PART-1

(Evolution of Internet & Switching

Techniques)

DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
K V BALLYGUNGE
TODAY’S SUB TOPICS:
 COMPUTER NETWORKING
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK

 EVOLUTION OF NETWORK

 INTERNET, INTRANET & INTERSPACE

 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING

 PACKET SWITCHING

 MESSAGE SWITCHING

 ASSIGNMENTS
COMPUTER NETWORKING
A computer network is a collection of
interconnected autonomous computing
devices which are able to communicate with
each other.
Also defined as - collection of hardware
components and computers interconnected
by communication channels that allow sharing
of resources and information.
COMPONENTS OF COMPUTER NETWORK

 Host/Nodes (PC, laptops, smartphones etc.)

 Servers
 Clients
 Network Hardware (NIC, Router, Switch,
Hub etc.)
 Communication Channel (Cables, radio-links
etc.)
 Software (Protocols, Network Operating
System etc.)
 Network Services (DNS, File Sharing, VoIP
etc.)
ADVANTAGES OF NETWORK
 Resource Sharing
 Cost Saving
 Collaborative user interaction
 Time savings
 Increased storage
DISADVANTAGES OF NETWORK

 If network are badly managed, services can

become unusable and productivity fails
 If software and files held centrally, it may
be impossible to carry out any work if the
central server fails.
 File security is more important especially if
connected to WAN e.g. protection from
viruses
 To handle network of organization you
may need specialist staff to run the
network
EVOLUTION OF NETWORK

 1969 - First network came into existence

 ARPANET – Advanced Research Project

Agency Network

 MID 80’S - NSFNET (National Science

Foundation Network)
EVOLUTION OF NETWORK

INTERNET IS THE NETWORK OF NETWORKS

 INTERNET

A global computer network providing a variety of

information and communication facilities,
consisting of interconnected networks using
standardized communication protocols

Network of Networks

Popularly known as “NET”

 INTRANET

Intranet is a local or restricted communications

network, especially a private network created
using World Wide Web softwares.

It is managed by any person/ organization

Intranet user can avail services of Internet

whereas Internet user cannot access intranet
directly.
 INTERSPACE

 Interspace is a client/server software program

that allows multiple users to communicate
online with real time audio, video and text chat
in dynamic 3D environment.

 Online video conferencing is an example of

Interspace.
 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

 Switching techniques are used for transferring data across

network.

 In large network, there might be multiple path linking the

sender and receiver. Information may be switched as it
travels through various communication channel.
 Three types of Switching techniques
 Circuit Switching
 Packet Switching
 Message Switching
 CIRCUIT SWITCHING
 First the complete physical connection between two
computers is established and then the data are
transmitted from the source computer to the destination
 When a call is placed the switching equipment within the
system seeks out a physical copper path all the way from
the sender to the receiver.
 It is must to setup an end-to-end connection between
computers before any data can be sent.

 The circuit is terminated when the connection is closed.

 In circuit switching, resources remain allocated during the

full length of a communication, after a circuit is
established and until the circuit is terminated and the
allocated resources are freed
 PACKET SWITCHING
 Packet switching introduces the idea of cutting data i.e.
at the source entire message is broken in smaller pieces
called packets which are transmitted over a network
without any resource being allocated.
 Then each packet is transmitted and each packet may
follow any route available and at destination packets
may reach in random order.
 At the destination when all packets are received they are
merged to form the original message.
 In packet switching all the packets of fixed size are stored
in main memory.
 Ethernet and Frame Relay are common. Newer mobile
phone technologies (e.g., GPRS, i-mode) also use packet
switching.
 MESSAGE SWITCHING
 In message Switching, data is first stored by one node
then forward to another node to transfer the data to
another system.
 In message Switching, data is first stored, then
forwarded to the next node
 In Message Switching there is no upper bound on size of
packet whereas in Packet Switching each packet is of
fixed size.
 In Packet Switching data packets are stored in main
memory whereas in Message Switching Message is
stored in Hark disk which makes it reducing the access
time
 Examples. Hop-by-hop Telex forwarding and UUCP
are examples of message switching systems
ASSIGNMENTS (Computer Network)
Q1. What is a Network? Why is it needed?

Q2. Differentiate between Circuit Switching and

Packet Switching.

Q3. Write the full forms of the following:

ARPANET, NSFNET, LAN, WAN

Q4. What is the difference between Internet and

Intranet?
Q5. What are the requirements for
(i) Computer Networking (ii) Internet
PART-2 (Wired Transmission Media)
DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
PM SHRI K V BALLYGUNGE
TODAY’S SUB TOPICS:
 DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES
 CHANNELS
 BANDWIDTH

 DATA TRANSFER RATE

 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 COAXIAL CABLE
 FIBER OPTIC CABLE

 COMPARISON – WIRED MEDIA

DATA COMMUNICATION TERMINOLOGIES

 Channels
 Bandwidth
Hz
KHz
MHz
 Data Transfer Rate
bps
Kbps
Mbps
Gbps
Tbps
CHANNELS

 Physical medium like cables over which

information is exchanged is called channel.
Transmission channel may be analog or digital.
As the name suggests, analog channels transmit
data using analog signals while digital channels
transmit data using digital signals

 In popular network terminology, path over which

data is sent or received is called data channel.
This data channel may be a tangible medium like
copper wire cables or broadcast medium like
radio waves.
BANDWIDTH

Data transfer rates that can be supported

by a network is called its bandwidth.
Bandwidth can be used in two different
context with two different measuring
values:
 BANDWIDTH IN HERTZ: is the range of frequencies
contained in a composite signal or the range of
frequencies a channel can pass. It is measured as Hz
(Hertz), KHz(Kilo), MHz(Mega)
 BANDWITDH IN BITS PER SECOND: number of bits
per second that a channel, link, or network can transmit.
It is measures as bps, Kbps, Mbps, etc.
DATA TRANSFER RATE

It defines the number of data elements

(bits) sent in 1 second. The unit is bps
(bits per second)

Kbps (Kilo bits per second)

Mbps (Mega bits per second)
Gbps (Giga bits per second)
Tbps (Tera bits per second)
TRANSMISSION MEDIA
Transmission media is a communication channel that carries
the information from the sender to the receiver.
It is of 2 types:
 Wired media
• Twisted Pair Cable
• Co-axial Cable
• Fiber-Optical Cable
 Wireless Media
• Radio waves
• Microwaves
• Infrared
• Satellite
TWISTED PAIR CABLE
 used for creating small computer network. It
contains four twisted pair covered in an outer
shield. These pair are color coded. An RJ-45 is
used to connect this cable to a computer. It is
available in various forms such as CAT1, CAT2,
CAT3, CAT4, CAT5, CAT6.
 Also known as Ethernet Cable

 It is of 2 types:
UTP (Unshielded Twisted Pair)
STP(Shielded Twisted Pair)
CO-AXIAL CABLE
Coaxial cable is a type of copper cable specially built
with a metal shield and other components
engineered to block signal interference. It is
primarily used by cable TV companies to connect
their satellite antenna facilities to customer homes
and businesses.
Two Types: (i) Thicknet (ii) Thinnet
 FIBER OPTICAL CABLE
Fiber Optical cables are long, thin strands of glass
about thickness of human hair. It is used to
transmit data through light signals over long
distances. It is capable of transmitting messages
modulated onto light waves.
Common Types: Single Node and Multi Node.
COMPARISON WIRED MEDIA

Twisted Pair Coaxial Cable Optical fiber

PARAMETERS Cable cable

DataTransfer 10Mbps- 100Mbps >100Gbps

Rate 10Gbps
DataTransfer 100 m 185-500m -
Range

Interference More Less than NIL

susceptibility Ethernet cable
Cost Least cost More than Very Expensive
Ethernet
ASSIGNMENTS (Wired Transmission Media)
Q1. Identify the cable which consists of an inner copper core
and a second conducting outer sheath:
(i) Twisted Pair (ii) Co-axial (iii) Fiber Optics (iv) Shielded
Twisted Pair
Q2. In fiber optic transmission, data is travelled in the form of:
(i) Light (ii) Radio link (iii) Microwave Link (iv) Very low
frequency
Q3. Out of the following, Which transmission media has the
highest transmission speed in a network?
(i) Twisted Pair Cable (ii) Co-axial Cable (iii) Optical Fiber (iv)
Electrical Cable
Q4. Out of the following guided media, which is not susceptible
to external interference?
(i) Twisted Pair (ii) Co-axial Cable (iii) Optical Fiber (iv) Electric
Wire
ASSIGNMENTS (Wired Transmission Media)
Q5. What is bandwidth? What is the measuring unit of
Bandwidth in term of range of frequencies a channel can
pass?

Q6. Compare & Contrast between Twisted Pair Cable & Fiber
Optics cable.

Q7. Write any one advantage and one disadvantage of Twisted

Pair Cable.
 PART-3
(WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA)

DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
PM SHRI K V BALLYGUNGE
TODAY’S SUB TOPICS:
 WIRELESS TRANSMISSION MEDIA
 MICROWAVE

 RADIOWAVE

 INFRARED

 SATELLITE (SATELLITE MICROWAVE)

 BLUETOOTH

 COMPARISON

 ASSIGNMENTS
 WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS
 Electromagnetic waves are used for wireless
communication over computer network. Based on their
frequencies, electromagnetic waves are categorized into
various categories.
These categories are in increasing order of their frequencies –
Radio Waves < Microwaves < Infra radiation < Visible Light <
Ultraviolet Radiation < X-rays < Gamma rays
WIRELESS COMPUTER NETWORKS

Out of these only radio waves, microwaves and

infrared rays are used for wireless communication
MICROWAVE
 Are high frequency waves that can be used to
transmit data wirelessly over long distance
 Travels in straight lines (UNIDIRECTIONAL) and
cannot penetrate any solid object, therefore for long
distance microwave communication high towers are
built and microwave antennas are put on their top.
 It consists of transmitter, receiver and atmosphere
 Used to transmit signals such as mobile phone calls
MICROWAVE
Microwaves travel by line-of-sight; unlike lower frequency
radio waves they do not diffract around hills, follow the earth's
surface as ground waves, or reflect from the ionosphere, so
terrestrial microwave communication links are limited by the
visual horizon to about 40 miles (64 km). At the high end of the
band they are absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, limiting
practical communication distances to around a kilometer.
Microwaves are widely used in modern technology, for
example in point-to-point communication links, wireless
networks, microwave radio relay networks, radar, satellite and
spacecraft communication, medical diathermy and cancer
treatment, remote sensing, radio astronomy, particle
accelerators, spectroscopy, industrial heating, collision
avoidance systems, garage door openers and keyless entry
systems, and for cooking food in microwave ovens.
 RADIO WAVES
 Radio waves are used to transmit television and
radio programs. Wi-Fi / Bluetooth has become a
common word today also used radio wave to
transmit data among connected device.
 It is Omni-directional and can penetrate solid
objects.
 RADIO WAVES
Radio waves are a type of electromagnetic
radiation with wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum longer
than infrared light. Radio waves have frequencies as high as 300
gigahertz (GHz) to as low as 30 hertz (Hz). At 300 GHz, the
corresponding wavelength is 1 mm, and at 30 Hz is 10,000 km. Like all
other electromagnetic waves, radio waves travel at the speed of
light in vacuum. They are generated by electric
charges undergoing acceleration, such as time varying electric
currents. Naturally occurring radio waves are emitted
by lightning and astronomical objects.
Radio waves are generated artificially by transmitters and received
by radio receivers, using antennas. Radio waves are very widely used in
modern technology for fixed and mobile radio
communication, broadcasting, radar and radio
navigation systems, communications satellites, wireless computer
networks and many other applications.
INFRARED WAVES
 Used for short range communication
approx. 5-10m
 Used in cordless mouse, remote controlled
devices
 They do not pass through solid object

 One advantage of this is that infrared

system in one room of building will not
interfere with a similar system in adjacent
room.
INFRARED WAVES
 It is a line of sight transmission, so
information passed to one device is not
leaked to another device.
 SATELLITE (Satellite Microwave)
 Satellite communication is a special case of
microwave relay system.
 Used for very long distance wireless communication.
 Transmission from earth to a satellite is uplink
(frequency range 1.6GHz to 30.0 GHz) and
transmission from satellite to earth is known as
downlink (frequency range 1.5GHz to 20.0GHz)

 It covers large area of earth

 Expensive
 Require legal permissions.
SATELLITE (Satellite Microwave)
SATELLITE (Satellite Microwave)
COMPARISON
BLUETOOTH
Bluetooth is a wireless technology standard used for
exchanging data between fixed and mobile devices over
short distances using short-wavelength UHF radio
waves in the industrial, scientific and medical radio
bands, from 2.402 GHz to 2.480 GHz, and
building personal area networks (PANs). It was originally
conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables.
Industry Personal area networks
Compatible hardware Personal computers
Smartphones
Gaming consoles
Audio devices
Physical range Typically less than 10 m (33 ft), up to
100 m (330 ft)
Bluetooth 5.0: 40–400 m (100–
1,000 ft)
ASSIGNMENTS (Wireless Transmission Media)
Q1. Which transmission media is preferable in Hilly Region and
Why?

Q2. Which transmission media is suitable for very long distance

communication and why?

Q3. What is the difference between Radio wave & Microwave

transmission? Write at least two points.

Q4. Which wireless transmission medium is used for controlling our

TV, AC with Remote?

Q5. Out of the following, which is the fastest (a) Wired, and (b)
Wireless medium of communication?
Infrared, Coaxial Cable, Ethernet Cable, Microwave, Optical
Fiber, Radio waves.
ASSIGNMENTS (Wireless Transmission Media)
Q6. At the lower end of the electromagnetic spectrum we have __________
(i) radio waves
(ii) power and voice
(iii) ultraviolet light
(iv) infrared light

Q7. Smoke signals are an example of communication through ________

(i) a guided medium
(ii) an unguided medium
(iii) a refractive medium
(iv) a small or large medium

Q8. Radio communication frequencies range from ______

(i) 3 kHz to 300 kHz
(ii) 300 kHz to 3 GHz
(iii) 3 KHz to 300 GHz
(iv) 3 KHz to 3000 GHz
 PART-4
(Networking Devices)
DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
PM SHRI K V BALLYGUNGE
SUB TOPICS:
 NETWORK DEVICES
 MODEM
 RJ-45 CONNECTOR
 ETHERNET CARD
 REPEATER
 HUB
 SWITCH
 ROUTER
 GATEWAY
 WIFI-CARD

 ASSIGNMENTS
 MODEM
 A MODEM (Modulator DEModulator) is an electronic
device that enables a computer to transmit data over
telephone lines.
 It is a hardware component that allows a computer or
another device, such as a router or switch, to connect
to the Internet.
 As we know phone lines work on analog signal while
computer works on digital signal, So the role of
Modem is to convert Digital signal to Analog so that it
can be carried by telephone lines and other side it
again converts analog signal to digital form
 There are two types of modems, namely internal
modem and external modem.
MODEM
RJ-45 CONNECTOR
 The "RJ" in RJ45 stands for "Registered Jack "
 Registered Jack 45 (RJ45) is a standard type of
physical connector for network cables.
 It is an eight-wire connector used to connect
computers on LANs, especially Ethernets.
ETHERNET CARD
 It is also known as NIC (Network Interface Card)
 Is a device that is attached to each of the
workstations and the server and helps the
workstations establish all important connection with
the network.
 It contain RJ-45 slot to connect Ethernet cable with
RJ- 45 connector.
 Each NIC attached to workstation has a unique
number identifying it, known as MAC (Media Access
Control) Address.
 Also known as Network Interface Unit.
ETHERNET CARD
REPEATER

 A Repeater is a device that amplifies a signal being

transmitted over a network.
 Data are carried in the form of signals over the cable.
 These signals can travel a specified distance (usually
about 100m for twisted pair cable and 185-500 m for
coaxial cable)
 Signals lose their strength beyond this limit and
become weak.
 In such conditions, the weakened signal appearing on
the cable is regenerated and put back on the cable by
the repeater.
 HUB
 An Ethernet hub is a network device used to connect
different devices through wires.
 Data arriving on any of the lines are sent out on all
the others.
 The limitation of hub is that if data from two devices
come at the same time, they will collide.
 It can not filter network traffic and forwards data
packets across a network in a broadcast manner.
 It provides shared bandwidth.
 HUB have 4/12 ports
 HUB cannot be used as Repeater.
HUB
 SWITCH
A switch (switching hub) is a network device which is
used to interconnect computers or devices on a network.
 It filters network traffic and forwards data packets across
a network.
 Is an intelligent device that connect several nodes to
form a network and redirect the received information
only to the intended node(s)
 Switch stores MAC table, and when any node transmit
the data to any node, Switch filters the desired MAC
Address of that node and send the data to that node
only.
 It provides dedicated bandwidth.
 Switch can have 24 to 48 ports
 Switch can be used as a repeater
SWITCH

← 8 PORT

← 16 PORT

← 50 PORT
ROUTER
A router is a networking device that forwards data
packets from the source machine to the destination
machine by using the shortest path.

Router can handle different protocols. For example

router can link Ethernet and mainframe.

Router uses logical address i.e. IP address.

Routers are used at the network layer, which is the

third layer of the OSI model.
ROUTER
 GATEWAY
A gateway is a device that connects dissimilar
networks i.e. following different protocols.
In internet, several networks are communicating with
each other and each network has a different
configuration. In order to make reliable
communication, there must be a device that helps in
communicating.
Gateway is a device which establishes an intelligent
connection between a local area network and
external networks with completely different
structures.
GATEWAY
GATEWAY
WI-FI CARDS
 Wi-Fi cards are known as wireless fidelity cards as
they allow the user to set up connection without
any wire.
 Wi-Fi card is either an internal or external Local
Area Network adapter with a built-in wireless
radio and antenna.
 A Wi-Fi card is used in a desktop computer that
enables a user to establish an internet connection.
 Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi) cards are widely used in
notebook computers due to their highly portable
nature.
 It allow to connect our device to hotspot
available.
WI-FI CARDS
 The most common Wi-Fi cards used in desktop
computers are PCI-Express Wi-Fi cards made to fit
the PCI- Express card slots on the motherboard.
ASSIGNMENTS (Network Devices)
Q1. What is the difference between Internal and External
modem?
Q2. What is Ethernet? What is Ethernet Card?
Q3. What are Wi-Fi cards? Explain.
Q4. What is the role of a switch in a network?
Q5. Differentiate between : (i) Hub and Switch (ii) Router and
Gateway
Q5. When would you opt for a router in a network?
Q6. What is NIC? Give the name of unique number assigned to
each NIC.
Q7. Which connector is used connect Ethernet Cable to LAN
Card?
ASSIGNMENTS (Network Devices)
Q8. Which of the following device is used to connect network
of different protocols so that they can communicate properly?
(i) Gateway (ii) Router (iii) Bridges (iv) Switch

Q9. Which of the following device is used for sorting and

distribution of data packet to their destination based on their
IP Address?
(i) Gateway (ii) Router (iii) Bridges (iv) Switch

Q10. 802.11 is used for

 PART- 5
(Network Topologies &
Network Types)
DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
PM SHRI K V BALLYGUNGE
SUB TOPICS:
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES

 BUS

 STAR

 TREE

 NETWORK TYPES

 PAN

 LAN

 MAN

 WAN

 ASSIGNMENTS
 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
 The way in which the computers/devices are
physically interconnected to form a network is called
a Topology.
 It can be defined as the arrangement or structure of
network
 Types of Topologies
 Basically, there are five types of topologies and each
topology has some advantages and disadvantages.
 BUS TOPOLOGY
 In bus topology all the nodes are connected to a main
cable called backbone.
 If any node has to send some information to any other
node, it sends the signal to the backbone. The signal
travels through the entire length of the backbone and is
received by the node for which it is intended.
 A small device called terminator is attached at each end
of the backbone. When the signal reaches the end of
backbone, it is absorbed by the terminator and the
backbone gets free to carry another signal.
 However, as the signal travels a long distance, it becomes
weaker and weaker.
 Ethernet is a common example of bus topology.
BUS TOPOLOGY
BUS TOPOLOGY
 Advantages:
 Nodes can be connected or removed easily from bus
network.
 It requires less cable length than a star topology.
 Bus network is easy to implement and can be extended up
to a certain limit.
 It works well for small networks.
 Disadvantages:
 If there is a fault or break in the main cable, the entire
network shuts down.
 Fault isolation is difficult to detect if the entire network
shuts down.
 Performance degradation occurs with the increased number
of nodes.
 Collision of data can take place because several nodes can
transmit data to each other at one time.
STAR TOPOLOGY
 In star topology each node is directly connected to a
hub/switch.

 If any node has to send some information to any

other node, it sends the signal to the hub/switch.
This signal is then broadcast (in case of a hub) to all
the nodes but is accepted by the intended node(s).

 Most popular and widely used LAN technology,

Ethernet, currently operates in Star Topology.
STAR TOPOLOGY
STAR TOPOLOGY
 Advantages :
 Installation and maintenance of network is easy and
takes less time.

 It is easy to detect faults in this network as all computers

are dependent on the central hub.

 As the nodes are not connected to each other, any

problem in one node does not hamper the performance
of other nodes in the network.

 Removal or addition of any node in star topology can

take place easily without affecting the entire
performance of the network.
STAR TOPOLOGY
 Disadvantages :

 Extra hardware is required for installation of central

controller known as hub.

 All nodes of star topology are dependent on central

hub and, therefore, any problem in the hub makes
the entire network shut down.

 More cabling is required in star topology as

compared to any other topology (ring, bus, tree) as
all nodes are directly connected to a central hub.
TREE TOPOLOGY
 Tree topology is a combination of bus and star
topologies.

 It is used to combine multiple star topology

networks.

 All the stars are connected together like a bus.

 It is most suited in networking multiple departments

of a university or corporation, where each unit (star
segment) functions separately, and is also connected
with the main node (root node).
TREE TOPOLOGY
TREE TOPOLOGY
Advantages:
 The tree topology is useful in cases where a star or
bus cannot be implemented individually.
 Each star segment gets a dedicated link from the
central bus. Thus, failing of one segment does not
affect the rest of the network.
 Fault identification is easy.
 The network can be expanded by the addition of
secondary nodes. Thus, scalability is achieved.
TREE TOPOLOGY
Disadvantages:
 As multiple segments are connected to a central bus,
the network depends heavily on the bus. Its failure
affects the entire network.

 Owing to its size and complexity, maintenance is not

easy and costs are high. Also, configuration is
difficult in comparison to other topologies.

 Though it is scalable, the number of nodes that can

be added depends on the capacity of the central bus
and on the cable type.
TYPES OF NETWORK
 A computer network can be on a table, in a
room, building, city, country, across
continents or around the world.

 On the basis of geographical spread, networks

may be classified as:

1. PAN
2. LAN
3. MAN
4. WAN
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
 PANs are small networks used to establish
communication between a computer and other
handheld devices in the proximity of up to 10 meters
using wired USB connectivity or wireless systems like
Bluetooth or Infrared.

 PANs are used to connect computers, laptops,

mobiles and other IT-enabled devices to transfer
files including emails, digital photos, audio and
video, etc.
PERSONAL AREA NETWORK (PAN)
 PAN may include wireless computer keyboard and
mouse, Bluetooth enabled headphones, wireless
printers and TV remotes.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
 LAN is a privately owned computer network covering
a small geographical area (small physical area), like a
home, office or a building such as a school.

 It can cover an area spread over a few meters to a

radius of a few kilometers.

 a LAN is owned, controlled and managed by a single

person or organization.

 LAN can be set up using wired media (UTP cables,

coaxial cables, etc.) or wireless media (Infrared,
Radio waves) known as WLAN.
LOCAL AREA NETWORK (LAN)
 LAN users can share data, programs, printer,
disk, modem, etc.
 Data transfer rate speed over a Local Area
Network can vary from 10 Mbps to 1 Gbps.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)

 MAN is larger than a LAN and can cover a city and its
surrounding areas. A MAN usually interconnects a
number of LANs and individual computers.

 All types of communication media (guided and

unguided) are used to set up a MAN.

 A MAN is typically owned and operated by a single

entity such as a government body or a large
corporation.
METROPOLITAN AREA NETWORK (MAN)
 A good example of MAN is the interconnected
offices of a Multinational Corporation (MNC) or
cable television networks available in the whole city.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
 WAN is a type of network spreads over a large
geographical area across countries and continents.
WANs are generally used to interconnect several
other types of networks such as LANs, MANs, etc.
 They facilitate fast and efficient exchange of
information at a high speed and low cost.
 A WAN uses common carriers like satellite systems,
telephone lines, etc.
 WAN can cover an area with a radius spanning
hundreds of kilometers.
WIDE AREA NETWORK (WAN)
 A network of ATMs, banks, government offices,
international organizations’ offices, etc., spread over
a country, continent are examples of WAN.
 The best known example of a WAN is the internet.
CHARACTERISTICS OF PAN, LAN, MAN, WAN
ASSIGNMENTS (Network Topologies & Types)
Q1. Illustrate the layout for connecting five computers, one
printer, one scanner in a Bus and a Star topology of Networks.
Q2. What factors should be taken into consideration while
opting for a particular topology?
Q3. What is Tree Topology? What is the main purpose of using
Tree Topology?
Q4. When will you prefer BUS Topology over STAR Topology and
Vice versa?
Q5. Which of the following Cabling technique is considered best
between buildings for establishing LAN?
(i) Ethernet (ii)Telephone (iii) Optical fiber (iv) Co-axial
Q6. What is the possible maximum area covered by LAN
(i) 100-500 meter (ii) 1-5 KM (iii) 1-10 KM (iv) 1-2KM
ASSIGNMENTS (Network Topologies & Types)
Q7. Uploading photo from mobile phone to Desktop computer
is an example of
(i) LAN (ii) PAN (iii) MAN (iv) WAN
Q8. In which topology are all the nodes connected through a
single Coaxial cable?
(i) Star (ii) Tree (iii) Bus (iv) Ring
Q9. Which of the following is the smallest network?
(i) WAN (ii) MAN (iii) LAN (iv) Wi-Fi
Q10. The network designed for customers who need a high
speed connectivity is
(i) LAN (ii) MAN (iii) WAN (iv) PAN
 PART- 6
(Network Protocol)
DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
PM SHRI K V BALLYGUNGE
SUB TOPICS:
 NETWORK PROTOCOL

 TCP/IP

 FTP

 PPP

 HTTP

 SMTP

 POP3
 ASSIGNMENTS
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
 Refers to SET OF RULES
 In Network there are variety of computer connected
to each other and data in many ways.
 For interaction among these, some rules are applied
like how and when a device can send and receive
data, how to send the data packet and how to receive
etc.
 There are many protocols used like:
TCP/IP
FTP
PPP
HTTP
SMTP
POP3
 TCP / IP
 Stands for Transmission Control Protocol and
Internet Protocol

 TCP (TRANSMISSION CONTROL PROTOCOL):

 TCP is connection oriented protocol i.e. first the

connection between sender and receiver is
established through process called handshake
(RTS,CTS, ACK etc.)
 TCP divides the large packets to transmit into smaller
data packets called datagrams.
 At the receiving end it also reassemble the packet to
form original message.
 TCP / IP
 IP (INTERNET PROTOCOL) : responsible for providing
address of each computer and performing routing.
Each packet is assigned with destination IP address.

 It is responsible for delivering packets from the source

host to the destination host based on the IP
addresses mentioned in the packet headers
FTP (FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
 Stands for File Transfer Protocol
 It allows transferring of files from one system to another like
downloading a file from the server or uploading of file from
local machine to web server using FTP Client like FileZilla etc.
 FTP offers these advantages:
 Useful to transfer files from one network to another
 It is an effective way to get geographically dispersed
group to co-operate on a project.
 It is popular way to update web sites.
 While sharing files from one system to another, we may
encounter several problems— two systems may have
different directory structures, two systems may have
different file naming conventions, or two systems may have
different ways to represent text and data. All these problems
are solved by FTP.
PPP (POINT TO POINT PROTOCOL)

 Stands for Point-to-Point Protocol

 Point - to - Point Protocol (PPP) is a communication
protocol of the data link layer that is used to
transmit multiprotocol data between two directly
connected (point-to-point) computers.
 It is a byte - oriented protocol that is widely used in
broadband communications having heavy loads
and high speeds.
PPP (POINT TO POINT PROTOCOL)
The following steps are required to connect to the internet:
• Double click on the dial-up icon.
• Dial the number provided to you by the ISP.
• Enter the login and password.
• Open a browser like Internet Explorer or Netscape Navigator.

The various features of PPP are:

• Establishing the link between two devices.
• Maintaining this established link.
• Configuring this link.
• Terminating this link after the transfer.
• PPP provides error detection.
• PPP supports multiple protocols.
• It also defines how two devices can authenticate each other.
HTTP (HYPER TEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
 Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol
 Used to transfer all files and other data(resources)
from one computer to another on the world wide
web.
 Client(Browser) send request to Web Server using
HTTP protocol and Server respond back to Client
using HTTP i.e. Client and server over web
communicate using HTTP protocol.
 HTTP is stateless protocol, various technique applied
to make HTTP as State full like Cookies.
 See the format of URL:
[Link]
SMTP (SIMPLE MAIL TRANSFER PROTOCOL)
 Stands for Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
 SMTP is a set of communication guidelines that allow
software to transmit an electronic mail over the internet is
called Simple Mail Transfer Protocol.
 It is a program used for sending messages to other computer
users based on e-mail addresses
 It handles only outgoing messages and not incoming
messages. SMTP does not create messages: rather, it helps in
forwarding messages between client servers.
 It uses TCP to send messages to another host. For receiving
messages, another protocol POP (post office protocol) is
used.
 SMTP uses TCP port number 25 for standard communication.
 Port 25 (non-encrypted, unsecure)
 Port 465 (encrypted, secure)
POP3 (POST OFFICE PROTOCOL Version 3.0)
 Stands for Post Office Protocol (Version-3.0)
 POP3 is a client/server protocol in which e-mail is
received and held for you by your Internet server.
 Periodically, you (or your client e-mail receiver) check
your mail-box on the server and download any mail,
probably using POP3.
 It also allows to download the received messages on
local machine using tool like Outlook so that user can
read them even when they are not connected to the
Internet.
 Port 110 - default POP3 used for unsecured email
communication
 Port 995 – the encrypted port used for secured
communication using POP3
POP3 (POST OFFICE PROTOCOL)
 To get a mail from POP server, a user must enter a
valid username and password for their email
account. The POP3 protocol thus manages
authentication using the user name and password;
however, it is not secure because the passwords, like
the email, circulate in plain text over the network.

 POP3 protocol blocks inbox during its access which

means that simultaneous access to the same inbox
by two users is impossible
ASSIGNMENTS (Network Protocol)
Q1. What is protocol? Name some commonly used protocols.
Q2. What is TCP/IP?
Q3. How is FTP different from HTTP?
Q4. Expand the following Terms:
SMTP, VoIP, FTP, PPP, HTTP, TCP/IP, POP3
Q5. Each IP packet must contain:
(i) Only Source address
(ii) Only Destination address
(iii) Source and Destination address
(iv) Source or Destination address
Q6. Which protocol is used for the transfer of hypertext content
over the web?
(i) HTML (ii) HTTP (iii) TCP/IP (iv) FTP
 PART- 7
(Network Protocol Part-2)
DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
PM SHRI K V BALLYGUNGE
SUB TOPICS:
 NETWORK PROTOCOL
 REMOTE LOGIN (TELNET)

 VoIP
 Chat Protocol
 Video Conferencing
 WIRELESS / MOBILE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL
 GSM
 GPRS
 WLL
 Wireless technologies
 Wi-Fi
 Wi-Max
 REMOTE LOGIN
Remote login is a network application that permits a
user sitting at a different location to work on a specific
program on another program.
The user need ID of that computer generated by
remote login application.
It is done only when both PC are connected to
Internet.
Mainly used by customer support system to do some
installation, setting on client computer.
The main programs are:
 Telnet
 AnyDesk
 Team Viewer
 TELNET
 Telnet is one of the earliest remote login protocols on
the Internet.
 Telnet is a user command and an underlying
TCP/IP protocol for accessing remote computers.
 Through Telnet, an administrator or another user
can access someone else's computer remotely. On the
Web, HTTP and FTP protocols allow you to request
specific files from remote computers, but not to
actually be logged on as a user of that computer.
 With Telnet, you log on as a regular user with
whatever privileges you may have been granted to
the specific application and data on that computer.
 VoIP (Voice Over Internet Protocol)

 Voice over Internet Protocol

 It is a protocol that enables voice communication over
the Internet through the compression of voice into
data packets that can be efficiently transmitted over
data network and then convert back into voice at
receiving end.
 It uses packet switching (store and forward)
 It is an alternate to traditional telephone network.
 CHAT PROTOCOL
 Popular Chat protocols are:
 IRC
 XMPP
 IRC ( Internet Relay Chat ) : IRC (Instant Relay Chat) is a
chat protocol that has been around since 1988. It is a
simple protocol and is quick to parse on the server side,
requiring little resources. IRC does not require any user
authentication, only that the connecting username must
be unique in a channel.
 XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol): it is
based on XML. It requires each user must have registered
unique IDs. WhatsApp, Facebook, Google Talk chat is using
this protocol. Its features are User Identity, Multiple logins,
Persistent message, Popularity, Personal Message
 VIDEO CONFERENCING

 The H.323 protocol is one of the most widely

deployed protocols in video conferencing.
 Video conferencing is a technology by means of
which two or more parties situated in different
geographical locations can watch and converse with
each other by means of two-way transmission of
video and audio data in near real-time.
 WIRELESS / MOBILE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

 Mobile communication protocols use multiplexing to

send information. Multiplexing is a method to
combine multiple digital or analog signals into one
signal over the data channel.
 This ensures optimum utilization of expensive
resource and time. At the destination these signals
are de-multiplexed to recover individual signals.
WIRELESS / MOBILE COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)

 GPRS (General Packet Radio Services)

 WLL (Wireless Local Loop)

 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access)

GSM (GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE
COMMUNICATION)

 It is one of the most widely used digital wireless

telephony system.
 It was developed in Europe in 1980s
 Now it is an international standard in Europe,
Australia, Asia and Africa.
 Any GSM handset with a SIM card can be used in
any country that uses this standard. Every SIM card
has a unique identification number.
 GSM uses TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) to
support upto eight calls simultaneously. It also uses
encryption to make the data more secure.
GPRS (GENRAL PACKET RADIO SERVICES)

 It stands for General Packet Radio Services.

 It is a packet based wireless communication
technology that charges users based on the volume
of data the send rather than the time duration for
which they are using the service.
 GPRS is the mobile communication protocol used by
second (2G) and third generation(3G) of mobile
telephony). Its speed upto 56kbps to 114kbps,
however the actual speed may vary depending on
network traffic.
WLL (WIRELESS LOCAL LOOP)
 It is wireless local telephone service that can be
provided in homes or offices.
 The subscribers connect to their local exchange
instead of the central exchange wirelessly.
 A data is transferred over very short range, it is more
secure than wired network.
 WLL system consists of user handset and a base
station. The base station is connected to the central
exchange as well as antenna.
 The antenna transmits to and receives call from
users.
 through microwave links
CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS
 It was first used by the British military during world
war II.
 After the war its use spread to civilian areas due to
high service quality.
 As each user gets the entire spectrum all the time,
voice quality is very high.
 CDMA phones were not using the SIM card, it comes
with built in technology.
 In India CDMA technology was used by Tata Docomo
and Reliance, but now its services are stopped and
only GSM network is working.
Wi-Fi (802.11 x Protocol)
 Wi-Fi is defined under IEEE (The Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers) 802.11x standards where x stands for
various Wi-Fi versions.

 WIRELESS FIDELITY : protocols allows devices to connect to

the internet without a direct line from your Device to ISP
(Internet Service provider). Its maximum coverage area is 100
meters. Transmission speed upto 54 Mbps. It is mostly used in
LAN Application. It uses Radio wave spectrum.
 Wi-Fi HOTSPOT : a hotspot is a venue that offers Wi- Fi access.
We can share out internet through Wi-Fi hotspot. We can set
Hotspot with or without password. With mobile we can
connect upto 10 devices with hotspot (However it depends
upto type of device)
Wi-Max (802.16 y Protocol)
 Stands for wireless inter-operability for
Microwave access.
 Wi-Max is defined under IEEE 802.16y
standards where y stands for various Wi-max
versions.
 Wi-Max is used in MAN Applications
 Wi-Max network range to max 90kms
 Wi-Max transmission speed can be upto 70
Mbps
ASSIGNMENTS (Network Protocol)
Q1. What are the two popular Chat protocols? which one is used
in the latest apps like Facebook, WhatsApp for Chat?
Q2. What is the difference in Wi-Fi and Wi-Max?
Q3. Differentiate between GSM and CDMA.
Q4. Write the expanded names for the following abbreviated terms
used in Networking and Communications:
(i) TDMA (ii) WAN (iii) CDMA (iv) WLL (v) GPRS
Q5. Raj Singhania is in India and he is interested in communicating
with her uncle in America. He wants to show one of her own designed
gadgets to him and also wants to demonstrate its working without
physically going America. Which protocol out of the following will be
ideal for the same?
(i) POP3 (ii) SMTP (iii) VoIP (iv) HTTP
Q6. Which out of the following, will you use to have an audio-visual
chat with an expert sitting in a far-away place to fix up a technical
issue? (i) VoIP (ii) Email (iii) FTP
INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES

DEBJIT BISWAS
PGT CS
PM SHRI K V BALLYGUNGE
SUB TOPICS:
 INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES

 WWW
 HTML
 XML
 HTTP
 DOMAIN NAMES
 URL
 WEBSITE
 WEB BROWSER
 WEB SERVER
 WEB HOSTING

 ASSIGNMENTS
 WWW
 Stands for World Wide Web also known as Web.
 It is a collection of website or web pages stored in web
server and connected to devices through the Internet.
These website may contain text, images, audio,
sound, animation etc.
 The WWW, with Internet allows retrieval and
display of website to your device.
 WWW was invented by Tim Berners Lee in 1989. Internet and
Hypertext as aVailable at that time. but no one thought how to
use the internet to link or share one document to another. Tim
focused on three main technologies that could make computers
understand each other, HTML, URL, and HTTP. So, the objectiVe
behind the inVENTIOn of WWW was to combine recent computer
technologies, data networks, and hypertext into a user-friendly
and effectiVE global information system.
 HTML

 Stands for Hypertext Markup Language

 Hypertext Markup Language is the standard markup
language for documents designed to be displayed in a
web browser.
 It is generally assisted by other technologies like CSS,
JavaScript, AJAX etc.
 It is tag based code, where tags are predefined. Tags
are the instruction how web page will appear on
browsers.
 It is not case sensitive.
 HTML files are stored with extension .HTM or .HTML
 Few tags are: <HTML>, <TITLE>,<A>,<IMG> etc
 XML

 Stands for eXtensible Markup Language

 eXtensible Markup Language is a markup language
that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in
a format that is both human-readable and machine-
readable.
 It allows us to exchange data between heterogeneous
 system.
 XML stores information in a plain text format so it is
not blocked by any firewall.
 Tags are not predefined i.e. we can create our own
tag
 It is case sensitive.
HTML VS XML

HTML XML
It focuses on presentation of data i.e. It focuses on structure of data i.e. how
how the data will appear on web page. data is stored. XML data can be
presented on web page by using XSLT
(XML Style sheet Language
Transformation)

TAGs are fixed i.e. we cannot create our TAGs are not fixed,we can create our own
own tag tag

Case Insensitive Case Sensitive

Ordering of TAG is immaterial Ordering of TAG i.e. nesting of TAG
must be in correct order
 HTTP

 Stands for Hypertext Transfer Protocol

 Used to transfer all files and other data(resources)
from
 one computer to another on the world wide web.
 Client(Browser) send request to Web Server using
HTTP protocol and Server respond back to Client
using HTTP i.e. Client and server over web
communicate using HTTP protocol.
 HTTP is stateless protocol, various technique applied
to make HTTP as State full like Cookies.
 See the format of URL:
 [Link]
 DOMAIN NAMES

Communicating with computer on internet using IP address is

practically impossible as it is very difficult to remember IP
address of every computer or website.
System has been developed to assign names to IP Address and
maintains a database of these names corresponding to IP
address. These names are referred as Domain Name.
Example – [Link], [Link], [Link], [Link]
It is used in URL(uniform resource locator) to identify particular
web servers.
Domain name has more than one parts –
 Top Level Domain Name or Primary Domain Name Sub
Domain names
 For example in [Link] in is the primary domain, nic is
sub domain of in and cbse is sub-domain of nic.
 DOMAIN NAMES
Generic Domain Names:-
 .com – commercial business
 .edu – educational institutes
 .gov – government agencies
 .net network organizations
 .org Organizations(nonprofit)

Country Specific Domain Names:-

 .in – india
 .au – australia
 .ca – canada
 .ch – china
 .nz – new zealand
 .pk – pakistan
 .jp – japan
 .us – united states of America
URL

 Stands for Uniform Resource Locator.

 Each web site has a unique address called URL,

 for e.g. [Link]

[Link]

 The basic format of URL is : type://address/path

 WEBSITE
 A website is a collection of web pages and related content
that is identified by a common domain name and published
on at least one web server.
 For example: [Link], [Link]
 All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the
world wide web.
 Website is broadly of two types:
 STATIC WEB SITE : static web site is used to display
information without any interaction with user or web
server.
 DYNAMIC WEB SITE: allows user interaction with web site
and can communicate with web server again and again.
WEB BROWSER
 A web browser is a software application for
accessing information on the World Wide Web.
 Web Browser act as a client to send request to
server, once web server process the request and
returns the response the same will be displayed on
web browser.
 There are many popular web browsers available like
: Google Chrome, Firefox, UC Browser, Opera,
Microsoft Edge.
 Most of the Web Browser supports Graphical
support, Lynx is the text based web browser
WEB SERVERS
 A web server is a computer that runs websites
 It's a computer program that distributes web pages as
they are requisitioned.
 The basic objective of the web server is to store,
process and deliver web pages to the users.
 Web server and client communicate withthe help of
HTTP protocol.
 Web server returns the requested page to client with
response code like 404 ( if requested page not found),
200 ( if requested page found) etc.
WEB HOSTING
 Is a service which allows individual or organization
to make their web site accessible through world
wide web.
 Web site is hosted on special computer called Web
servers. If the site is hosted users can access the
website from anywhere in the world.
 To Host a website, we require DOMAIN NAME, WEB
SPACE.
 Web Hosting provides various services like – FTP
upload, Email account, web site building tool,
databases etc.
 ASSIGNMENTS
INTRODUCTION TO WEB SERVICES
Q1. Define Web Server and Web Browser.

Q2. Differentiate between HTML and XML.

Q3. What is Web Hosting?

Q4. What do you mean by URL? How is it different

from Domain name? Give an example.

Q5. What is Domain name? How is it related with IP

address? Give an example of domain name.