blood
Glucagon

Insulin Conc. of Glucose in blood Insulin

Glucagon
Amount of glycogen in

Amount of glycogen in liver

liver and muscles

Weight of the liver

muscles

Insulin
Insulin Glucagon Glucagon
Note
‫تعالى نجمع‬

Both Adrenal cortex and Adrenal medulla

1- Increase the glucose level in the blood
2- Increase the blood pressure

Adrenal cortex Secrete cortisol and corticosterone

Aldosterone hormone

Adrenal medulla
Secrete Adrenaline
& Noradrenaline
Note
‫تعالى نجمع‬

 The ADH increases the blood pressure to the normal

level.

 But Adrenaline (During emergency) temporarily

increases the blood pressure above the normal level.
Blood pressure

Adrenaline
Normal blood pressure
ADH

Time
 Note

 ADH
 Increases the blood pressure by direct way
 (vasoconstriction of B.V)
 increase the blood pressure but decreases the blood osmolarity
 (as it reabsorbs water only)
 Aldosterone hormone
 increases the blood pressure but with maintaining
the Blood osmolarity
(As it reabsorbs sodium which passively absorbs water)
 Homework
Questions

47) Which of the following is responsible for increasing the blood

pressure while maintaining blood osmosis?

A) ADH.
B) Thyroxin.
C) Aldosterone.
D) Androsterone.
 Homework
Questions

48) What is the hormone which is responsible for increasing blood

pressure with low blood osmosis?

A) ADH.
B) Thyroxin.
C) Aldosterone.
D) Androsterone.
 Note
comparison

 Both Adrenaline & noradrenaline and Glucagon stimulate

the conversion of glycogen into glucose

Adrenaline & noradrenaline stimulates the conversion of

glycogen into glucose in LIVER AND MUSCLES
BUT
Glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen into glucose
in LIVER ONLY
Note
comparison

Adrenaline & noradrenaline have receptors on

liver and muscle cells

Glucagon have receptors on liver cells only

 Homework
Questions

39) What is the hormone that has no receptors

on the muscles?

A) Adrenaline.
B) Growth.
C) Testosterone.
D) Glucagon.
 External sources
Questions

The opposite figure shows the mechanism of

action of hormone (X) on target cells. Study it,
then identify: Which of the following represents
hormone (X)?
A) ADH
B) TSH
C) Adrenaline
D) Glucagon
 Note
insulin

 Role played by insulin in oxidation of glucose (Catabolism):

Passing of glucose through membranes of body cells

 Role played by insulin in storage of glucose (Anabolism):

Conversion of excess glucose into glycogen to be stored
in liver and muscles
Conversion of excess glucose into lipids to be stored in
adipose tissue
71) What is the role that is played by insulin hormone
in oxidation of glucose inside the body cells?
( 1st session ,2023)

A) Converts the excess glucose into glycogen that is oxidized

when needed.
B) Activates respiratory enzymes inside liver and muscle cells.
C) Passes glucose through the membranes of body cells.
D) Passes glucose through the intestinal lining to the blood.
 External sources
Questions

The opposite diagram shows the structure and function

of an organ in the body.
What distinguishes hormone (X) from hormone (Y)?

A) Catabolic hormone
B) An anabolic hormone
C) Composed of amino acids
D) Under the control of the pituitary
gland
70) The opposite diagram represents one
of the human body organs. Which of the
following graphs represents the effect of
hormones (A) and (B) on the
concentration of the substance in blood?
(2nd session ,2022)
Note
‫تعالى نجمع‬

:‫ ممكن تحصل نتيجه‬Obesity ‫ال‬

Hyposecretion of Thyroxine hormone (Myxedema)

Eating food rich in carbohydrates

Hypersecretion of Insulin hormone
Note
‫تعالى نجمع‬

Contents of gastric juices {Gastrin hormone}

 Essential for activating digestive enzymes like pepsin
 HCL  Kills or inhibits most bacteria and pathogens ingested with food.
 Pepsin enzyme  Protein Digestion

Contents of pancreatic juices {Secretin - Cholecystokinin}

 Neutralizes the acidic contents
 Bicarbonate Ions (HCO₃⁻) passing from the stomach,

 Trypsin enzyme  Protein Digestion

 Pancreatic Lipase  Fat Digestion

 Pancreatic Amylase  Carbohydrate Digestion

 Note
‫تعالى نجمع‬

Contents of gastric juices {Gastrin hormone}

 HCL of 
Contents Gall bladder:
Essential for activating{Cholecystokinin}
digestive enzymes like pepsin
 Kills or inhibits most bacteria and pathogens ingested with food.
 Bile
 Pepsin enzyme
juice  Protein Digestion
 Help in Fat digestion
Contents of pancreatic juices {Secretin - Cholecystokinin}
 Neutralizes the acidic contents
 Bicarbonate Ions (HCO₃⁻) passing from the stomach,

 Trypsin enzyme  Protein Digestion

 Pancreatic Lipase  Fat Digestion

 Pancreatic Amylase  Carbohydrate Digestion

(A) (B) (C) (D)
 Homework
Questions

19) Which of the following hormones control the secretion

of (amylase, lipase, trypsinogen, NaHCO3) from their site of
secretion to pour in the duodenum?

A) Gastrin.
B) Cholecystokinin.
C) Secretin.
D) Both B and C.
 External sources
Questions

The figure illustrates blood vessels connected to

the liver. Identify them, then conclude: Which of
the following hormones increases glucose levels
in vessels (X) and (Y), respectively?
A) Insulin - Glucagon
B) Adrenaline - Glucagon
C) Glucagon - Insulin
D) Thyroxine - Glucagon
 Hormones that keep the internal balance of the
body
ADH
Maintain the balance of water and minerals in the
Aldosterone
blood

Calcitonin
Maintain the normal level of calcium in blood.
Parathormone

Insulin Maintain the glucose level in blood at a constant

Glucagon level that equals (80-120 milligram/100 cm³).
 Hormones of metabolism (metabolic processes)

Controls the metabolic processes, especially the protein

Growth hormone synthesis, therefore it controls the body physical growth.

Thyroxine Controls the basal metabolic rate in the body (catabolism)

Cortisone Regulates the carbohydrates (sugar-starch) metabolism

Corticosterone in the body
 Stimulates the glucose oxidation inside the different body
Insulin cells and tissues (catabolic process).
 Stimulates the conversion of glucose into glycogen that is
stored in the liver and muscles or into lipids that are
stored in different body tissues (anabolic process).
 Hormones related to the digestion process

Site of secretion Hormone Action

mucous membrane Transferred through the blood to the
Gastrin stomach again, stimulating it to secrete
lining the stomach
the gastric juice.
mucous membrane Secretin Transferred through the blood to the
lining the small intestine CCK pancreas, stimulating it to secrete the
pancreatic juice.

mucous membrane Transferred through the blood to the Gall

CCK bladder, stimulating its contraction to
lining the small intestine
secrete the bile juice in the duodenum
 Hormones of the impulse transmission

It is important for adjusting the sodium level that is

Aldosterone responsible for the muscle response to the neural
stimulation through the muscle fiber.

Parathormone They are important for adjusting the calcium level

calcitonin that is responsible for the nerve impulse transmission
through the nerve fibers.
 Homework
Questions

49) What is the hormone that is responsible for stimulating the

muscle to respond to nervous stimulation?

A) Insulin.
B) Parathormone.
C) Calcitonin.
D) Aldosterone.
 External sources
Questions

In the opposite figure, which of the following hormones

control the biological processes carried out by
structures (1) and (2), respectively?

A) Insulin - Calcitonin
B) Parathormone - Aldosterone
C) Thyroxine - Cortisone
D) Calcitonin - Parathormone
Hormones that affect the mammary glands in
human female

 Estrogen
 Progesterone
 Prolactin
 Oxytocin
Previous Exams
Questions
19)The table in front of you shows the response of 4 parts
of endocrine glands for hormones of pituitary gland in the
human body. What does number (1) refer to?
(Experimental Exam 1 , 2021)

A) Medulla of adrenal gland.

B) Cortex of adrenal gland.
C) Thyroid gland.
D) The ovary.
67) The following figure represents the role of two hormones that are
secreted from the same gland. Which of the following is considered the
correct effect of the two hormones? (Experimental exam 1 ,2021)

A) The decrease of hormone in stage (1) decreases the glycogen percentage in

liver.
B) The increase of hormone in stage (1) decreases the glycogen percentage in liver.
C) The increase of hormone in stage (2) decreases the glucose sugar in blood.
D) The decrease of hormone in stage (3) increases the glucose sugar in cells.
46) What are the types of stimuli for the exocrine and the
endocrine glands of pancreas respectively?
(Experimental Exam 2 ,2021)

A) Hormonic and concentration of a certain substance in

blood.
B) Hormonic and hormonic.
C) Concentration of a certain substance in blood and
hormonic.
D) Concentration of certain substance in blood and
concentration of certain substance in blood.
69) Study the opposite diagram which represents the effect of 3
hormones X, Y and Z on different parts of the human body then
determine: What are the glands that secrete Y and Z hormones
respectively? (Final exam 1st session ,2021)

A) adrenal – Pancreas.
B) Pancreas – Thyroid.
C) Thyroid – Pancreas.
D) Thyroid – Parathyroid
68) Study the opposite diagram that represents the effect of three
hormones X, Y and Z on different parts of human body, determine
what are the glands that secrete two hormones X and Y
respectively? (Final Exam 2nd session ,2021)

A) Thyroid – Pancreas.
B) Pancreas – Adrenal.
C) Thyroid – Adrenal.
D) Adrenal – Thyroid.
47) What affects the secretion of two hormones (A)
and (B)? (First session ,2022)
A) Accumulation of fats in liver.
B) Hormones of pituitary gland.
C) The percentage of glucose in blood.
D) The percentage of sodium and potassium
in blood.
35) The following diagram represents two organs inside
the human body: Which of the following represents the
non-ductal secretion?
(First session ,2022)

A) Secretin.
B) Prolactin.
C) Gastrin.
D) ADH.
52) Leptin hormone is called the satiety hormone as it
reduces the appetite and organizes the quantities of food
that the body needs. What is the hormone whose effect
antagonizes the leptin hormone ? (1st session ,2022)

A) Growth.
B) Glucagon.
C) Gastrin.
D) Thyroxine.
51) Which of the following hormones if it returns back to its
normal level after its increase, the person will not return back to
its normal state before the increase ?(2nd session ,2022)

A) Growth
B) Gastrin
C) Insulin
D) Glucagon
13) A person feeds on large quantities of carbohydrates in
his/her meal. What is the consequence of eating these
quantities? (Experimental Exam, 2023)

A) Deposition of fats inside liver cells.

B) Conversion of glycogen into glucose.
C) The person becomes very slim.
D) Decrease of fat inside the muscle cells.
32) The figure illustrates two types of glandular cells
in the human body. What distinguishes gland A from
gland B? (Experimental Exam ,2023)

A) Secrets hormones.
B) Controls blood sugar level.
C) Controls the metabolic rate.
D) Secrets digestive enzymes.
55) What is the similarity between vasopressin and
aldosterone hormones? (1st session, 2023)

A) Their target cells.

B) The type of their secretory cells.
C) The stimulus that causes their secretion.
D) Their chemical structure.
72) What is the process in which the insulin hormone
is not involved in? (2nd session ,2023)

A) Catabolic processes.
B) Anabolic processes.
C) Regulate the blood pressure.
D) Regulate internal environment (homeostasis).
48) Which of the following statements best describes the action of
gastrin hormone? (2nd session ,2023)

A) Stimulates the same type of cells that secrete it in stomach lining.

B) Arrives directly from the secreting lining cells to its target cells in
the stomach.
C) Stimulates another type of cells other than its secreting cells in
the stomach lining.
D) Its receptors are found in all types of cells in the stomach lining.
50) What factor is not considered a stimulator for the secretion of
hormones? (Final 2024 , First session)

A) Occurrence of change in blood plasma contents.

B) Secretion of other hormones.
C) Presence of receptors in the target cells.
D) Transmitting of a nerve impulse to the gland.
49) What is (are) the source of the hormones that affect the male
genital system and fertility? (Final 2024 , First session)

A) Pituitary gland only.

B) Two Testes and pituitary gland.
C) The pituitary gland and adrenal cortex.
D) Testes, adrenal cortex, and pituitary gland.
73) What distinguishes the beta cells of the pancreas
from the cells of the posterior lobe of the pituitary
gland? (Final 2024 , First session)

A) Stimulated by other hormones.

B) Can produce hormones.
C) Pours its secretions in the blood directly.
D) Its secretions increase the blood glucose level
THANK
YOU!