National Polytechnic School

Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

NATIONAL POLYTECHNIC SCHOOL

PRODUCTION ENGINEERING

TASK: CEP EXERCISES

MEMBERS: Katerin Casillas FECHA: 18/07/2020

Mauricio Llano
Cristhian Morocho
Paúl Pinzón

QUESTIONS FROM CHAPTER 6

1. Mention the Shewhart variation charts. What else are they called?

They are the common and special causes also referred to as natural variation and assignable.

Define 'under statistical control'.

It is said that a process operates under statistical control when its only source of variation...
consists of common causes (natural).

3. Briefly explain what the x graph and the R graph do.

• The graphs x: Indicate whether changes have occurred in the central tendency of a process.
• The graphs R: Indicate that there has been gain or loss in the dispersion (variability
of the process).

4. What could cause a process to be out of control?

State of a process in which the statistical measurement being evaluated is not under
statistical control, that is, the variations between the results of the samples are
affected by assignable causes.

5. Enliste los cinco pasos a seguir en el desarrollo y uso de gráficasx́ and R graphics.

1) Collect 20 or 25 samples, often with n = 4 or n = 5 observations each,

Start from a stable process and calculate the mean and range of each.
 National Polytechnic School
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

2) Calculate the global averages and set the appropriate control limits.
usually at the 99.73% level, and calculate the upper control limits and
Inferior preliminaries. See table S6.2 for other control limits.
If the process is not stable at present, use the desired mean, μ, instead of
to calculate the limits.
3) Plot the means and ranges of the samples in their respective graphs of
control and determine if they fall outside the acceptable limits.
4) Investigate the points or patterns that indicate that the process is out of control.
Try to assign the causes of the variation, confront them, and then resume the
process.
5) Collect additional samples and, if necessary, revalidate the control limits
with the new data.

6. List some possible causes of assignable variation.

Factors such as equipment mismatch caused by power loss, the

wear and tear of the machinery, fatigue caused by very long working hours, the poor
The scarce training of workers, or new batches of raw materials, are sources.
assignable variation potentials.

7. Explain why it is easier for a person to find samples "outside the limits" if
Use the 2 sigma control charts with the 3 sigma control charts. What are they?
What are some possible consequences of this fact?

The 2 sigma control charts cover only 95.5% of all natural variation; still
In the absence of an assignable cause, the points will fall outside the 4.5% control limit.
the times.

X́
8. When is the desired mean, µ, used instead of to establish the central line of a
control chart?

The desired mean is used when the mean of a process being observed is
unknown or out of control or when there is an established or known one, provided
by the manufacturer or designer of the equipment or process.

9. Will a production process be marked as 'out of control' because it is too

Good? Explain your answer.

Yes, because it means that the process has changed and that this cannot be applied in the
future or in other products.

10. In a control chart, what would be the effect on the control limits if the size of
Does the sample vary from one sample to the next?

Control charts are designed for specific sample sizes due to the
The standard deviation of the sample or the range depends on the sample size. These
control charts, studied in this chapter, should not be used if the sizes of the
samples vary.
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

11. Defina Cpk y explique lo que significa un Cpk de 1.0. ¿Qué es la Cp?

It is the process capability index, a way to express the capability of the process.
The proportion of natural variation (3 σ) is measured between the center of the process and the limit of
closest specification. Cp is the process capability ratio and determines whether the
process meets the design specifications

12. What does a 5-point run above or below the central line in a graph imply?
of control?

A '5-point spread' up or down means that the assignable variation is present.

What are the acceptable quality level (AQL) and the tolerated percentage of defects in the
lot (LTPD)? How are they used?

The AQL is the acceptable quality level. It is said to be the lowest quality level that is...
is willing to accept.

LTPD is the percentage of defects tolerated in the lot. That is, it is the quality level of
a lot considered bad.

14. What is a test run and when is it used?

Test used to examine the points recorded on a control chart and see if there are any
non-random variations.

15. Analyze the administrative aspects related to the use of control charts.

The aspects are:

• The type of control chart decision fits our data best.

• Decide the rules for workers that must be followed in certain cases.
• Selection of locations in a process that must have SPC

16. What is an OC curve?

operating characteristic curve) describes how well it discriminates between good and bad lots.
bad an acceptance plan. A curve belongs to a specific plan, that is, to a
combination of n (sample size) and c (acceptance level). What is being attempted is
show the probability that the plan accepts batches with different quality levels.

17. What is the purpose of acceptance sampling?

Acceptance sampling has the purpose of determining a course of action (to accept or
reject) regarding the disposition of a lot without inspecting each item of a lot.
This parameter does not estimate the quality of a batch.

18. What are the two risks present when using acceptance sampling?

. The producer's risk (α): is the probability that a "good" lot is rejected.
This is the risk that a random sample may result in a
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

proportion of defects much greater than that of the population of all items. A
lot with an acceptable quality level AQL has a probability α of being
rejected. Sampling plans are often designed to establish the risk of
producer at α = .05, or 5 percent.

. Consumer risk (β): it is the probability that a 'bad' lot is accepted. This
it is the risk that a random sample may result in a proportion of
minor defects.

19. Is a capable process a perfect process? That is, can a capable process generate
only outputs that meet the specifications? Explain your answer.
A capable process is not a perfect process, but it does deliver results with very low variability.
tolerance. A capable process can produce outputs very close to perfection without
embargo when it comes to statistical processes, identical results are never expected
the expected in the specifications.

EXERCISES OF CHAPTER 6

S6.1 The boxes of Organic Flakes are produced to hold 14 ounces with a deviation
Standard of 0.1 ounce. Set up the graph.x́from 3 sigma for a sample size of
36 boxes.

x́=14,σ=0.1 ounce n=36

σ 0.1
σ x́ = = =0.0167
√ n √36
LCSx́ =x́+zσx́ =14+3∗0.0167=14.05 ounces

LCIx́ =x́−zσx́ =14−3∗0.0167=13.95 ounces

S6.2 The global average of a process you intend to monitor is 50 units.

The standard deviation of the process is 1.72. Determine the upper and lower control limits.
lower for a mean graph, if you choose a sample size of 5. Set z = 3.

Limited superior control(LCS¿¿ x)=x

´ ´+zσx́ ¿

Limited control lower( LCI¿¿ x)=x−z

´ ´ σ x́¿

Where:

x́=measure the sample means to the established target value by the process

z=number of standard deviations¿

σ x́=standard deviation of the sample means=σ / n √

 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

σ =population standard deviation( process)

n=sample size

1.72
LCSx́ =x́+ zσx́ =50+30
( )
√5
=50.307

1.72
LCIx́ =x́−gmisx́az=50−30
( )
√5
=47.692

S6.3 A total of 35 samples, each of size 7, were taken from a filling machine.
bags with fertilizer. The results were: global average = 57.75 lb; average range = 1.78
lb.

a) Determine los límites de control superior e inferior de la gráfica X, donde σ = 3.

n=7
´ =57.75 lb
X́
Ŕ=1.78 lb
σ =3
A2=0,419 (Table S6.1)

LCSX́ =X´ + A 2R=57,57lb+0.419∗1.78

´ lbs

LCSX́ =58,318lb

LCIX́ =X´ − A2R=57.57

´ lb−0.419∗1,78lb

LCIX́ =56.824 lb

b) Determine the upper and lower control limits of the R chart, where σ = 3. PX

n=7

Ŕ=1.78lb
σ =3
D 3=0.076 (Table S6.1)

D 4 =1,924 (Table S6.1)

´
LCSX́ =D 4R=1,924∗1,78lb

LCSX́ =3,425lb

´
LCIX́ =D 3R=0.076∗1.78 lb
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

LCIX́ =0.135lb

S6.4 Pioneer Chicken sells 'light' chicken with 30% fewer calories than standard chicken.
When the process for the 'light' chicken is under control, the average chicken breast
It contains 420 calories, and the standard deviation in the caloric content of the population of
Chicken breasts are 25 calories. Pioneer wants to design a graph to monitor the
caloric content of chicken breasts, where 25 should be randomly selected
Breasts to form each sample. What are the upper and lower control limits?
for this graph, if the limits are chosen to be four standard deviations from the goal?
n=25
Z=4
σ =25
X́ =420
´ +ZσX́
LCS= X
´
LCI=X−ZσX́

σ
σ X́ =
√n
4∗25
LCS=420+
( )
√ 25
LCS=440
4∗25
LCI=420−
( √ 25 )
LCI=400

S6.5 Cordelia Barrera trata de monitorear un proceso de llenado quetene un promedio

global of 705 cc. The average range is 6 cc. If a sample size of 10 is used,
What are the upper and lower control limits for the mean and the range?

x́=705, Ŕ=6 n=10

A=0.308,
2 D=1.777
4 , D3=0.223

Forx́

LCSx́ =x+ ´
´ A 2R=705+0.308∗6=706.848

LCIx́ =x− ´
´ A2R=705−0.308∗6=703.152
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

For R

´
LCSR=D 4∗R=1.777∗6=10.662

´
LCIR=D 3∗R=0.223∗6=1.338

S6.6 The sampling of 4 pieces of wire with precise cut (for an assembly of
computers), which was conducted every hour for the last 24 hours, produced the
following results:

Develop the appropriate control charts and determine if there is any cause of
concern in the cutting process. Graph the information and look for patterns.

´ A 2R´
LCSx́ =x+

´ A2R´
LCIx́ =x−

Where:

x́=sample means

A2=value found in table S6.1

Ŕ=average range of samples

 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

LCSx́ =x+ ´
´ A 2 R=2,982+ 0,729 (1,024 =3.7284
)

LCIx́ =x− ´
´ A2R=2,982−0,729 1,024
( =2.2355
)
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

LCSR=D 4R´

LCIR=D 3R´

Where:

LCSR=upper control limit of the graph for the range

LCIR=lower control limit of the graph for the range

D 4y D3=values of table S6.1

´
LCSR=D 4R=2,282 1,024
( =2.3368
)

´ 0( 1,024=0
LCIR=D 3R= )( )
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

S6.7 In the Yongpin Zhou plant in Shanghai, pistons for automobiles are produced in a
forging process, and the diameter is a critical factor that must be controlled. From
samples of 10 pistons produced daily, the mean and the range of their diameter have
the following:

Build the X 3 sigma chart and an R 3 sigma chart for this dimension, use the
data observed in the previous table.

Graph X

n=5
σ =3
A2=0.577 (Table S6.1)

LCSX́ =X´ + A 2R=155.16mm+0.577∗4.48mm

´

LCSX́ =157,745mm

LCIX́ =X´ − A2R=155.16mm−0.577∗4.48mm

´

LCIX́ =152.575mm

Dia Media (mm) Rango (mm)

LCS LCI
1 156,9 4.2 157,745 152,575
2 153.2 4.6 157,745 152,575
3 153.6 4.1 157,745 152,575
4 155.5 5 157,745 152,575
5 156.6 4.5 157,745 152,575
Prom: 155.16 4.48
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Graphic X
10.01
10.01
10
10
10
10
10
9.99
9.99
9.99
9.99
1 2 3 4 5

LCS LCI Media

Graphic R

n=5

Ŕ=4.48mm
σ =3
D 3=0 (Table S6.1)

D 4 =2,115 (Table S6.1)

´
LCSŔ=D 4R=2,115∗4.48mm

LCSŔ=9.4707mm

´
LCIR=D 3R=0∗4.48mm
LCIŔ =0mm

Dia Media Range LCS LCI

1 156,9 4.2 9.47072 0
2 153.2 4,6 9,47072 0
3 153.6 4.1 9.47072 0
4 155.5 5 9.47072 0
5 156,6 4.5 9.47072 0
Prom: 155.16 4.48
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Graphic R
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5

LCS LCI Range

S6.8 Bill Kime's bowling ball factory only produces balls with weight and size for
adults. It is known that the standard deviation in the weight of a bowling ball produced in
the factory is 0.12 pounds. Daily, for 24 days, the average weight has been evaluated.
in pounds of nine bowling balls produced that day, the results are presented in the
next table:

Establish a control chart to monitor the average weights of the balls.

bowling, where the upper and lower control limits are two standard deviations away from
the average each one. What are the values of the control limits?
n=9
Z=2
σ =0.12

X́ =16
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

´ +ZσX́
LCS= X
´
LCI=X−ZσX́

σ
σ X́ =
√n
2∗0.12
LCS=16+
( √9 )
LCS=16.08
2∗0.12
LCI=16−
( √9 )
LCI=15.92

Day Promedio (lb) LCI LCS

1 16.3 15.92 16.08
2 15.9 15.92 16.08
3 15.8 15.92 16.08
4 15.5 15.92 16.08
5 16.3 15.92 16.08
6 16.2 15.92 16.08
7 16 15,92 16.08
8 16.1 15.92 16.08
9 15.9 15.92 16.08
10 16.2 15.92 16,08
11 15.9 15.92 16.08
12 15.9 15.92 16.08
13 16.3 15.92 16.08
14 15.9 15.92 16.08
15 16.3 15.92 16.08
16 16.2 15,92 16.08
17 16.1 15.92 16.08
18 15.9 15.92 16.08
19 16.2 15.92 16.08
20 15.9 15,92 16.08
21 15.9 15.92 16.08
22 16 15.92 16,08
23 15.5 15.92 16.08
24 15.8 15.92 16.08
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Chart Title
16.4

16.2

16

15.8

15.6

15.4

15.2

15
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Average (lb) LCI

S6.9 Whole Grains LLC applies statistical process control to ensure that its parts of
multigrain bread for sandwiches, low in fat and healthy, have the appropriate weight. With
Based on a stable and controlled process, the limits for the graphs are known.x́and R are:
LCSx́= 6.56, LCI x́= 5.84, LCSR = 1.141, =LCI
0. RDuring the last few days, 5 were taken
random samples of four pieces each were taken and the following was found:

Net weight
Show Piece#3
a Piece#1 Piece#2 Part#4
1 6.3 6.0 5.9 5.9
2 6.0 6.0 6.3 5.9
3 6.3 4.8 5.6 5.2
4 6.2 6.0 6.2 5.9
5 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.9

Is the process still under control?

Sample 1 2 3 4 5
Piece#1 6.3 6 6.3 6.2 6.5
Piece#2 6 6 4.8 6 6.6
Piece#3 5.9 6.3 5.6 6.2 6.5
Part#4 5.9 5.9 5.2 5.9 6.9
Media 6.03 6.05 5.48 6.08 6.63
Range 0.4 0.4 1.5 0.3 0.4
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

GRAPH X
7

SAMPLES
4 LCS
LCI
3

0
1 2 3 4 5

GRAPH R
1.6

1.4

1.2

1 Range
LCS
0.8 LCI

0.6

0.4

0.2

0
1 2 3 4 5

ANSWER: The graphics show that sample number 3 is not present.

within the control limits. Therefore, the process is not under control.

6.10 A process that is considered under control measures an ingredient in ounces. The table
The following contains the data from the last 10 samples taken (each of size n=5).
The population standard deviation is 1.36.
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

a) What is the standard deviation σ of the process? What value does it have?

σ1,36
σ x́ = = =0.6082
√ n √5
b) If z = 3, what are the control limits for the mean chart?

100
x́=10+10+10.2+10.2+10.4+ 9.8+9.6+ 9.8+9.8+10.2= =10
10

33
R=3+2+4 +1+3+4 +3+5+ 4+ 4= =3.3
10

LCSx́ =x́+zσx́ =10+3 ( 0.6082 )=11.8246

LCIx́ =x́−zσx́ =10−3 ( 0.6082 )=8.1754

Using A2:

LCSx́ =x+ ´
´ A 2R=10+0,577 3,3
( =11.9041
)

LCIx́ =x− ´
´ A2R=10−0.577 3.3=8.0959
( )

c) What are the control limits for the range chart?

´
LCSR=D4R=2,115 3,3
( =6,9795
)

´ 0( 3.3=0
LCIR=D3R= )( )

d) Is the process under control?

Yes, the process is under control in both cases.

S6.11 Twelve samples of five parts each were taken from a process that produces bars.
of steel. The length of each bar in the samples was determined. They were tabulated the
results were calculated and the means and ranges. The results were:
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Determine the upper and lower control limits and the overall means for the X charts.
R. Draw the graph representing the values of the means and the sample ranges. Do the
Do the data indicate that the process is under control? Why or why not?

A2 0.266
D3 0,283
D4 1,717

Limits of graph X:

LCSX́ =X´ + A 2R=

´ 10.0016 inches+ 0.266∗0.0102 in

LCSX́ =10.00431 inch.

LCIX́ =X´ − A2R=

´ 10.0016 inches−0.266∗0.0102 inch

LCIX́ =9.9988 inches.

Graph R limits:
´
LCSŔ=D 4R=1,717∗ 0.0102 inches.

LCSŔ=0.017513 inches.

´
LCIŔ =D 3R=0.283∗0.0102in.

LCIŔ = 0.002887 inches.

Graph X Graphic R
Day Media Range LCS LCI LCS LCI
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
1 10,002 0.011 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
2 10,002 0.014 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
3 9,991 0.007 1 7 3 7
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288

4 10,006 0.022 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
5 9,997 0.013 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
6 9,999 0.012 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
7 10,001 0,008 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
8 10,005 0.013 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
9 9,995 0.004 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
10 10,001 0.011 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
11 10,001 0.014 1 7 3 7
10,0043 9,99888 0,01751 0,00288
12 10,006 0.009 1 7 3 7
Prom: 10,0016 0.0102

Graph X
10.01

10.01

10

10

10

10

10

9.99

9.99

9.99
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

LCS LCI Media

 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Graph R
0.03

0.02

0.02

0.01

0.01

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

LCS LCI Range

We can see that the process is out of control, we have points both above
As below our control limits, it is necessary to analyze the cause.

The Eagletrons are fully electric cars produced by Mogul.

Motors, Inc. One of the concerns of Mogul Motors is that the Eagletrons are capable
to reach the appropriate maximum speeds. To monitor this, the executives of
Mogul takes samples of eight Eagletrons. For each sample, they determine the speed.
maximum average and the range of the maximum speeds reached within the sample.
The above is repeated with 35 samples to obtain 35 sample means and 35 ranges.
They find that the average sample mean is 88.50 miles per hour, and the range
the average is 3.25 miles per hour. Using these results, the executives decide
establish a graph R. They would like to create this graph in such a way that when it shows that
the range of a sample is not within the control limits, there is only
approximately a probability of 0.0027 that it is due to natural variation. What
What would be the upper control limits (UCL) and lower control limits (LCL) in this graph?

n=8
Z=3

Ŕ=3.25 miles per hour

Paran=8 s e t i e n e u n D 3=0.136D4=1.864

LCSR=D 4R´
LCSR=1.864∗3.25

LCSR=6.058

LCIR=D 3R´
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

LCSR=0.136∗3.25

LCSR=0.442

S6.13 The historical defect rate for the capture of insurance complaint data has been
almost 1.5%. What are the upper and lower control limits of the graph if one wishes to
use a sample size of 100 and 3 sigma limits?

ṕ=0.015, n=100, z=3

√ √
p1−
´ ( p´ ) 0.015 (1−0.015 )
σ ^p = = =0.01215
n 100

LCSp= ṕ+zσ^p =0.015+3∗ ( 0.01215 )=0.0515

LCIp =ṕ−zσ^p=0.015−3∗ ( 0.01215 )

=−0.0215=0
You are looking to develop a quality monitoring system for some parts that
They are purchased from Charles Sox Manufacturing Co. The parts are good or defective. You
decided to take a sample of 100 units. Develop a control limits table
upper and lower of a graph with several values of the defective fraction found in
the samples taken. In this table the values forṕthey have a range of 0.02 to 0.10 in
increments of 002. Develop the upper and lower control limits for a level of
confidence of 99.73 percent.

√
p1−
´ ( p´ )
σ ^p = LCSp = p+´ z σ ^ and
p LCIp = p−zσ
´ ^p
n

√
0.02 (1−0.02 )
ṕ=0.02 ⇒ σ^p= =0.014
100

LCSp=0.02+ 3∗ ( 0.014 )=0.062; LCIp=0.02−3∗ ( 0.014=−0.022

)

√
0.04 (1−0.04 )
ṕ=0.04 ⇒ σ^p = =0.0196
100

LCSp=0.04+3∗ ( 0.0196 )=0.0988; LCIp=0.04−3∗ ( 0.0196)=−0.0188

 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

√
0.06 ( 1−0.06 )
ṕ=0.06 ⇒ σ^p =
100 =0.023748
LCSp=0.06+3∗ ( 0.023748 )=0.13124; LCIp=0.06−3∗ ( 0.023748)=−0.0112

√
0.08 ( 1−0.08 )
ṕ=0.08 ⇒ σ^p= =0.02713
100

LCSp=0.08+3∗ ( 0.02713 )=0.1614; LCIp=0.08−3∗ ( 0.02713)=−0.00139

√
0.01 (1−0.01 )
ṕ=0,1 ⇒ σ^p= =0.03
100

LCSp=0,1+3∗ ( 0.03 )=0.19; LCIp=0.1−3∗ ( 0.03)=0.01

S6.15 The table below presents the results of the DNA sample inspection
taken during the last 10 days. The sample size is 100.

a) Build a p 3 sigma graph using this information.

Day Defects Fraction

1 7 0.07
2 6 0.06
3 6 0.06
4 9 0.09
5 5 0.05
6 6 0.06
7 0 0
8 8 0.08
9 9 0.09
10 1 0.01
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Prom 5.7 0.057

√ √
p∗
´ ( 1− p´ ) 0.057∗( 1−0.057 )
σ ṕ= =
n 100
σ ṕ=0.02318

Control limits:
LCSṕ= ṕ+zσṕ =0.057+3∗0.02318

LCSṕ=0.1265

LCSṕ= ṕ−zσṕ=0.057−3∗0.02318

LCSṕ=−0.01255

Day LCS Fraction Defects LCI

1 7 0,07 0,126553 0
2 6 0,06 0,126553 0
3 6 0,06 0,126553 0
4 9 0.09 0.126553 0
5 5 0,05 0,126553 0
6 6 0,06 0,126553 0
7 0 0 0.126553 0
8 8 0,08 0,126553 0
9 9 0.09 0.126553 0
10 1 0,01 0,126553 0

Prom 5,7 0.057

Graphic P (10 days)

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
-0.02

Fraction LCS LCI

 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

b) If the number of defects in the next three days is 12, 5, and 13, is the process under
control?

√ √
p∗
´ ( 1− p´ ) 0.066∗( 1−0.066 )
σ ṕ= =
n 100
σ ṕ=0.02498

Control limits:
LCSṕ= ṕ+zσṕ =0.066+3∗0.02498

LCSṕ=0.14189

LCSṕ= ṕ−zσṕ=0.066−3∗0.02498

LCSṕ=−0.0080

Day LCS Defects Fraction LCI

1 7 0.07 0.14189 0
2 6 0,06 0,14189 0
3 6 0,06 0,14189 0
4 9 0.09 0.14189 0
5 5 0,05 0,14189 0
6 6 0,06 0,14189 0
7 0 0 0.14189 0
8 8 0.08 0.14189 0
9 9 0,09 0,14189 0
10 1 0.01 0.14189 0
11 12 0.12 0.14189 0
12 5 0,05 0,14189 0
13 13 0.13 0.14189 0
Prom 6,692308 0,066923
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Graph P (13 days)

0.16

0.14

0.12

0.1

0.08

0.06

0.04

0.02

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
-0.02

Fraction LCS LCI

We can observe that the process is under control. Despite that, until the 7th ...
It has had a correct result, after that the process started to vary with ups and
drops. It is necessary to verify the cause of such variance.

In the past, the defect rate of your product has been 1.5%. What are the
upper and lower control limits of the graph if you wish to use a sample size
Is 500 and z = 3?
n=500
Z=3
ṕ=1.5%=0.015

LCS= ṕ+Zσṕ

LCI=ṕ−Zσṕ

√
ṕ(1−ṕ )
σ ṕ=
n

√
0.015(1−0.015)
LCS=0.015+3
500
LCS=0.0313

√
0.015(1−0.015)
LCI=0.015−3
500
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

LCI=−0.0013 is approximately 0

S6.17 Return to problem S6.16. If the defect rate were 3.5% instead of 1.5%,
What would the control limits be (z = 3)?

ṕ=0.035, n=500, z=3

√ √
p1−
´ ( p´ ) 0.035 (1−0.035 )
σ ^p = = =0.00822
n 500

LCSp= ṕ+zσ^p =0.035+3∗ ( 0.00822 )=0.0597

LCIp =ṕ−zσ^p=0.035−3∗ ( 0.00822

) =0.0103
6.18 In the data processing department of the Bank of Georgia, five work
operators to carry out data entry. Daily, for 30 days, the number of
defective records in a sample of 250 records entered by these operators is
he has noted it as follows:

Establezca los límites de control superior e inferior con 3σ; n = 250 registros.

LCSp=0.077;LCIp=0.003

Total number of defects 300

ṕ= = =0.04
No demonstrations∗Number of sample records 30∗250

√ √
p1−
´ ( p´ ) 0.04 ( 1−0.04 )
σ ^p =
n
=
250 =0.0124
LCSp= ṕ+zσ^p =0.04+3∗ ( 0.0124 )=0.0772

LCIp =ṕ−zσ^p=0.04−3∗ ( 0.0124

) =0.003
S6.19 The Central Hospital of Detroit seeks to improve its image by providing a
positive experience for patients and their families. Part of the 'image' program includes
tasty foods that encourage patients to eat foods that are also healthy.
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Un cuestonario acompaña cada comida que se sirve y pregunta, entre otras cosas, si el
the patient is satisfied or dissatisfied with the food. The results of a sample of 100
patients during the past 7 days produced the following data:

Build a graph p in which the percentage of dissatisfied patients is plotted.

their meals. Set the control limits to include 99.73% of the random variation
on satisfaction with food. Comment on your results.

√ √
p∗
´ ( 1− p´ ) 0.1742∗( 1−0.1724 )
σ ṕ= =
n 100
σ ṕ=0.0379

LCSṕ= ṕ+zσṕ =0.1742+3∗0.0379

LCSṕ=0.2880

LCSṕ= ṕ−zσṕ=0.1742−3∗0.0379

LCSṕ=0.0604

Day Insatatsf Fraction LCS LCI

1 24 0,24 0,288092 0,060479
2 22 0,22 0,288092 0,060479
3 8 0,08 0,288092 0,060479
4 15 ["0.15","0.288092","0.060479"]
5 10 0.1 0.288092 0.060479
6 26 0,26 0,288092 0,060479
7 17 0,17 0,288092 0,060479
17.4285
Prom 7 0.174286
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Graphic P
0.35

0.3

0.25

0.2

0.15

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Fraction LCS LCI

We can observe that the process is under control. Since all the measures are
they are within the control limits.
S6.20 Chicago Supply Company manufactures clips and other office products. Although they are
cheap, the clips have provided the company with a high profit margin. They are taken
samples of 200 items. Below are the results of the last 10
samples. Set the upper and lower control limits for the control chart and
Graph the data. Is the process under control?

n=200
Z=3
Number of errors
ṕ=
total number of samples
50
ṕ=
10∗200
ṕ=0.025
LCS= ṕ+ Zσṕ

LCI=ṕ−Zσṕ

√
ṕ(1−ṕ )
σ ṕ=
n
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

√
0.025(1−0.025)
LCS=0.025+ 3
200
LCS=0.0581

√
0.025(1−0.025)
LCI=0.025−3
200
LCI=−0.0081 is approximately equal to 0

Defects p LCI LCS

5 0.025 0 0.0581
7 0.035 0 0.0581
4 0.02 0 0.0581
4 0.02 0 0.0581
6 0.03 0 0.0581
3 0.015 0 0.0581
5 0.025 0 0.0581
6 0.03 0 0.0581
2 0.01 0 0.0581
8 0.04 0 0.0581

Chart Title
0.07

0.06

0.05

0.04

0.03

0.02

0.01

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

p LCI LCS

As we can see in the graph, the values vary between the upper and lower limits because
the process is under control.

S6.21 The departmental Latenda of Peter Itg, Itg Brothers, is the independent manufacturer of
largest clothing store in Amherst. The store receives an average of six returns per day.
Using z = 3, should any action be taken if the number of returns increases to
nueve en un día?
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

ć=6 z=3

Forć=6

´ √ ´ 3∗ 6=13.3485
LCS=c+3c=6+
c √
√ ´ 6=−1.3485=0
LCI=c−3c=6−3∗
c ´ √
Forć=9

´ √ ´ 3∗ 9=18
LCS=c+3c=9+
c √
c ´ √ ´ 9=0 √
LCI=c−3c=9−3∗

RESPUESTA: si se debe tomar alguna acción al respecto porque el límite superior al aumentar
allows for more returns per day.

6.22. An advertising agency tracks the complaints received weekly about the
ads placed in your city:

a) What type of control chart would you use to monitor this process and why?

I would use C because it allows me to see the defects per unit.

b) What are the 3 sigma control limits for this process? Assume that there is no
know the historical complaint rate.

ć=6

´ √ ´ 3∗ 6=13.34
LCS=c+3c=6+
c √
√ ´ 6=−1,348
LCI=c−3c=6−3∗
c ´ √
c) According to the control limits, is the process mean under control? Why?
what yes or why not?

It is under control because it is within the limits

 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

d) Now suppose that the historical complaint rate is 4 calls per week. What are
What would the control limits of 3 sigmas be for this process now? According to the limits.
of control, is the process under control?

ć=4

´ √´
LCS=c+3c=4+3∗
c √
4=10

c ´ √ ´ 4=−2√
LCI=c−3c=4−3∗

The school administration is trying to evaluate a new program.

mathematics introduced this year for second grade students in five schools
regional primaries. A sample of the grades that the students obtained in the
standardized math exam, administered in every elementary school, generated the
following data:

Construct a graph c for the errors in the exam and establish the control limits that
contain 99.73% of the random variation in the ratings. What does the graph indicate?
Has the new math program been effective?

LCS=c+
ć √´
´ z c=42.6+ √
3 42.6
LCSć =62.18 errors

LCI=c−z
ć √´
´ c=42.6− 42.6√
LCIć =23,019 errors

Day LCS Errors LCI

1 52 62,1806 23,0194
2 27 62,1806 23,0194
3 35 62,1806 23,0194
4 44 62,1806 23,0194
5 55 62,1806 23,0194
Prom 42.6
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Graphic C
70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Errors LCS LCI

We can observe that the process is under control. Since all the measures are
are within the control limits.

S6.24 The telephone interviews of 100 'clients' of the tax collection office
From the United States, they are monitored every day randomly. The...
incidents of incorrect information or other errors (such as rudeness towards the
taxpayers). The data from the last week is:

Build a c chart for the nonconformities considering three standard deviations.

What does the control chart indicate about the telephone operators of the collection office?
Z=3
73
ć= =14.6
5
LCS=c+ ë c
´ From
LCS=14.6+ 3 √14.6
LCS=26.06
LCI=c− √´c
´ From
LCI=14.6−3 √14.6
LCS=3.13
 National Polytechnic School
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Inconsistencies LCI LCS

5 3.13 26.06
10 3.13 26.06
23 3.13 26.06
20 3.13 26.06
15 3.13 26.06

Chart Title
30

25

20

15

10

0
1 2 3 4 5

LCI LCS

The graph does not indicate that the process is controlled.

S6.25 The accounts receivable department of Rick Wing Manufacturing has had
difficulties for customers to pay the total amount of their invoices. Many customers are
quejan de que las facturas son incorrectas y que no reflejan los materiales que llegan a sus
reception points. The department decided to implement SPC in its process of
billing. To establish the control charts, 10 samples of 50 invoices were taken.
each one for a month and the items on the invoices were reviewed against the notes of
arrivals sent by the company's shipping department, to determine the
Number of invoices that were not correct. The results were:

Sample Invoice number

Num. incorrect
1 6
2 5
3 11
4 4
5 0
6 5
7 3
8 4
9 7
10 2

a) Determine the value of p-bar, that is, the mean of the defective fraction. Afterwards
determine the control limits for the p-chart using a 99.73% confidence level (3
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

standard deviations). Is the process under control? If not, which sample(s)

Were they out of control?

Invoice number
Sample No. incorrect n P
1 6 50 0.12
2 5 50 0,1
3 11 50 0.22
4 4 50 0.08
5 0 50 0
6 5 50 0,1
7 3 50 0.06
8 4 50 0.08
9 7 50 0.14
10 2 50 0.04
TOTAL 47 500

47
ṕ= =0.094
500

√ √
p1−
´ ( p´ ) 0.094 ( 1−0.094 )
σ ^p =
n
=
50 =0.0413
LCSp= ṕ+zσ^p =0.094+3∗ ( 0.0413=0.2179
)

LCIp =ṕ−zσ^p=0.094−3∗ ( 0.0413 ) =−0.0299=0

GRAPHIC P
0.25

0.2

p 0.15
LCS
LCI

0.1

0.05

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

RESPUESTA: El proceso no está bajo control, la muestra 3 es la que está fuera de control.
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

6.26. The difference between the upper and lower specifications for a process is 0.6".
The standard deviation is 0.1”. What is the process capability ratio, Cp? Interpret.
this number.

Superior specification−lower specification

Cp=
6 Sigma

0.6
Cp= =6
0.1
S6.27 The chip production process for computers at Meena Chavan Corp. generates
DRAM chips with an average lifespan of 1,800 hours and a σ = 100 hours. The limits of
The upper and lower tolerance are 2,400 and 1,600 hours, respectively. Is this capable?
process of producing DRAM chips within their specification?
Specifysuperior−Specifyinferior 2400−1600
Cp = =
6 Sigma 6( 100)
Cp=1.333

Since the Cp < 1 there are minimal defects and the chip production process can be accepted.

S6.28 Blackburn Inc., a manufacturing company in Nashville, has sent a valve sample.
of cutting to improve its manufacturing process. Its engineering department of
processes conducted some experiments and found that the valve has a mean (µ) of 8.00
and a standard deviation (σ) of .04. Their desired performance is µ = 8.0 and σ = .045. What is the
Cpk of the Blackburn valve?
μ=8
Z=3
σ =0.040
Upper limit=μ+Z (σ)
Lower limit=μ−Z ( σ)
Upper limit=8+3 ( 0.045 )=8.135
Lower limit=8−3 ( 0.045 )=7.865

[ ]
Upper limit−μ μ−Lower limit
Cpk =minimum mode ;
3σ 3σ

[ ]
8.135−8 micro−Lower limit
Cpk =minimode ;
3( 0.04) 3(0.04)

[ ]
8.135−8 8−7.865
Cpk =minimode ;
3( 0.04) 3(0.04)
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Cpk =minimum mode

[ 1.125;1.125 ]
Cpk =1.125

S6.29 The specifications for a plastic coating for road projects

concrete must have a thickness of 3.0 mm ±0.1 mm. The standard deviation of the
The process is estimated at 0.02 mm. What are the upper and lower specification limits?
for this product? It is known that the process operates with an average thickness of 3.0 mm. What is
theC pk for this process? Approximately what percentage of all units will it gather?
the specifications?

LCS=3.1 mm LCI=2.9 mm σ=0.02 x́=3.0

Superior

LCS−x́3.1−3.0
Cpk = = =1.667
3σ 3∗0.02

Inferior

x́−LCI3.0−2.9
Cpk = = =1.667
3σ 3∗0.02

RESPUESTA: El 100% de las unidades reúnen las especificaciones. Con unC pk greater than 1
indicates that the process is better than required by the specification.

The administrator of a food processing plant wants a specification of

quality with an average of 16 ounces, an upper specification limit of 16.5, and a limit
inferior specification of 15.5. The process has an average of 16 ounces and a deviation
1 ounce standard. Determine the Cpk of this process.

[ ]
Upper specification limit−x́ x́−Lower specification limit
Cpk =Minimode ,
3 sigma 3σ

x́=media of the process=16

σ =standard deviation=1
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

[ ]
16.5−16 16−15.5
Cpk =Minimum mode ,
3(1) 3 (1)

[ ]
0.5 0.5
Cpk =Minimum mode=0.166 =0.166
3 3

S6.31 A process for filling containers with baby formula must have a measurement
from 3 ounces ±0.150 ounces. 200 jars from the process were sampled. The results showed
that the average amount of food poured into the containers was 3.042 ounces. The
The standard deviation of that amount was 0.034 ounces. Determine the value of Cpk.
In general, what proportion of the packages meets the specifications?

Limited upper specification=3+ 0.15=3,015 ounces

Limited lower specification=3−0.15=2,985 ounces
X́ =3,024
σ =0.15
´ ´
(
Cpk =Minimum of
Limited higher specification− X X−Limited
3σ
,
lower specification
3σ )
3.15−3,024 3,024−2.85
( 3 ( 0.034) ; 3( 0.034 ) )
C =Minimum of
pk

Cpk =Minimum of(−0.2647;0.5588 )

The minimum number is -0.2647

Since we obtained a negative number, we can conclude that the process does not comply.
the specifications).

S6.32 As the supervisor in charge of shipments and receptions, you need to determine the
average output quality in a plant where it is known that the incoming batches of its line
They have an average defect rate of 3%. Their plan is to sample 80.
units of every 1,000 in a lot. The number of defects in the sample should not exceed
That plan provides an acceptance probability of .79 (79%) for each batch. What
What is its average output quality?
N=1000
n=80
C=3
Pd=3 % =0.03
Pa(OC)=79%=0.79
 National Polytechnic School
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

(Pd)(Pa)(N −n)
AOQ=
N
(0.03)(0.79)(1000−80)
AOQ=
1000
AOQ=0.0218∗100%
AOQ=2.18%

S6.33 An acceptance sampling plan has lots of 500 pieces and a sample size
of 60. The number of defects in the sample cannot be more than 2. This plan, based on
An OC curve has an acceptance probability of .57 when the incoming lots have
a defect rate of 4%, what is the historical average for this process? What will it tell you?
What is the average output quality of your customer?

PdPa ( N−n)
A0Q=
N

0.04∗0.57∗( 500−60)
A0Q= =0.020064
500

I would tell my client that the highest defect percentage is 2.0064% and this is the
average output quality.

S6.34 West Batery Corp. has recently been receiving complaints from the vendors to
retailing concerning how 9-volt batteries do not last as long as others
brands. James West, responsible for the TQM program at the West plant in Austin,
It is considered that there is no problem because their batteries have had an average lifespan of 50.
hours, almost 10% more than the competitors' models. Increase the useful life to more than
50 hours would require a new level of technology not available to West. However,
West está lo suficientemente preocupado como para establecer una revisión horaria en la
assembly line. Previously, after ensuring that the process was running in
appropriately, West took samples of 5 nine-volt batteries during the next 25
hours in order to establish the standards for the control chart limits. Those 25
Samples are presented in the following table:
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

With these established limits, West took the data from 5 more hours, which is presented in the
next table:

a) Determine the means and the upper and lower control limits for X and R (using
only the first 25 hours).

We obtain the following data based on the information obtained in the process:

A2 0.153
D3 0.459
D4 1,541

We express the data in a table and calculate the global averages.

 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

Hour 1 2 3 4 5 X R
1 51 50 49 50 50 50 2
2 45 47 70 46 36 48.8 34
3 50 35 48 39 47 43.8 15
4 55 70 50 30 51 51.2 40
5 49 38 64 36 47 46.8 28
6 59 62 40 54 64 55.8 24
7 36 33 49 48 56 44.4 23
8 50 67 53 43 40 50.6 27
9 44 52 46 47 44 46.6 8
10 70 45 50 47 41 50.6 29
11 57 54 62 45 36 50.8 26
12 56 54 47 42 62 52.2 20
13 40 70 58 45 44 51.4 30
14 52 58 40 52 46 49.6 18
15 57 42 52 58 59 53.6 17
16 62 49 42 33 55 48.2 29
17 40 39 49 59 48 47 20
18 64 50 42 57 50 52.6 22
19 58 53 52 48 50 52.2 10
20 60 50 41 41 50 48.4 19
21 52 47 48 58 40 49 18
22 55 40 56 49 45 49 16
23 47 48 50 50 48 48.6 3
24 50 50 49 51 51 50.2 2
25 51 50 51 51 62 53 12
Averages 49,776 19.68

Graphic X

LCSX́ =X´ + A 2R=49.776

´ hours+0.153∗19.68 hours

LCSX́ =52.757 hours

LCIX́ =X´ − A2R=49.776

´ hours−0.153∗19.68 hours

LCIX́ =46.765 hours

Graph R
´
LCSŔ=D 4R=1.541∗19.68 hours

LCSŔ=30.326 hours

´
LCIŔ =D 3R=0.459∗19.68 hours
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

LCIŔ =9.033 hours

b) Is the manufacturing process under control?

For a better analysis, we will create the X and R control charts.

Graph X Graphic R
Hour X R LCS LCI LCS LCI
46.7649
1 50 2 52,78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46,7649
2 48.8 34 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46,7649
3 43.8 15 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
4 51.2 40 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46,7649
5 46.8 28 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
46.7649
6 55.8 24 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
46.7649
7 44.4 23 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
8 50,6 27 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
9 46.6 8 52,78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46,7649
10 50.6 29 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
11 50.8 26 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
46,7649
12 52.2 20 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
46.7649
13 51.4 30 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
46.7649
14 49.6 18 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
15 53.6 17 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
46,7649
16 48.2 29 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
17 47 20 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
18 52.6 22 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
19 52.2 10 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46,7649
20 48.4 19 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
21 49 18 52,78704 46,7649 30,32688 9,03312
 National Polytechnic School
School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

6
46.7649
22 49 16 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
23 48.6 3 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
46.7649
24 50.2 2 52.78704 6 30.32688 9.03312
46.7649
25 53 12 52.78704 6 30,32688 9,03312
Prom: 49,776 19,68

Graphic X
57

55

53

51

49

47

45

43
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

LCS LCI Media

Graphic R
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

LCS LCI Range

We can observe that the process is out of control, we have points both above
As it is below our control limits, it is necessary to analyze the cause. In addition to 5
followed points in decline must be investigated what is the cause of such progressive change.
 National Polytechnic School
Faculty of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
Production Engineering
ADM713
Quito, Ecuador

c) Comment on the observed life stages.

They support West's statements. But it is necessary to control and reduce the variance.
around half