What is a Microprocessor?

A microprocessor is the brain of a computer system — a small chip that performs all arithmetic and logic
operations, data transfer, and decision-making operations.
It is the central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated circuit (IC).

What is the 8085 Microprocessor?

• The Intel 8085 is an 8-bit microprocessor developed by Intel in 1976.

• It is called “8085” because it is based on the 8080 design but uses a +5V single power supply
(hence the “5”).

• It can perform operations like addition, subtraction, logic operations, and data transfer.

The 8085 microprocessor is an 8-bit microprocessor that was developed by Intel in the mid-1970s.

Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

It is used to perform mathematical operations like addition, multiplication, subtraction, division, decrement,
increment, etc. Different operations are carried out in ALU: Logical operations, Bit-Shifting Operations, and
Arithmetic Operations.

Accumulator
Accumulator is used to perform I/O, arithmetic, and logical operations. It is connected to ALU and the internal
data bus. The accumulator is the heart of the microprocessor because for all arithmetic operations
Accumulators' 8-bit pin will always there connected with ALU and in most-off times all the operations carried
by different instructions will be stored in the accumulator after operation performance.
General Purpose Registers
There are six general-purpose registers. These registers can hold 8-bit values. These 8-bit registers
are B,C,D,E,H,L. These registers work as 16-bit registers when they work in pairs like B-C, D-E, and H-
L. Here registers W and Z are reserved registers. We can't use these registers in arithmetic
operations. It is reserved for microprocessors for internal operations like swapping two 16-bit
numbers. We know that to swap two numbers we need a third variable hence here W-Z register pair
works as temporary registers and we can swap two 16-bit numbers using this pair.

Program Counter (PC):

• 16-bit register.

• Holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.

Stack Pointer (SP):

• 16-bit register.

• Points to the top of the stack (used in subroutines and interrupts)

• It works like a stack. In stack, the content of the register is stored that is later used in the program. It is
a 16-bit special register. The stack pointer is part of memory but it is part of Stack operations, unlike
random memory access. Stack pointer works in a continuous and contiguous part of the memory.
whereas Program Counter(PC) works in random memory locations

Temporary Register:

• Used internally by the microprocessor for calculations.

• It is an 8-bit register that holds data values during arithmetic and logical operations.

Instruction Register & Decoder:

• Holds the instruction being executed.

• Decodes the operation to be performed.

Control Unit:

• Controls the operations of all parts of the microprocessor.

Timing and Control Signals:

• Coordinates internal and external activities.

• The timing and control unit comes under the CPU section, and it controls the flow of data from the
CPU to other devices. It is also used to control the operations performed by the microprocessor and
the devices connected to it. There are certain timing and control signals like Control
signals, DMA Signals, RESET signals and Status signals

Interrupt Control:
• Provides a way to handle urgent events (like input/output signals).

Serial I/O Control:

• Used for serial data transmission (SID and SOD pins).

 • Address Bus and Data Bus
• The data bus is bidirectional and carries the data which is to be stored. The
address bus is unidirectional and carries the location where data is to be stored.
• In the 8085 microprocessor, the address bus and data bus are two separate buses
that are used for communication between the microprocessor and external devices.
• The Address bus is used to transfer the memory address of the data that needs to
be read or written. The address bus is a 16-bit bus, allowing the 8085 to access up
to 65,536 memory locations.

Serial Input/Output Control

• It controls the serial data communication by using Serial input
data and Serial output data.

Pin Diagram of 8085 Microprocessor

The 8085 microprocessor has 40 pins.

The 8085 microprocessor is a popular 8-bit microprocessor developed by Intel. It has 40 pins, each
with a specific function for interfacing with memory, input/output devices, and other components.

1. Address Bus and Data Bus

Address Bus (A8 to A15): The address bus is unidirectional, i.e., bits flow in one direction from the
microprocessor unit to the peripheral devices and uses the higher order address bus.

Address Data Bus (AD0 to AD7): These are bi-directional data pins used to transfer data between the
microprocessor and memory or I/O devices. The microprocessor is an 8-bit processor, so it uses 8
data lines. These pins serve the dual purpose of transmitting lower order address and data byte.
During 1st clock cycle, these pins act as lower half of address. In remaining clock cycles, these pins
act as data bus.

2. Control and Status Signals

ALE - It is an Address Latch Enable signal. It goes high during first T state of a machine cycle and
enables the lower 8-bits of the address, if its value is 1 otherwise data bus is activated.

IO/M' - It is a status signal which determines whether the address is for input-output or memory.
When it is high(1) the address on the address bus is for input-output devices. When it is low(0) the
address on the address bus is for the memory.

SO, S1 - These are status signals. They distinguish the various types of operations such as halt,
reading, instruction fetching or writing.

IO/M' S1 S0 Data Bus Status

0 1 1 Opcode fetch

0 1 0 Memory read

0 0 1 Memory write

1 1 0 I/O read

1 0 1 I/O write

1 1 1 Interrupt acknowledge

0 0 0 Halt

RD' - It is a signal to control READ operation. When it is low the selected memory or input-output
device is read.

WR' - It is a signal to control WRITE operation. When it goes low the data on the data bus is written
into the selected memory or I/O location.
READY - It senses whether a peripheral is ready to transfer data or not. If READY is high(1) the
peripheral is ready. If it is low(0) the microprocessor waits till it goes high. It is useful for interfacing
low speed devices.

3. Power Supply and Clock Frequency

Vcc - +5v power supply

Vss - Ground Reference

XI, X2 - A crystal is connected at these two pins. The frequency is internally divided by two, therefore, to
operate a system at 3MHZ the crystal should have frequency of 6MHZ.

CLK (OUT) - This signal can be used as the system clock for other devices.

4. Interrupts and Peripheral Initiated Signals:

The 8085 has five interrupt signals that can be used to interrupt a program execution.

(i) INTR
(ii) RST 7.5
(iii) RST 6.5
(iv) RST 5.5
(v) TRAP

The microprocessor acknowledges Interrupt Request by INTA' signal. In addition to Interrupts, there are three
externally initiated signals namely RESET, HOLD and READY. To respond to HOLD request, it has one signal
called HLDA.

1. INTR (Interrupt Request): This pin is used to request an interrupt from an external device.

2. RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5: These are vectored interrupts with different priority levels.

3. TRAP: This is a non-maskable interrupt and has the highest priority.

4. INTA (Interrupt Acknowledge): This pin is used to acknowledge interrupts from external devices.

5. Reset Signals

RESET IN - When the signal on this pin is low(0), the program-counter is set to zero, the microprocessor unit is
reset.

RESET OUT - This signal indicates that the MPU is being reset. The signal can be used to reset other devices.

6. DMA Signals
HOLD - It indicates that another device is requesting the use of the address and data bus. Having received
HOLD request the microprocessor relinquishes the use of the buses as soon as the current machine cycle is
completed. Internal processing may continue. After the removal of the HOLD signal the processor regains the
bus.

HLDA - It is a signal which indicates that the hold request has been received after the removal of a HOLD
request, the HLDA goes low.

7. Serial I/O Ports

Serial transmission in 8085 is implemented by the two signals.

SID and SOD - SID is a data line for serial input whereas SOD is a data line for serial output
 Or

Pin Groups:

Pin Group Description

Address Bus (A0–A15) 16 lines used to address memory (64 KB).

Data Bus (D0–D7) 8 lines for data transfer.

Control Signals Control read/write operations: RD’, WR’, ALE, IO/M’.

Power Supply +5V (Vcc) and Ground (Vss).

Clock Signals X1, X2 for external crystal to generate clock.

Reset Signals RESET IN, RESET OUT to reset microprocessor.

Interrupts 5 pins: INTR, RST7.5, RST6.5, RST5.5, TRAP.

Serial I/O SID (Serial Input Data), SOD (Serial Output Data).

Ready, HOLD, HLDA Used for synchronization with slower devices and DMA operations.

4. Comparison between 8085 and 8086 Microprocessor

Feature 8085 Microprocessor 8086 Microprocessor

Year of Release 1976 1978

Type 8-bit 16-bit

Data Bus 8-bit 16-bit

Address Bus 16-bit (64 KB memory) 20-bit (1 MB memory)

Instruction Set 74 instructions 117 instructions

Registers 8-bit general purpose 16-bit general purpose

Technology NMOS HMOS

Clock Speed 3 MHz 5–10 MHz

Segmented Memory Not supported Supported (Code, Data, Stack, Extra segments)

Pipelining No Yes (fetch and execute simultaneously)

Architecture Von Neumann (single bus) Modified Harvard (separate code & data)

Power Supply Single +5V +5V

Interrupts 5 256 (via interrupt vector table)

Feature 8085 Microprocessor 8086 Microprocessor

Operating Mode Single mode Minimum and Maximum modes

Performance Moderate Faster and more efficient

Advantages (8085)
1. Simple and easy-to-understand architecture.

2. Requires only a single +5V power supply.

3. Low cost and easily available.

4. Supports serial communication (SID, SOD).

5. Built-in clock generator reduces external parts.

6. Easy to interface with memory and I/O devices.

7. Instruction set is small and simple to learn.

8. Provides five hardware interrupts.

9. Reliable and stable for small applications.

10. Ideal for educational and training purposes.

Disadvantages (8085)
1. Limited to 3 MHz clock speed (slow).

2. Can access only 64 KB of memory.

3. 8-bit data bus limits processing power.

4. No inbuilt multiplication or division instructions.

5. No pipelining feature (slower execution).

6. No on-chip memory for data or programs.

7. Limited number of interrupts.

8. Not suitable for multitasking or large systems.

9. Based on old NMOS technology (more power use).

10. Outdated compared to modern microprocessors.

1. Introduction to 8086 Microprocessor

What is 8086?

• The Intel 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor developed by Intel in 1978.

• It is the first 16-bit processor designed by Intel and the foundation of the x86 family (used in
most computers today).

• It can perform 16-bit operations, meaning it can process 16 bits of data at a time.