OBAFEMI AWOLOWO UNIVERSITY, ILE-IFE, NIGERIA
Department of Mathematics
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
MTH 101 - ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I.
COURSE UNITS: 5
COURSE LECTURER: Ogundare, B. S.
(MBC 209, Yellow House Building)
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
SET THEORY
Course Outlines
Set Operations: Union, Intersection, Difference, Complement,
Symmetric difference; Algebra of sets: Idempotent, Commutative,
Associative, Distributive, Identity, De-Morgans, Duality, and
Complement laws; Venn diagram; Cartesian product of set.
Functions: domain and range of functions, Injective, surjective and
bijective maps; Product of functions..
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
General Information: This material will serve as revision
or recap of SET THEORY that we concluded just before
the closure of Institutions as a result of the outbreak of
COVID 19 in March 2020.
You are all advised to retrieve the lecture materials
already given to you before the the lock-down for in-depth
understanding.
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Set Operations:
In basic arithmetic, there are ways and rules in combining
two numbers to produce another number. These rules are
called operations. The following were defined for us:
Addition, Multiplication, Subtraction and Division.
In the same way, sets can be combined to produce
another set, the rules in achieving these are what we are
referring to as Set Operations.
The following will be defined and illustrated with
examples: Union, Intersection, Difference, Complement,
Symmetric difference.
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Let A, B and C be non-empty sets
Union: The Union of two Sets A and B denoted as
A ∪ B is the collection of all elements either in Sets A or
set B or both. i.e
A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
Example 1: Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
then, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Example 2: Let A = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7}, B = {5, 6, 8, 10}
then, A ∪ B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10}
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Intersection:The Intersection of two Sets A and B
denoted as A ∩ B is the collection of all elements that are
in both sets (common elements in) A and B i.e
A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
Example 3: Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
then, A ∩ B = {} = φ
Example 4: Let A = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7}, B = {5, 6, 8, 10}
then, A ∩ B = {5}
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Complement:The Complement of a Set A denoted as A′
or Ac is the collection of all elements that are in the
Universal Set but[ not in Set A.i.e
′
A = {x : x ∈ ; x∈ / A}
Example
S 5: Let
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} then,
′
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
Example
S 6: Let
= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}, A = {5, 6, 8, 10} then,
′
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 9}
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Difference:The Difference of two Sets A and B denoted
as A − B is the collection of all elements that are in Set A
but not in Set B i.e
A − B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ / B} = A ∩ B′
Example 7: Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
then, A − B = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} = φ
Example 8: Let A = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7}, B = {5, 6, 8, 10}
then, A − B = {1, 2, 4, 7}
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Symmetric Difference:The Symmetric Difference of two
Sets A and B denoted as A∆B is the collection of all
elements that are either in A or B but not in both. i.e
A∆B = {x : x ∈ A ∪ B and x ∈ / A ∩ B} =
(A ∪ B) − (A ∩ B)
or A∆B = {x : x ∈ A ∪ B and x ∈ / A ∩ B} =
(A − B) ∪ (B − A)
Example 9: Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
then, A∆B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10} − φ =
{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}
Example 10: Let A = {1, 2, 4, 5, 7}, B = {5, 6, 8, 10}
then,
A∆B = {1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10} − {5} = {1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10}
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Exercises:
S
Let = {x : 0 < x ≤ 25; x ∈ Z}
A = {y : y = 2x; x ∈ Z};
B = {z = 2x + 1; x ∈ Z};
C = {k = 3x; x ∈ Z};
D = {l = 5x + 1; x ∈ Z}. S
Where A, B, C and D are subsets of
1 List the elements of sets A, B, C and D
2 Find A ∪ B, A ∪ C , A ∪ D
3 Find B ∪ C , B ∪ D
4 Find C ∪ D
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
1 Find A ∩ B, A ∩ C , A ∩ D
2 Find B ∩ C, B ∩ D
3 Find C ∩D
4 Find A′ , B ′ , C ′ , D′
5 Find A − B, A − C , A − D, B − A, C −A
6 Find B − C , B − D, C − B, D − B
7 Find C − D, D − C
8 Find A∆B, A∆C , A∆D
9 Find (A ∪ B) ∩ (C ∪ D)
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13
Good day- See you in the next
module
HARMATTAN SEMESTER 2019/2020 Sessio
Ogundare, B. S. ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS I - SET THEORY(B). / 13