PRACTICAL FILE OF FUNDAMENTALS OF

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND INTERNET

SUBJECT CODE- BPT 404L

SESSION: FEBURARY to JUNE 2022

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

GURPREET KAUR MA’AM SUMANPREET KAUR
Assistant Professor CLASS: BPT 4th Semester
ROLL NO: 20204117

(DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE)

SHRI GURU GRANTH SAHIB WORLD UNIVERSITY
(FATEHGARH SAHIB)
 COMPUTER

DEFINITION OF COMPUTER : A computer is an electronic device which performs logic and

numerical terms . It process instructions and returned output according to your input . A
computer is any machine that can be program to carry out a set of algorithm and
arithmetic instruction.
 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTER

1. AUTOMATIC : Most of its algorithm is automatic and computer is most famous

for its automatic characteristics.
2. SPEED : speed is the other great features of computer . It can work fast . A task
with human need a year to complete but computer only need a few days.
3. ACCURACY : computer can calculate accurately.
4. DILIGENCE : This kind of characteristics can be found in every kind of machine . A
computer can work restless.
5. NO IQ : A computer has no IQ . It can’t work by itself without any command by
human .
6. NO FEELINGS: Like any machine computer has no feelings like human computer
cannot measure as it right or wrong.
 MEMORY

Memory is the storage area of computer where all

the inputs that is data and instructions are stored
before processing and output are storage after
processing of input .

The memory of computer can be divided into two parts:

1. PRIMARY MEMORY : It is a type of memory that is available in the form of

silicon chip .
. This memory hold both the intermediate and final result of the computer .
. This is very high speed memory and the central processing unit can directly access it .
• RAM ( RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY):

• whenever user enter any kind of data in the computer system than it moves into
the primary memory for storage this type of primary memory is known as RAM .
. Once the system is switch off the content of RAM can be automatically erase.
. It stores the data on temporary bases that is user can remove the previous data
and write the information.
. It is of two type :
1. static
2. Dynamic

• ROM (Read only memory) :

ROM is one in which information is permanently Store.
. ROM is a memory that performs only the read operation .
. Does not have write capability.
. It contain the programming that allow your computer to be booted to decide the
content of ROM.
. These contents are permanently Store in a ROM at the time of manufacturing the
user.
. It is of three types:
1. PROM
2. EPROM
3. EEPROM
• CACHE MEMORY : cache memory is fast and small memory which is placed
between the CPU and main memory .
. The access time of cache memory is less that of main memory so it would take less
time to execute and instructions stored in cache memory rather than in main
memory.
. It is the fastest memory because it is very close to CPU.

3. SECONDARY MEMORY : secondary storage are used for permanent

storage of data instruction until the user manually delete it. It is not directly
assessable by the CPU.
The part of secondary storage device is less as compared to primary memory but
the storage capacity of secondary storage device is much higher than primary
memory.

• MAGNETIC TAPE : magnetic tape a

secondary storage devices that are used
for backup.
. It is made up of plastic ribbon with thin
coating of magnetic iron oxide.
. Magnetic tape is seen as playing and
audio in a tape recorder.
. Magnetic tape is portable in size that is
practice we can carry the storage device
easily from one place to another.
. This device is reversible that is data can be
raised from the tape and new data can be stored.
. It is multipurpose medium device that is it can be used for input output and
storage.

• MAGNETIC DISK : It is made up of

plastic like material known as Mylar .
. It Consist of thin circular place usually
coated with magnetic material on both
side. The data is stored on the disk in the
form of tiney invisible sports on the
surface of disk .
FLOPPY DISK : It is one of the most popular data storage medium which is used for
permanent storage and data transmission before the invention of compact disk.
. The floppy disk was introduced by IBM
in 1972.
. It is basically consists of a round flat
piece of plastic coated with magnetic
material.
. Floppy disk are portable that is we can
easily carry the storage device from one
place to another.
. These disk are reusable that is we can
write a new data on A floppy disc after
erasing the previous one.

• OPTICAL DISK STORAGE : with the

advantage of new technology such type of
storage devices come in the market which
has more storage capacity and used
optical or life technology to store data.

• CD ( COMPACT DISK ) :
compact disc was created in Germans on August 1982.
. This is around this coated with theme reflected layer of aluminium.
. Compact disc has a spiral track of data
from inside to outside direction of disk .
. It is capable of store large amount of data
it can be stored data up to 100 mb .
. Compact disc player is also known as CD
ROM driver.
. The performance of compact disc ROM
depends upon the number of rotation it can
take in one second.
. More number of rotation more is the data
transfer rate.
. compact disc ROM can be further classified into two parts:
1. CD recordable
2. CD rewriteable
 • MEMORY CARD :
Memory card is a small storage device like 16 MB to
64GB and the storing media device is used for
storing media and data files. Memory card is non
volatile permanent storage device which is used
inside of phone, camera.
. There are so many types of memory card in market
and it is totally depend on size.

• INPUT DEVICE:
An input device is a piece of equipment used to provide data and control signal to an
information processing system ,such as computer.
1. KEYBOARD
keyboard is most commonly
used input device contain keys
for each alphabet character,
digits and special characters .
. It is used to feed data and
instructions into a computer by
using pressing related keys on
the keyboard.
TYPES OF KEYBOARD
1. Qwerty keyboard
2. Enhanced keyboard
3. Cordless keyboard
4. Portable keyboard
5. Ergonomic keyboard
6. Gaming keyboard
7. Virtual keyboard

2. MOUSE
. Mouse is a pointing input device.
. It is used to input instruction with a pointer
on the screen.
. Moved on the flat surface to control the moment of the cursor or pointer on the screen.
. It has two 3 buttons on the screen.
3. TRACK BALL

.Track Ball is a pointing input device.

. Like a mouse but it is a stationary
pointing device with a ball on its top.

4. JOYSTICK
. Joystick is a pointing input device.
. Small box with a moving hand held stick
and buttons.
. Stick easy used to control the movement
of the pointer on the screen.
. Button is pressed to activate certain
events.

5. LIGHT PEN
. Light pen is a pointing input device.
. Light detect the presence of light.
. Handheld Pan shaped device with a
photo cell mounted at its front.
. It is used by engineer ,graphical designer
extra.
. It is used in pad’s and other hand held
computer.

OUTPUT DEVICE

A output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment which convert

information into human readable form.
. It can be text, graphic ,audio and video.
Example : monitor ,projector,
speaker ,printer and plotter.
1. MONITOR
Monitor are the most popular output device for used today producting soft copy
output.
. A monitor is associated usually with his keyboard and together they form a
videos display terminal.

TYPES OF MONITOR
• CATHODE RAY TUBE : The
cathode ray tube monitor
display images with colour they
are consistent and can be
viewed with different angles.
• LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY: The
liquid crystal display monitor
are thin and they use Little
space.
. They are little in the weight
consuming less energy.

2. PROJECTOR:
. Screen image projector is an output device used to project information from a
computer on a large screen.
. Additionally, a fully fledged
multimedia presentation with audio
,video ,images and animation can be
prepared and made by using this
facility. Like monitors, screen images
,projectors provide temporary soft
copy output
3. SPEAKER :
. A computer speaker is an output
hardware device that connects to a
computer to generates sound.
. The signal used to produce the sound
that comes form a computer speaker is
created by the computer
4 . PRINTER
. The printer is a device that print text
document and images on paper.
. It is a peripheral output device .
. Printer is classified into two groups:
1. Impact printer
2. Non impact printer
TYPES OF PRINTER
1. Laser printer
2. Inkjet printer
3. Dot _ matrix printers

5 PLOTTER:
. Plotters are an ideal output device for
architect engineers and other who need to
routine generate high precision hard
copy, graphic output of widely wearing
size.
TYPES OF PLOTTER
1. Drum plotter
2. Flatbed plotter
 COMPUTER NETWORKS
A computer network is a set of computers sharing resources located on or provided by
network nodes. The computers use common communication protocols over digital
interconnections to communicate with each other. These interconnections are made up
telecommunication network technologies, based on physically wired, optical, and wireless
radio-frequency methods that may be arranged in a variety of network topologies. The
nodes of a computer network may include personal computers, servers, networking
hardware, or other specialised or
general-purpose hosts. They are
identified by network addresses, and
may have hostnames. Hostnames
serve as memorable labels for the
nodes, rarely changed after initial
assignment. Network addresses serve
for locating and identifying the nodes
by communication protocols such as
the Internet Protocol.

TYPES OF COMPUTER NETWORKING :

1) LAN(Local Area Network)
• Local Area Network is a group of computers connected to each other in a small
area such as building, office.
• LAN is used for connecting
two or more personal
computers through a
communication medium such
as twisted pair, coaxial cable,
etc.
• It is less costly as it is built
with inexpensive hardware
such as hubs, network
adapters, and ethernet
cables.
• The data is transferred at an extremely faster rate in Local Area [Link]
Area Network provides higher security.
2) MAN (Metropolitan area network)
• A metropolitan area network is a
network that covers a larger
geographic area by interconnecting a
different LAN to form a larger
network.
• Government agencies use MAN to
connect to the citizens and private
industries.
• In MAN, various LANs are connected
to each other through a telephone
exchange line.
• The most widely used protocols in MAN are RS-232, Frame Relay, ATM, ISDN, OC-3,
ADSL, etc.
• It has a higher range than Local Area Network(LAN).

3) WAN ( WIDE AREA NETWORK)

• A Wide Area Network is a network that extends over a large geographical area
such as states or countries. A Wide Area Network is quite bigger network than the
LAN.
• A Wide Area Network is not
limited to a single location, but
it spans over a large
geographical area through a
telephone line, fibre optic cable
or satellite links.
• The internet is one of the
biggest WAN in the world.
• A Wide Area Network is widely
used in the field of Business,
government, and education.
 E- MAIL
Definition of the email (Electronic Mail):
Electronic mail is popularly known as
email where textual messages are sent to
the receiver through telecommunication
links. Here, computer terminals are,
connected together in a network to
transfer a message from one to one or one
to many. The sender first types the
message on a computer screen and then
sends it to the receiver.
The respective message is dropped in the receiver’s mailbox and the receiver can read the
message and answer if required Both sending and receiving of email are processed and
directed by mail server computers which are connected through a network.
Email is a store and forward (S&F) Service where it is not necessary for the receiver to be
present at the computer. The message resides in the receiver’s mailbox until it is read or
deleted. File, data, sound, image, or video clip can also be sent through email as an
attachment.
1) Bartol and Martin said: “E-mail is an email system that allows high-speed exchange
of written message through the use of computerized text-processing and
communication networks.”
2) Newstron and Davis: “Electronic mail is a computer-based communication system.”
3) Bellriegel, Slocum, and Woodman: “Electronic mail is a computer based system that
enables individuals to exchange and store messages with their computers.”
4) So, we can say that sending written messages to one computer to another through
the net is known as email.
ADVANTAGES :-
1) Email is cheap: E-mails turn to be a cheaper alternative to telephone conversation
because it is a person to person communication system. It offers a low cost.
2) Email is Fast: It eliminates the time spent in establishing telephone calls. It is faster
compared to traditional mail.
3) Failure notification: For some reason, if your email can not be sent to the receiver a
failure notification sends to you so that you can understand that your mail is not sent.
4) Attachment: One of the most important advantages of email is an attachment
facility. Email gives you a facility of attachment so that you can attach anything like
the picture, audio file, video file, document file, PDF, etc.
5) Product advertisement: Nowadays email is the most popular way of product
advertising because it gives you an opportunity to send an email to thousand even
millions of your clients at very a little time with very little effort and this kind of email
marketing is very less expensive.
6) Paperless communication: Communication through email is paperless
communication. So, email saves our environment because traditional communication
needs paper, and paper is produced from a tree. So, we should increase the use of
email to save our environment.
7) No chance of missing: In other traditional communication we can miss some
messages like in phone calls sometimes we can attend the call or we may miss some
word for network problems. In the case of physical mail it may lose or destroy for any
reason but in the case of the email you there is no chance of missing or destroyed.
8) No time barrier to send email: Email can be used nonstop 247 it is not like another
traditional communication process. So, you can send an email at any time as your
demand.
9) AUTORESPONSE: Email can provide an auto-response when it receives an email from
any person so, it ensures the sender that email is sent successfully. Most people give
their basic information with this confirmation message.
10) Remained address: The email automatically remained the email address of both
receiving and sending so, there is no hazel to mind email address.
11) Record: Email carries a record or evidence all the time because if you don’t delete
mail from your mailbox a mail never destroyed. So, if you need this next time you
may see it anytime anywhere. Communication without a physical presence. It permits
communication between two parts without the parties actually being present
simultaneously
12) Privacy is maintained: Privacy of communication is ensured because the mail is
delivered to the video an individual’s mailbox which can be opened by the intended
recipients only.
13) Reduction in consumption of papers: It reduces the consumption of paper in the
office because internal memos and reports can be exchanged electronically without
using paper.
14) Increase inefficiency: It offers increased access to the employees. So it can increase
the efficiency and the goodwill of the office.
15) World Access: An email has no country barrier, someone can send an email to
everywhere to the world. It can be sent to any network in the world. It can be sent
through Local Area Network (LAN) or worldwide network.
16) Easy to Operate: Communication through email is easy. When any messages -
comes, the recipient can read the messages first, and then he decides how to
respond. If the recipient likes to respond he can do so or if he thinks not to respond to
the messages.
 17) Flexibility: It provides flexibility. A message can be sent to more than one person at
a time.
18) More Convenient: Email is more convenient than any other mode of
communication. The sender can send multiple copies of an email message.
19) Storage: Most people now use email as safe storage for their important documents
or data. For example, most people scan their important documents like academic
document, passport, CV, photo, and many more official document and attach with an
email so that, they can find it anytime in anywhere. This is one of the most important
advantages of email.

DISADVANTAGES OF EMAIL :- We know email is a recognized method of

communication, but it faces the disadvantages below:-
1) Absence of privacy : There is a chance of leakage of information through email if a
mail server is hacked.
2) Lost Password : You may lose or forgot your email login password. Though there is
an option to recover a password that also needs another email address. And the last
option is a security question that also should be reminded. Suppose if you lose both
password and security questions it is very difficult to recover your email address
though it is vastly important to you.
3) Virus : An email may carry the virus to you. So, all the time you should care about it. It
is one of the greatest disadvantages of email.
4) No alert: Email does not give any alert like phone or mobile so, sometimes we can be
late to see the important message.
5) Overlooking of message: Busy people may not give attention or may overlook any
message due to receiving thousands of emails every day.
6) Lack of personal touch: It cannot convey an emotion or personal touch the way a
face-to-face conversation or even a phone call can.
7) Missing of Non-verbal communication: Body movement or facial expressions are
not involved in email. So, the quick attention of the receiver is not possible here.
8) Change of sudden rumor: Email can spread rumor suddenly as it requires a click only
to send a bad message to thousand receivers.
9) Unwanted email: Email can spread mail containing a virus or spam contents which
can damage computer systems totally.

TO CREATE AN EMAIL ACCOUNT-

1) Open up your internet browser and go to the Google home page;
[Link]
2) Click on Gmail at the top right corner of the page,
3) Click on the Email tile to go to mail administration.
4) Scroll down and click New account.
5) Enter the new email address that you want to create, and a password for the email
account.
6) Click Create account

USES OF E – MAIL:
1) People all over the world for free ( or Inexpensively).
2) With more than one person at a time.
3) Interactions (e.g. the highly prized CYA paper-trail)
4) Messages any time of day without bothering people.
 TOPOLOGY
Topology defines the structure of the
network of how all the components
are interconnected to each other.
There are two types of topology:
1) Physical topology
2) Logical topology

Physical topology is the geometric representation of all the nodes in a network.

BUS Topology:
1) The bus topology is designed in such
a way that all the stations are
connected through a single cable
known as a backbone cable.
2) Each node is either connected to the
backbone cable by drop cable or
directly connected to the backbone
cable.
3) The bus topology is mainly used in
802.3 (ethernet ) and 802.4 standard
networks.
4) The configuration of a bus topology is quite simpler as compared to other topologies.
5) The backbone cable is considered as a “single lane” through which the message is
broadcast to all the stations.
6) The most common access method of the bus topologies is CSMA ( carrier sense
multiple access ).

RING TOPOLOGY:
1) Ring topology is like a bus
topology, but with connected
ends.
2) The node that receives the
message from the previous
computer will retransmit to the
next node.
3) The data flows in one direction, i.e., it is unidirectional.
4) The data flows in a single loop continuously known as an endless loop
5) It has no terminated ends, i.e., each node is connected to other node and having no
termination point.
6) The data in a ring topology flow in a clockwise direction.
7) The most common access method of the ring topology is token passing.
8) Token passing: It is a network access method in which token is passed from one
node to another node.
9) Token: It is a frame that circulates around the network

STAR TOPOLGY
1) Star topology is an
arrangement of the network
in which every node is
connected to the central hub,
switch or a central computer.
2) The central computer is
known as server, and the
peripheral devices attached to
the server are known as
clients.
3) Coaxial cable or Rj-45 cables
are used to connect the
computers.
4) Hubs or Switches are mainly used as connection devices in a physical star topology.
5) Star topology is the most popular topology in network implementation.

TREE TOPOLGY:
1) Tree topology combines the
characteristics of bus topology
and star topology.
2) The tree topology is a type of
structure in which all the
computers are connected with
each other in hierarchical
fashion.
3) The top most node in the tree
topology is known as a root
node, and all other nodes are the descendants of the root node
MESH TOPOLOGY:
1) Mesh technology is an
arrangement of then
network in which
computers are
interconnected with each
other through various
redundant connections.
2) There are multiple paths
from one computer to
another computer.
3) It doesnot contain the switch, hub or any central computer which acts as a central
computer which acts as a central point of communication.
4) The internet is mainly used for WAN implementation where communication failures
are a critical concern
5) Mesh technology is mainly used for wireless networks.

HYBRID TOPOLGY:
1) The combination of various different
topologies is knowing as hybrid
topology.
2) A hybrid topology is a connection
between different links and nodes to
transfer the data.
3) When two or more different
topologies are combined together is
termed as hybrid topology and if
similar topologies are connected
with each other will not result in
hybrid topology.
4) Eg. If there exist a ring topology in one branch of ICICI bank qnd bus topology in
another branch of ICICI bank,connecting these two topologies will result in hybrid
topology.