Chapter -6

1. what do you mean by classification?

Classification means arranging or grouping things based on shared
characteristics or types.

2. Think of properties on can consider while classifying the object in a

group?
Properties to consider while classifying objects:
 Colour
 Shape
 Size
 Texture (smooth/rough)
 Hardness or softness
 Transparency
 Material type (metal, plastic, wood, etc.)
 Magnetic or non-magnetic
 Solubility in water
 Ability to conduct heat or electricity

3. State few examples of lustrous object?

Examples of lustrous objects:
 Gold
 Silver
 Copper
 Aluminium
 Platinum
 Stainless steel
 Chrome

4. what is the term we use when we say that the materials have mass, and
they occupy a space?
Term for materials that have mass and occupy space:
 Matter

5. give an example of heavy and light object.?

Examples of heavy and light objects:
 Heavy: Iron rod, refrigerator, car, pumpkin
 Light: Feather, paper, balloon, pencil
6. classify the objects depending upon whether they allow to pass through
them or not?
Classification based on transparency:
 Transparent: Glass, clean water, air
 Translucent: Frosted glass, butter paper, thin plastic sheet
  Opaque: Wood, metal, stone

1. Why do we need to group materials?

Grouping materials helps us organize, understand, and use them efficiently.
It makes studying their properties easier and saves time.
Example:
 Metals like iron and copper are grouped together because they conduct
electricity and are strong.
 Plastics are grouped separately because they are lightweight and
insulators.
Just like we sort clothes by season or books by genre, grouping materials helps
in storage, manufacturing, and scientific research

2. What are hard and soft substances? How to identify them?

 Hard substances: Difficult to compress, cut, or scratch.
Examples: Iron, glass, stone
 Soft substances: Easily bent, cut, or compressed.
Examples: Cotton, rubber, sponge
How to identify:
 Try pressing or scratching the material.
 If it resists pressure and keeps its shape, then it is Hard
 If it bends or compresses easily then it is Soft

4. the following liquids are mixed together. state whether they dissolve into
each other or not: a. Vinegar and lemon juice, b. Lemon juice and
glycerine, c. mustard oil and kerosene, d. Roohafza and milk.
a. Vinegar and Lemon Juice
✅ Dissolve
Both are acidic and water-based, so they mix well to form a
homogeneous solution.
b. Lemon Juice and Glycerine
✅ Dissolve
Both are polar substances, so they interact and form a uniform mixture.
c. Mustard Oil and Kerosene
❌ Do Not Dissolve
They are immiscible—they don’t mix completely and form separate
layers.
d. Roohafza and Milk
✅ Dissolve
Roohafza syrup blends smoothly with milk, commonly used in
milkshakes and summer drinks.
 5. the shopkeeper keeps sweets, chocolates, and candies in transparent
containers, why? what are these containers made of?

Shopkeepers use transparent containers for sweets, chocolates, and candies

mainly to: Attract Customers
 The colorful treats are visually appealing, and seeing them can tempt
buyers to make a purchase.
 It helps customers quickly identify what’s inside without opening the
container.
🧼 Maintain Hygiene
 These containers often come with lids, keeping the items clean and
protected from dust and insects.
🧪 Materials Used
Transparent containers are usually made of:
 Glass – sturdy, clear, and elegant
 Plastic – lightweight, durable, and shatter-resistant

6. differentiate among transparent, translucent, and opaque objects.?

Transparent Objects
 Definition: Allow all light to pass through.
 Visibility: You can see clearly through them.
 Examples: Clear glass, clean water, air

Translucent Objects
 Definition: Allow some light to pass through but scatter it.
 Visibility: You see blurred or unclear images.
 Examples: Frosted glass, butter paper, tinted plastic

Opaque Objects
 Definition: Do not allow any light to pass through.
 Visibility: You cannot see through them at all.
 Examples: Wood, metal, stone

7. can a tumbler made of cloths be used for storing water? why/ why not?

 No, a tumbler made of cloth cannot be used to store water.

 Cloth is porous — it has tiny holes that allow water to seep through.
 It lacks waterproof properties, so the liquid would leak out
immediately.
 Cloth also does not have the rigid structure needed to hold its shape
when filled with water.
  That is why tumblers are usually made from non-porous materials
like plastic, glass, or metal—they keep the water in and hold their
form.

8. water plays an important role in the function of our body. how?

Key Roles of Water in the Body

 Regulates body temperature: Through sweating and heat absorption
 Transports nutrients and oxygen: Water in blood carries essential
substances to cells
 Flushes out waste: Helps remove toxins via urine and sweat
 Lubricates joints: Keeps movement smooth and reduces friction
 Protects organs and tissues: Moistens eyes, mouth, and cushions the
brain and spinal cord
 Supports digestion: Aids in breaking down food and absorbing nutrients
 Maintains pH and electrolyte balance: Keeps internal conditions stable
for cell function

Chapter-7

Q. three water tubs A, B, &C are provided. A- has cold water, B-has hot
water, and C-has a mix of hot and cold water, you dip your left hand in
"A" and Right hand in "B" for 2-3 minutes and then both hands together
in "C”, 1. Do both hands get the same feelings? 2. Does water of "C"
appear hot or cold on left hand? [Link] Water of "C" appear hot or cold to
right hand? 4. Give Reason for the observations.?

1. Do both hands get the same feelings?

❌ No, both hands feel different temperatures even though they are in the same
water.
2. Does water of "C" appear hot or cold to the left hand?
🔥 Hot — because the left hand was in cold water before, the mixed water feels
warmer.
3. Does water of "C" appear hot or cold to the right hand?
❄️Cold — because the right hand was in hot water before, the mixed water
feels cooler.
4. Reason for the observations:
This happens due to sensory adaptation. our skin’s temperature receptors
adjust to the initial conditions:
 The left hand adapts to cold, so lukewarm water feels warmer.
 The right hand adapts to heat, so the same lukewarm water feels cooler.
our brain interprets temperature relatively, not absolutely. So even though tub
C has the same temperature for both hands, our previous exposure affects how
it feels.

Q. Define the term temperature?

🌡️Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is. More precisely,

it is the degree of heat present in a substance or object, often measured using
a thermometer and expressed in units like Celsius (°C), Fahrenheit (°F), or
Kelvin (K).

Q. name the various scales of temperature measurements?

 Celsius (°C) – Used worldwide

 Fahrenheit (°F) – Used in the U.S.
 Kelvin (K) – Used in science
 Rankine (°R) – Used in engineering

Q. why are mercury thermometers not in much use in today’s time?

Why Mercury Thermometers Are Outdated:

 Toxicity: Mercury is a hazardous substance

 Environmental Risk

Q. there is not-contact thermometer used to measure without touching a

human bosy as we have seen in COVID-19 Pandemic. Name thermometer.

The thermometer widely used during the COVID-19 pandemic is called a Non-
Contact Infrared Thermometer (NCIT).

1. Name the thermometer and find the least count of it shown below.?

Types of Thermometers & Their Least Counts

1. Clinical Thermometer
 Used for measuring human body temperature.
 Temperature range: Usually from 35°C to 42°C.
 Least count: Typically, 0.1°C.
2. Laboratory Thermometer
 Used for experiments and measuring temperatures of substances.
 Temperature range: Often -10°C to 110°C or more.
 Least count: Usually 1°C.
 2. Write the use of above shown thermometer.?
 Clinical Thermometer: It is used to measure the body
temperature of humans, especially to check for fever.
 Laboratory Thermometer: It is used to measure the
temperature of substances in scientific experiments
and laboratory settings.

3. mention the application of the following: A. Clinical Thermometer, B.

laboratory Thermometer, C. Room Thermometer.

A. Clinical Thermometer
 Used to measure body temperature of humans.
 Commonly used in hospitals, clinics, and homes to detect fever.
 Helps monitor temperature during illness or recovery.

B. Laboratory Thermometer
 Used in scientific experiments to measure the temperature of
liquids, gases, or solids.
 Common in schools, research labs, and industrial settings.
 Useful for observing chemical reactions and physical changes.

C. Room Thermometer
 Measures the ambient temperature of a room or indoor space.
 Used in homes, offices, and greenhouses to maintain comfort or
optimal conditions.
 Helps regulate heating and cooling systems.

give reason for the following:

1. Clinical Thermometer is replaced by digital clinical thermometer?
Digital thermometers have become the preferred choice over traditional mercury-based
clinical thermometers due to several advantages:
 Safety: Mercury is toxic. Digital thermometers eliminate the risk of mercury exposure
if broken.
 Accuracy: Digital models provide precise readings, often to decimal points.
 Speed: They deliver results in seconds, which is especially helpful for children or
emergency situations.
 Ease of Use: Clear digital displays make readings easier to interpret.
 Hygiene: They are easier to clean and disinfect, especially important post-COVID.
 Memory Function: Some models store previous readings, aiding in health
monitoring.

2. Laboratory thermometer is not used for measuring body temperature.

 Laboratory thermometers are unsuitable for measuring human body temperature due to:
 Wider Temperature Range: Typically, from -10°C to 110°C, which is unnecessary for
human body temperature (36°C–37.5°C).
 They lack the constriction that holds the mercury in place, making it hard to read
after removal.
 They are more delicate and prone to breakage.
 Size and Shape: Not designed for oral, rectal, or underarm use.
 Slower Response Time: They take longer to stabilize and show accurate readings.

3. in what way clinical thermometer is different from laboratory thermometer?

Differences Between Clinical and Laboratory Thermometers

Feature Clinical Thermometer Laboratory Thermometer

Purpose Measures human body Measures temperature in
temperature experiments
Temperature Range 35°C to 42°C -10°C to 110°C
Design Has a kink to hold mercury No kink; mercury falls
level quickly
Size Compact and easy to use on Longer and more fragile
body
Accuracy for Body Use Highly accurate for body Not sensitive enough for
readings body temp

4. write down the precaution while handling the laboratory thermometer?

Precautions While Handling a Laboratory Thermometer
To ensure safety and accuracy:
 ✅ Hold Upright: Always keep the thermometer vertical while reading.
 ✅ Avoid Contact with Container Walls: The bulb should not touch the container
surface.
 ✅ Clean Before and After Use: Prevent contamination and ensure accurate readings.
 ✅ Avoid Sudden Temperature Changes: Prevent damage from thermal shock.
 ✅ Read at Eye Level: Avoid parallax error.
 ✅ Use Appropriate Range: Ensure the thermometer suits the temperature being
measured.
 ✅ Store Safely: Keep it in a protective case when not in use.
 ✅ Calibrate Regularly: Maintain accuracy over time.

 distinguish between the following:

A. Mercury thermometer & Digital Thermometer,
B. Kelvin Scale & Celsius Scale

Mercury thermometer & Digital Thermometer,

Feature Mercury Thermometer Digital Thermometer
Working Principle Uses expansion of mercury Uses electronic sensors to
 with heat detect temperature
Display Type Glass tube with mercury Digital screen showing
column numeric value
Speed of Reading Slower; takes time for Faster; gives instant
mercury to rise readings
Accuracy Moderate; can be affected High; often calibrated for
by parallax error precision
Safety Contains toxic mercury; risk High; often calibrated for
of breakage precision
Power Requirement No power needed Requires battery
Environmental Impact Hazardous if broken Eco-friendly (if disposed
properly)

Kelvin Scale & Celsius Scale

Feature Kelvin Scale Celsius Scale
Starting Point Absolute zero (0 K) Freezing point of water (0°C)
Unit Symbol K °C
Negative Values No negative values Can have negative values
Scientific Use Used in physics and Used in daily life and general
thermodynamics science
Conversion Formula K = °C + 273.15 °C = K − 273.15
SI Unit Status SI base unit of temperature SI derived unit