Chemistry
Suggested Solution
Section A
1. (a) Cross: electron, charge: negative (−1)
Black dot: neutrons, charge: neutral (0)
White dot: protons, charge: positive (+1)
(b) Atomic number = 9
Mass number = 19
(c) Group VII; halogens.
2. (a) Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same atomic number but
different mass
numbers. / Isotopes are atoms of the same element with the same number of
protons but different numbers of neutrons.
(b) The relative atomic mass of lithium
= 6 0.076 + 7 0.924
= 6.924
(c) Each lithium atom readily loses 1 outermost electron to attain a stable noble
gas structure, forming Li+ ion. Each oxygen atom needs 2 electrons to
complete the octet and forms an O2− ion. These cannot be done by sharing
electrons and thus the compound formed is not covalent.
OR Lithium is a metal while oxygen is a non-metal.
(d) Sodium is more reactive. The reactivity of Group I elements depends on the
ease of losing electrons of the element. As the position of sodium in the
Periodic Table is lower than that of lithium, the atomic size of sodium is
greater. Therefore, the attractive force between nucleus and outermost
electrons in a sodium atom is weaker. That is, sodium is more readily to lose
its outermost electrons.
3.
(a) From Y to X
(b) From Y to X
(c) From Y to X
4. (a) Sodium hypochlorite solution is easy to handle; while leakage of toxic
chlorine gas may
require the evacuation of people living nearby. Moreover, chlorine is stored
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in heavy steel cylinders which are difficult to transport.
(b) The solution is tested with litmus paper and the paper will be bleached.
OR
Dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the solution and greenish yellow
chlorine gas will be given out.
(c) The formula mass of NaOCl = 23.0 + 16.0 + 35.5 = 74.5
Molarity of sodium hypochlorite = (0.5/10) (1000/74.5) = 0.67 M
(d) The yellow colour of the petal is bleached.
OCl−(aq) + dye(in petal) → Cl−(aq) + (dye + O)
coloured colourless
(e) The colour of the apple peel is bleached.
SO2(aq) + H2O(l) + dye(in apple peel) → SO42−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + (dye−O)
coloured colourless
5.
(a) Label Q and label S
Label Q should be displayed because concentrated sulphuric acid is corrosive.
Label S should be displayed because concentrated sulphuric acid is an oxidizing
agent.
(b) (i) Iron(II) solution changes from pale green to brown or yellow because
concentrated sulphuric acid oxidizes iron(II) to iron(III).
2FeSO4(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) → Fe2(SO4)3(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(ii) A colourless gas evolves because concentrated sulphuric acid is reduced by
the zinc granules to give sulphur dioxide.
Zn(s) + 2H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
(c) The 20 cm3 concentrated sulphuric acid is added to water to make up 200 cm3
solution. Excessive temperature rise is avoided by adding the acid slowly to
water with constant stirring. The dilution is performed in a fume cupboard and
we should wear safety spectacles.
(d) Rinse the affected area with plenty of water.
6.
(a) P is ethanoic acid. It is a weak acid which is only slightly ionized in water. With
the same molarity of solute, the concentration of mobile ions in ethanoic acid is
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comparatively lower than that in nitric acid, thus it has low electrical
conductivity.
(b) Q is sodium hydroxide. It is a strong alkali which dissociates completely in water.
With the same molarity of solute, the concentration of mobile ions in sodium
hydroxide is comparatively higher than that in ammonia solution, thus it has high
electrical conductivity.
(c) R is ammonia solution. It turns red litmus paper blue because ammonia reacts
with water to give hydroxide ions making the solution alkaline.
NH3(aq) + H2O(l) NH4+(aq) + OH−(aq)
(d) (i) S is nitric acid. It acts as an oxidizing agent to react with copper.
(ii) 8HNO3(aq) + 3Cu(s) → 2NO(g) + 3Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 4H2O(l)
2NO(g) + O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
7. Ethane is saturated hydrocarbon so it can undergo substitution reaction.
Ethene is unsaturated hydrocarbon so it can undergo addition reaction.
For example, both ethane and ethene react with bromine in organic solvent.
Ethane reacts with bromine under sunlight by replacing one of the hydrogen
atoms with a bromine atom:
CH 3CH 3 + Br2 → CH 3CH 2 Br + HBr
Ethene reacts with bromine by breaking the carbon-carbon double bond, forming
a single compound:
CH 2CH 2 + Br2 → CH 2 BrCH 2 Br
Section B
8.
(a) Methyl orange was added as an indicator to mark the end point of the strong acid
- weak alkali titration. The colour changes from yellow to orange.
(b) 3HCl(aq) + Al(OH)3(s) → AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)
(c) No. of moles of HCl used = 0.806 26.8/1000 = 0.0216 mol
No. of moles of Al(OH)3 in 1 tablet of Y = 0.0216 1/3 = 0.007 20 mol
Molar mass of Al(OH)3 = 27.0 + 3 (16.0 + 1.0) = 78.0 g mol−1
Mass of Al(OH)3 in 1 tablet of Y = 0.007 20 78.0 = 0.562 g
(d) For X, price per g of Al(OH)3 = 0.80/0.440 = $1.82
For Y, price per g of Al(OH)3 = 1.00/0.562 = $1.78
So Y is the better buy.
9.
(a) (i) Disinfectants are germicides which are used in non-living things.
(ii) Bleaching solution and bleaching powder.
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(iii) Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + NaOCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(iv) Chlorine and hydrochloric acid
(b) (i) 2NH3(g) + 3Cl2(g) → N2(g) + 6HCl(g)
oxidized
(ii) 2FeSO4(aq) + Br2(aq) → 2Fe3+(aq) + 2SO42-(aq) + 2Br−(aq)
reduced
(iii) H2SO3(aq) + Cl2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) + 2HCl(aq)
oxidized
10.
(a) A detergent is a substance that improves the ability of water to clean things.
(b) Animal fats and vegetable oils
(c) Soapy detergent particle consists of an ionic group (head) / carboxylate group
(1M) and a hydrocarbon chain/tail.
The ionic group is hydrophilic / water-loving / water-soluble.
The hydrocarbon chain is hydrophobic / water-hating / water-insoluble /
oil-soluble.
(d) The ionic heads (usually negatively charged) will dissolve in water and the
hydrocarbon tails will dissolve in oil. Thus, the surfaces of all oil droplets are
negatively charged. The oil droplets repel each other and cannot join together.