C H A P T E R

2 Determinants

The determinant of a matrix is a scalar value that can be calculated for a square matrix (a matrix with the same
number of rows and columns). It serves as a scaling factor that is used for the transformation of a matrix.
It provides important information about the matrix, such as whether the matrix is invertible (i.e., has an
inverse), and the volume of geometric shapes associated with the matrix. It is also useful for finding the
solution of a system of linear equations.
Determinant of Matrix is defined as the sum of products of the elements of any row or column along with their
corresponding co-factors.

The determinant is defined only for square matrices of any order 2 × 2, 3 × 3, 4 × 4, 𝑜𝑟 𝑛 × 𝑛, where n is the
number of rows or the number of columns. (For a square matrix number of rows and columns are equal).

For any set S of all square matrices, and R the set of all numbers the function 𝑓, 𝑓: 𝑆 → 𝑅 is defined as 𝑓 (𝑥) =
𝑦, where 𝑥 ∈ 𝑆 and 𝑦 ∈ 𝑅, then 𝑓 (𝑥) is called the determinant of the input matrix.

The determinant of a matrix 𝐴 is denoted |𝐴|, or sometimes 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴). The determinant is only defined for square
matrices.
𝑛
|𝐴| = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝐶𝑖𝑗
𝑗=1

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the determinant of the submatrix obtained by removing row 𝑖 and column 𝑗 .

|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12

Determinant of a 1×1 matrix

𝐴 = [𝑎11 ] ; 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 𝑎11
Determinant of a 2×2 matrix
𝑎11 𝑎12
𝐴 = [𝑎 𝑎22 ] ; 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 𝑎11 𝑎22 − 𝑎12 𝑎21
21

EXAMPLE
4 1
Find the determinant of the matrix 𝐴 = ( )
0 2
Solution:
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 |𝐴| = |4 1| = 4 × 2 − 1 × 0
0 2

=8−0=8

EXAMPLE

Find the determinant of the matrix 𝑨 = (−𝟔 𝟑)

−𝟏 𝟏
Solution:

|𝐴| = |−6 3| = −6 × 1 − 3 × −1
−1 1
= −6 + 3 = −3

Determinant of a 3×3 matrix

DEFINITION The determinant of a 3×3 matrix can be calculated by breaking it down into smaller 2×2 matrices,
as follows:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
𝑑 𝑐 𝑑 𝑒
|𝑑 𝑒 𝑓 | = 𝑎 |𝑒 𝑓
|−𝑏| |+𝑐| |
ℎ 𝑖 𝑔 𝑖 𝑔 ℎ
𝑔 ℎ 𝑖
Or
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎23 𝑎21 𝑎22
| 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 | = 𝑎11 | 22
𝑎32 𝑎33 | − 𝑎12 |𝑎31 𝑎33 | + 𝑎13 |𝑎31 𝑎32 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33

Here's one way of interpreting the formula: for each element 𝑎1𝑖 . in the top row, block out the row and column it
belongs to, and calculate the determinant of the remaining uncovered 2×2 matrix, then multiply that by 𝑎1𝑖 . The
determinant is the sum of those values, alternating addition and subtraction.
𝑛
|𝐴| = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑗 𝐶𝑖𝑗
𝑗=1

𝐶𝑖𝑗 = (−1)𝑖+𝑗 𝑀𝑖𝑗

𝑀𝑖𝑗 is the determinant of the submatrix obtained by removing row 𝑖 and column 𝑗 .

|𝐴| = 𝑎11 𝐶11 + 𝑎12 𝐶12 + 𝑎13 𝐶13

EXAMPLE

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 1 2 1
Find the determinant of the matrix(0 3 4)
3 1 4

Solution:
1 2 1
3 4 0 4 0 3
|0 3 4| = 1 | |− 2| |+ 1| |
1 4 3 4 3 1
3 1 4
= 1(3 × 4 − 4 × 1) − 2(0 × 4 − 4 × 3) + 1(0 × 1 − 3 × 3)
= 1(12 − 4) − 2(0 − 12) + 1(0 − 9)
= 8 + 24 − 9 = 32

EXAMPLE

1 0 3
Find the determinant of the matrix(−1 −1 −3)
0 0 6

Solution:
1 0 3
−1 −3 −1 −3 −1 −1
|−1 −1 −3| = 1 | |− 0| |+ 3| |
0 6 0 6 0 0
0 0 6
= 1(−1 × 6 − (−3) × 0) − 0(−1 × 6 − (−3) × 0) + 3(−1 × 0 − (−1) × 0)
= 1(−6 − 0) − 0(−6 − 0) + 3(0 − 0)
= −6 + 0 + 0 = −6
Note: There was no need to work out the second 2×2 determinant as it was being multiplied by zero
Properties of Determinants

Determinant of Identity Matrix

An identity matrix is a square matrix in which all the elements of the main diagonal are ones, and all other
elements are zeros. For example, a 3×3 identity matrix looks like this:
1 0 0
𝐼 = | 0 1 0|
0 0 1
The determinant of an identity matrix of any size is always 1. This property can be understood intuitively by
considering that the identity matrix represents a transformation that leaves vectors unchanged when multiplied
by it. Since the determinant measures how a matrix scales the space, the determinant of an identity matrix,
which doesn’t scale the space at all, is 1.
Mathematically, we can express this as:
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐼) = 1

Determinant of Symmetric Matrix

A symmetric matrix is a square matrix that is equal to its transpose. In other words, if 𝐴 is a symmetric matrix,
then 𝐴 = 𝐴𝑇 . Symmetric matrices have several interesting properties, one of which is that their determinants
remain unchanged under transpose.
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Hence, for a symmetric matrix 𝐴 , we have:
𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴𝑇 )
This property simplifies the computation of determinants for symmetric matrices since you can work with either
the original matrix or its transpose, whichever is more convenient.

The following properties hold for 𝑛 × 𝑛 matrices and 𝑘 ∈ 𝑅 .

* 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴𝐵) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴)𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐵)
* 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝑘𝐴) = 𝑘 𝑛 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴)
* 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴𝑇 ) = 𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴)

Singular Matrix

A singular matrix is a square matrix whose determinant is zero. In other words, it’s a square matrix (where the
number of rows and columns are equal) that has no inverse. You can’t multiply it by another matrix to get the
identity matrix
(𝑑𝑒𝑡(𝐴)= |𝐴| = 0)

EXAMPLE

Find the value of k if the matrix given below is a singular matrix.

𝑘 −4
𝐴=[ ]
5 2
𝑘 −4
Solution: Given matrix 𝐴 = [ ]
5 2
We know that the determinant of a singular matrix is zero, i.e., det A = 0

|𝐴|=|𝑘 −4
| = 𝑘 × 2 − (−4) × 5 = 0
5 2
2𝑘 + 20 = 0
⇒ 2𝑘 = −20
−20
⇒ 𝑘 = = −10
2
Hence, the value of k if the given matrix is a singular matrix is –10.

EXAMPLE

Consider the given matrix singular:

1 1 1
𝐴 = [2 3 4]
4 5 𝑥

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What should be the value of 𝑥 in the matrix so that A becomes Singular matrix
(𝑎)6 (𝑏)5 (𝑐)4 (𝑑)3

Solution:
1 1 1
3 4 2 4 2 3
|𝐴| = |2 3 4| = 1 | | − 1| | + 1| |=0
5 𝑥 4 𝑥 4 5
4 5 𝑥
= 1(3 × 𝑥 − 4 × 5) − 1(2 × 𝑥 − 4 × 4) + 1(2 × 5 − 3 × 4) = 0
= 3𝑥 − 20 − 2𝑥 + 16 + 10 − 12 = 0
= 𝑥 − 32 + 26 = 0
=𝑥−6=0 → 𝑥 =6

EXAMPLE

Determine whether the given matrix is singular or not.

1 0 −3
𝐴=[ 0 5 2 ]
−1 4 0
Solution:
1 0 −3
Given matrix 𝐴 = [ 0 5 2]
−1 4 0
To determine whether the given matrix is singular or not, we have to find its determinant.
1 0 −3
5 2 0 2 0 5
|𝐴| = | 0 5 2 | = 1 | | −0| | + (−3) | |
4 0 −1 0 −1 4
−1 4 0
= 1(5 × 0 − 2 × 4) − 0(0 × 0 − 2 × −1) + (−3)(0 × 4 − 5 × −1)
= −8 − 0 − 15 = −23 ≠ 0
Since the determinant of the given matrix is not equal to zero, it is a non-singular matrix.

Cramer’s Rule

Definition: Cramer’s rule is one of the important methods applied to solve a system of equations. In this
method, the values of the variables in the system are to be calculated using the determinants of matrices. Thus,
Cramer’s rule is also known as the determinant method.

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Cramer’s Rule Formula

Consider a system of linear equations with n variables 𝑥₁, 𝑥₂, 𝑥₃, … , 𝑥ₙ written in the matrix form

𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.

Here,

𝐴 = Coefficient matrix (must be a square matrix)

𝑋 = Column matrix with variables

𝐵 = Column matrix with the constants (which are on the right side of the equations)

Now, we have to find the determinants as:

𝐷 = |𝐴|, 𝐷𝑥1 , 𝐷𝑥2 , 𝐷𝑥3 , … , 𝐷𝑥𝑛

Here, 𝐷𝑥𝑖 for 𝑖 = 1, 2, 3, … , 𝑛 is the same determinant as 𝐷 such that the column is replaced with 𝐵.

Thus,

𝑥1 = 𝐷𝑥1 /𝐷; 𝑥2 = 𝐷𝑥2 /𝐷; 𝑥3 = 𝐷𝑥3 /𝐷; … . ; 𝑥𝑛 = 𝐷𝑥𝑛 /𝐷 {where 𝐷 is not equal to 0}

Also,

Let’s have a look at the formulas of Cramer’s rule for 2 × 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 × 3 matrices.

Cramer’s Rule 2×2

Cramer’s rule for the 2×2 matrix is applied to solve the system of equations in two variables.

Let us consider two linear equations in two variables.

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 = 𝑐1

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 = 𝑐2

Let us write these two equations in the form of 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑥 𝑐1
[ ] [𝑦] = [𝑐 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2 2

Here,
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 𝑎 𝑏1
Coefficient matrix= 𝐴 =[ 1 ]
𝑎2 𝑏2
𝑥
Variable matrix= 𝑋 = [𝑦]

𝑐1
Constant matrix= 𝐵 = [𝑐 ]
2

𝑎1 𝑏1
𝐷 = |𝐴| = | |=𝑎 𝑏 −𝑏 𝑎
𝑎2 𝑏2 1 2 1 2

And

𝑐1 𝑏1
𝐷𝑥 = | |=𝑐 𝑏 − 𝑐2 𝑏1
𝑐2 𝑏2 1 2
𝑎1 𝑐1
𝐷𝑦 = |𝑎 𝑐2 |=𝑎1 𝑐2 − 𝑎2 𝑐1
2

Therefore,

𝐷𝑥
𝑥=
𝐷
𝐷𝑦
𝑦=
𝐷

Example:

Solve the following system of equations using Cramer’s rule:

2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 5

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

Solution:

Given,

2𝑥 – 𝑦 = 5

𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4

Let us write these equations in the form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.

2 −1 𝑥 5
[ ] [𝑦] = [ ]
1 1 4

Here,

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 2 −1
𝐴=[ ]
1 1
𝑥
𝑋 = [𝑦]

5
𝐵=[ ]
4
Now,
2 −1
𝐷 = |𝐴| = | |=2 + 1 = 3 ≠ 0
1 1
So, the given system of equations has a unique solution.
5 −1
𝐷𝑥 = | |=5 + 4 = 9
4 1
2 5
𝐷𝑦 = | |=8 − 5 = 3
1 4
Therefore,
𝐷𝑥 9
𝑥= = =3
𝐷 3
𝐷𝑦 3
𝑦= 𝐷
=3=1

Cramer’s Rule 3×3

To find the Cramer’s rule formula for a 3×3 matrix, we need to consider the system of 3 equations with three
variables.

Consider:

𝑎1 𝑥 + 𝑏1 𝑦 + 𝑐1 𝑧 = 𝑑1

𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝑏2 𝑦 + 𝑐2 𝑧 = 𝑑2

𝑎3 𝑥 + 𝑏3 𝑦 + 𝑐3 𝑧 = 𝑑3

Let us write these equations in the form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.

𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑥 𝑑1
[𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 ] [𝑦] = [𝑑2 ]
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑧 𝑑3
𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑐1
𝐷 = |𝐴| = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑐2 |
𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑐3

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And
𝑑1 𝑏1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑑1 𝑐1 𝑎1 𝑏1 𝑑1
𝐷𝑥 = |𝑑2 𝑏2 𝑐2 | , 𝐷𝑦 = |𝑎2 𝑑2 𝑐2 | , 𝐷𝑧 = |𝑎2 𝑏2 𝑑2 |
𝑑3 𝑏3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑑3 𝑐3 𝑎3 𝑏3 𝑑3

Therefore,
𝐷 𝐷 𝐷
𝑥 = 𝐷𝑥 , 𝑦 = 𝐷𝑦 , 𝑧 = 𝐷𝑧 ; 𝐷≠0

Go through the example given below to learn how to solve Cramer’s rule for the 3 × 3 matrix.

Example:

Solve the following system of equations using Cramer’s rule:

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =6

𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11

𝑥 + 𝑧 = 2𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0

Solution:

Given,

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =6

𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 11

𝑥 + 𝑧 = 2𝑦 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 – 2𝑦 + 𝑧 = 0

Let us write these equations in the form 𝐴𝑋 = 𝐵.

1 1 1 𝑥 6
[0 1 3] [𝑦] = [11]
1 −2 1 𝑧 0

Now,

1 1 1
𝐷 = |𝐴| = |0 1 3| = 1(1 + 6) − 1(0 − 3) + 1(0 − 1) = 9
1 −2 1

Also,

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 6 1 1
𝐷𝑥 = |11 1 3| = 6(1 + 6) − 1(11 − 0) + 1(−22 − 0) = 9
0 −2 1
1 6 1
𝐷𝑦 = |0 11 3| = 1(11 − 0) − 6(0 − 3) + 1(0 − 11) = 18
1 0 1
1 1 6
𝐷𝑧 = |0 1 11| = 1(0 + 22) − 1(0 − 11) + 6(0 − 1) = 27
1 −2 0

Thus,
𝐷𝑥 9 18 27
𝑥= =9=1 , 𝑦= =2 , 𝑧= =3
𝐷 9 9

Home work

Solve the following 2×2 system using Cramer’s Rule.

12𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 15
2𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 13

Gauss Elimination Method

In mathematics, the Gaussian elimination method is known as the row reduction algorithm for solving linear
equations systems.
The Gaussian elimination method refers to a strategy used to obtain the row-echelon form of a matrix. The goal
is to write matrix A with the number 1 as the entry down the main diagonal and have all zeros below.
Let’s have a look at the gauss elimination method example with a solution.

Example:

Solve the following system of linear equations by using the Gauss elimination method:
5 𝑥1 + 6 𝑥2 = 7
3 𝑥1 + 4 𝑥2 = 5

Solution: The system of linear equations has the following augmented matrix
1
5 6 7 5 1 1 1 6 7 𝑅2 −3𝑅1 →𝑅2
𝑅 →𝑅
( | )→ ( 5|5) →
3 45 3 45
67 5
1 𝑅 →𝑅 67
( 5|5) 2→ 2 2 (1
24 5|5)
0 0 12
55
The last matrix is in row - echelon form. The corresponding reduced system is:

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 6 7
𝑥1 + 𝑥2 = . . . . . . . (1)
5 5
𝑥2 = 2 . . . . . . . (2)
Substitute the value of 𝑥2 in equation (1) ,we get
12 7
𝑥1 + =
5 5
7 12
𝑥1 = −
5 5
5
𝑥1 = − = −1
5
Therefore the solution of the system is 𝑥1 = − 1 , and 𝑥2 = 2 .

Example:

Solve the following system of equations:

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 11

Solution:

Given system of equations are:

𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 2
𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 3𝑧 = 5
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 4𝑧 = 11
Let us write these equations in matrix form.
1 1 1 2 𝑅2 →𝑅2 −𝑅1 1 1 1 2 𝑅3 →𝑅3 −2𝑅1
(1 2 3| 5 ) → (0 1 2| 3 ) →
2 3 4 11 2 3 4 11
1 1 1 2 𝑅1 →𝑅1 −𝑅2 1 0 −1 −1 𝑅3 →𝑅3 −𝑅2
(0 1 2|3) → (0 1 2 | 3 )→
0 1 27 0 1 2 7
1 0 −1 −1
(0 1 2|3)
0 0 0 4

Here,

𝑥 – 𝑧 = −1

𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 3

Twana Abbas Hidayat 11

 0 = 4

That means, there is no solution for the given system of equations.

Example:

Solve the following system of linear equations by using the Gauss elimination method:

4𝑦 + 2𝑧 = 1
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 5𝑧 = 0
3 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 = 11

Solution: The system of linear equations has the following augmented matrix

0 4 2 1 𝑅1 ↔𝑅2 2 3 5 0 𝑅1 → 1𝑅1
2
(2 3 5| 0 ) → (0 4 2| 1 ) →
3 1 1 11 3 1 1 11

3 5 0 3 5
1 1 2 1
2 0 𝑅2 → 4𝑅2
2 𝑅 →𝑅 −3𝑅
2| ) →3 3 1
(
0 4 2 1 0 4 2 |1 →
7 13 11
3 1 1 11 (0 − 2 − 2 )
3 5
1 2 2 0 𝑅 →𝑅 +7𝑅
1 | 1 →3 3 2 1
0 1
2 |4
7 13 11
(0 −2 − 2 )

3 5
1 2 0 3 5 0
2 1 𝑅 →− 4 𝑅 1
1 | 3
19 3
2 2 1
0 1 4 → 1| 4
2 |95 0 1
19 2 −5
− 4 8) (0 0 1 2)
(0 0
The last matrix is in row - echelon form. The corresponding reduced system is:
3 5
𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑧 =0 … (1)
2 2
1 1
𝑦 + 𝑧 = … (2)
2 4
5
𝑧 =− … (3)
2
Substitute the value of 𝑧 in equation (2) , we get
5 1
y − =
4 4

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 1 5
y = +
4 4
3
y =
2
Substitute the values of 𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑧 in equation (1) , we get
9 25
𝑥 + − =0
4 4
𝑥 =4
3 5
Therefore the solution of the system is 𝑥 = 4 , y = 2 ,𝑧 = − 2
.

Homework

Solve the following system of linear equations by using the Gauss elimination method:
𝑥−𝑦+𝑧 = 8
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 𝑧 = −2
3𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 9𝑧 = 9

Minor of Element of Matrix

Minor is required to find determinant for single elements (every element) of the matrix. They are the
determinants for every element obtained by eliminating the rows and columns of that element. If the matrix
given is:

𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13

| 𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 |
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33
Minor of 𝑎12 will be the determinant:
𝑎21 𝑎23
|𝑎 𝑎33 |
31

Example:
2 1 2
Find the Minor of element 5 in the determinant|4 5 0|
2 0 1
solution:
The minor of element 5 will be the determinant of
2 2
| |
2 1
Calculating the determinant, the minor is obtained as:
(2 × 1)– (2 × 2) = −2

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Cofactors of Element of Matrix
Cofactors are related to minors by a small formula, for an element 𝑎𝑖𝑗 , the cofactor of this element is Cij and
the minor is Mij then, the cofactor can be written as:
Cij = (−1)i+j Mij

Example:

Find the cofactor of the element placed in the first row and second column of the determinant:
2 1 2
|4 5 0|
2 0 1
Solution
In order to find out the cofactor of the first row and second column element i.e the cofactor for 1. First find
out the minor for 1, which will be:
4 0
| |=(4 × 1) − (0 × 2) = 4
2 1
𝑀12 = 4
Now, applying the formula for cofactor:

C12 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12

C12 = (−1)1+2 4

C12 = (−1)3 4 = −4

EXAMPLE
−4 7
Find the co-factor matrix of the matrix[ ]
−11 9
−4 7
Solution: The given matrix[ ]represents a 2 × 2 matrix.
−11 9

Let us now first find the co-factors of each of the elements of the above matrix.

Co-factor of

C11 = −4 = (−1)1+1 9 = 9

Co-factor of
C12 = 7 = (−1)1+2 − 11 = 11

Co-factor of
C21 = −11 = (−1)2+1 7 = −7

Co-factor of
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C22 = 9 = (−1)2+2 − 4 = −4
9 −7
Hence the co-factor matrix of the given matrix is[ ].
11 −4
EXAMPLE
5 9 2
Find the co-factor matrix for the given matrix [1 8 5].
3 6 4
5 9 2
Solution: The given matrix is 𝐴 = [1 8 5]
3 6 4

Let us now find the co-factors of each of the elements of the above matrix.

Co-factor of
8 5
C11 =5=(−1)1+1 | | = +(8 × 4 − 5 × 6) = 32 − 30 = 2
6 4

Co-factor of
1 5
C12 =9=(−1)1+2 | | = −(1 × 4 − 5 × 3) = −(4 − 15) = 11
3 4

Co-factor of
1 8
C13 =2=(−1)1+3 | | = +(1 × 6 − 8 × 3) = 6 − 24 = −18
3 6

Co-factor of
9 2
C21 =1=(−1)2+1 | | = −(9 × 4 − 2 × 6) = −(36 − 12) = −24
6 4

Co-factor of
5 2
C22 =8=(−1)2+2 | | = +(5 × 4 − 2 × 3) = 20 − 6 = 14
3 4

Co-factor of
5 9
C23 =5=(−1)2+3 | | = −(5 × 6 − 9 × 3) = −(30 − 27) = −3
3 6

Co-factor of
9 2
C31 =3=(−1)3+1 | | = +(9 × 5 − 2 × 8) = 45 − 16 = 29
8 5

Co-factor of
5 2
C32 =6=(−1)3+2 | | = −(5 × 5 − 2 × 1) = −(25 − 2) = −23
1 5

Co-factor of
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 5 9
C33 =3=(−1)3+3 | | = +(5 × 8 − 9 × 1) = 40 − 9 = 31
1 8
2 11 − 18
Therefore the Co-factor Matrix A= [− 24 14 −3]
29 − 23 31
Adjoint of a Matrix
The Adjoint of a matrix for order n can be defined as the transpose of its cofactors. For a matrix A:
𝑎𝑑𝑗( 𝐴) = 𝐶 𝑇
2 − 24 29
𝑎𝑑𝑗( 𝐴) = [ 11 14 − 23]
− 18 − 3 31
EXAMPLE
3 3
Find the adjoint matrix for the given matrix 𝐴 = [ ]
2 4
Solution:

C11 = 3 = (−1)1+1 𝑀11 = 4

C12 = 3 = (−1)1+2 𝑀12 = −1(2) = −2

C21 = 2 = (−1)2+1 𝑀21 = −1(3) = −3

C22 = 4 = (−1)2+2 𝑀22 = 3

4 −2
Therefore the Co-factor Matrix [ ]
−3 3
4 −3
𝑎𝑑𝑗( 𝐴) = [ ]
−2 3

EXAMPLE
3 −1 2
Find the adjoint matrix for the given matrix [2 2 4].
1 5 1
𝐴11 𝐴12 𝐴13 +𝑀11 −𝑀12 +𝑀13
𝐴
[𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]3×3 = [ 21 𝐴22 𝐴23 ] = [−𝑀21 +𝑀22 −𝑀23 ]
𝐴31 𝐴32 𝐴33 +𝑀31 −𝑀32 +𝑀33
Solution: First find co-factor
2 4
𝑀11 = | | = 2 × 1 − 4 × 5 = 2 − 20 = −18
5 1
2 4
𝑀12 = | | = 2 × 1 − 4 × 1 = 2 − 4 = −2
1 1

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 2 2
𝑀13 = | | = 2 × 5 − 2 × 1 = 10 − 2 = 8
1 5
−1 2
𝑀21 = | | = −1 × 1 − 2 × 5 = −1 − 10 = −11 ; 𝑀22 = 3 − 2 = −1; 𝑀23 = 15 + 1 = 16
5 1
𝑀31 = −4 − 4 = −8 ; 𝑀32 = 12 − 4 = 8 ; 𝑀33 = 6 + 2 = 8

+(−18) −(−2) 8 −18 2 8

[𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]3×3 = [−(−11) −1 −16] = [ 11 −1 −16]
−8 −(8) 8 −8 −8 8

𝑇
−18 2 8 𝑇 −18 11 −8
𝑎𝑑𝑗( 𝐴) = [𝐴𝑖𝑗 ]3×3=[ 11 −1 −16] =[ 2 −1 −8]
−8 −8 8 8 −16 8

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