Protection design

cathodic for years

galvanics
CATHODICPROTECTIONFORWATERSTORAGETANK
POTABLEOFVITRIFIEDTYPEWITHACAPACITYOF2,959.59M3LOCATED
INTHECITYOF.

POTABLE WATER OF THE VITRIFIED TYPE WITH A DIAMETER OF 20.86 METERS AND A HEIGHT OF 8.66 METERS
MEMORY OF CALCULATION OF CATHODIC PROTECTION REQUIRED BY GALVANIC ANODES
TO PROTECT THE INTERNAL WALLS OF THE STORAGE TANK.

DESIGN AND CALCULATION: [Link]. VÍCTOR ALFONSO LÓPEZ ORTEGA. PROF. ID 1 734 741
ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFICATIONS INDICATED BY THE STATE WATER ORGANISMS IN
THE TECHNICAL GUIDELINES REGARDING CATHODIC PROTECTION ARE:

THE MANUFACTURER WILL BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DESIGNING AND SUPPLYING A PROTECTION SYSTEM
CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PASSIVE SACRIFICIAL MAGNESIUM ANODES.

-THE ANODES WILL BE INSTALLED ACCORDING TO THE SPECIFICATIONS OF THE TANK MANUFACTURER,
AND THEY MUST BE DESIGNED FOR A MINIMUM USEFUL LIFE OF 10 YEARS, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE
CURRENT TRANSFER POTENTIAL OF THE FOUNDATION REINFORCING STEEL.

THE RESISTIVITY OF FRESHWATER FOR THE DESIGN WILL BE FROM 18 to 25 MΩ-cm.

AGREEMENT TO THE FOLLOWING TABLES:

This value is takenr

Result Standardized
Bibliographic Entry
(w/surrounding text) Result

Light, Truman S., Stuart Licht,

Anthony C. Bevilacqua, and
Kenneth R. MorashThe At 25°C the accepted values with their uncertainties for conductivity,
Fundamental Conductivity and k and its reciprocal, resistivity, ρ, are:
18.18MΩ·cm
Resistivity of k = 0.05501 ± 0.0001 μS/cm at 25.00 °C
WaterElectrochemical and ρ= 18.18 ± 0.03 MΩ·cm at 25.00 °C
Solid-State Letters. Vol. 8, No. 1
(2005): E16-E19.
Light, Truman S. and Stuart L.
The temperature at which the water may be used and measured.
[Link] and Resistivity
varies considerably, but is not usually at 25 °C. Therefore the
of Water from the Melting to
resistivity, which theoretically is 18.2 mΩcm [sic] only at 25 "C, may 18.2 MΩ·cm
Critical Point[subscription
be automatically compensated to the standard temperature of 25 °C
Analytical Chemistry.
to permit ready judgment of the ionic impurity level.
Vol. 59, No. 9 (1987): 2327-2330.

It is known that the theoretical maximum electrical resistivity for

Water (molecule), Wikipedia,
Water is approximately 182 kilohm-meters (or 18.2 MΩ·cm) at 25. 18.2MΩ·cm
June 7, 2006.
degrees Celsius.

[Link] the The curve below indicates how the resistivity of ultrapure water
Conductivity of Ultrapure varies as a function of temperature. For instance, at 25°C, the 18.2–
Water. Water Line. No. 1 The resistivity of ultrapure water is equal to 18.2 MΩ·cm, whereas at 10°C, 40 Megaohm·centimeter

(June 1998): 3. the resistivity will be greater than 40 MΩ.cm.

Pure water has a very high resistivity, but it is finite. The value is
Calder, [Link] of 2.5x10^+5 ohm meters at 20C and 1 atm pressure. In contrast, liquid
Water. Argonne National mercury has a resistivity of 9.58x10^-7, and at the other extreme 25MΩ·cm
Laboratory. April 22, 2004. glass has a resistivity of ~ 10^-12 [sic] (depending upon the type of
glass).

THE DESIGNER OF THE CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST TAKE INTO ACCOUNT THE
NEXT:

A) THE ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY OF THE STORED LIQUID.

B) EL ÁREA DE LA SUPERFICIE DE ACERO QUE ESTÉ EXPUESTA.
C) THE ELECTRICAL CONNECTIVITY BETWEEN THE CONTENT OF THE TANK, THE STRUCTURE DEL
TANK, THE CONCRETE FOUNDATION, THE REINFORCED STEEL FOUNDATION AND THE ITEMS
STEEL AUXILIARIES.
D) THE CURRENT DENSITY REQUIRED TO INHIBIT CORROSION WHEN SELECTED
THE MATERIAL FOR A SACRIFICIAL ANODE.

NOTE: THE SACRIFICIAL ANODE OF THE CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM MUST PROVIDE A
EASY INSTALLATION, CHEAP, AND MEETING THE CORROSION PROBLEM SOLUTION.

IT WILL BE USED FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF THE INTERIOR OF THE TANK IN CONTACT WITH THE
WATER THE GALVANIC ANODE SYSTEM THROUGH THE FOLLOWING:
ADVANTAGES:

SIMPLE INSTALLATION

INDEPENDENT OF ANY SOURCE OF ELECTRIC ENERGY (AUTONOMOUS)

LOW MAINTENANCE REQUIRED

LESS LIKELIHOOD OF CAUSING CURRENT INTERFERENCE PROBLEMS IN

NEIGHBORING STRUCTURES.

WHEN CURRENT REQUIREMENTS ARE SMALL, A GALVANIC SYSTEM IS MORE

ECONOMIC THAN A PRINTED CURRENT SYSTEM.

DISADVANTAGES:

LOW VOLTAGE CONDUCTORS.

LIMITED TO USE ON LOW RESISTIVITY SOILS.

IT IS NOT A MAJOR ECONOMIC SOURCE OF LARGE AMOUNTS OF PROTECTION FLOW

CATHODIC.

IN SUMMARY, GALVANIC ANODES ARE VERY SIMPLE TO INSTALL, BUT THEIR

THE MAIN LIMITATIONS ARE AS FOLLOWS;

a) IN VERY DRY OR POORLY CONDUCTIVE MEDIA, THE BATTERY BETWEEN THE ANODE AND STRUCTURE DOES NOT
WILL IT BE ENOUGH TO DRAIN THE PROTECTION CURRENT (THIS IS NOT THE CASE).

a) LARGE STRUCTURES WILL REQUIRE SIGNIFICANT AMOUNTS OF CURRENT

PROTECTION AND THIS WILL IN TURN REQUIRE AS MANY GALVANIC ANODES AS THE SYSTEM
IT WILL BE COSTLY. (LIKE THE CASE).

ALTHOUGH IN OUR CASE THE TANK ALSO HAS A VITRIFIED PROTECTION

THAT MINIMIZES THE REQUIREMENTS OF CATHODIC PROTECTION.

CASE STUDY.

WATER STORAGE TANK.

A large-volume tank of vitrified steel type will be used for

STORAGE OF DRINKING WATER, SO IT WILL BE NECESSARY TO INSTALL A SYSTEM OF
CATHODIC PROTECTION THAT PROTECTS IT FROM THE CORROSION OF THE INTERNAL WALLS
PRODUCT OF CONTACT WITH WATER STORED INSIDE.

FOR THE TANK, TWO CHARACTERISTIC ZONES SELECTED FROM THE

POINT OF VIEW OF THE WORKING ENVIRONMENT OF TANK MATERIAL.
ZONE 1.- UPPER PART OF THE TANK WALL, WITH ABSENCE OF STEEL CONTACT
WITH STORED WATER, BUT MAKING CONTACT WITH WATER-AIR (VAPOR)
PRODUCT OF CONDENSED STORED WATER.

ZONE 2.- LOWER PART OF THE TANK WALL IN CONSTANT CONTACT WITH WATER
STORED.

ZONE 1 (air-water) vapor TANK OF

STEEL
VITRIFICADO

Motherboard
ZONE 2 drinking water
FROM REINFORCED CONCRETE

REQUIREMENTS FOR THE INTERNAL SURFACE OF THE STORAGE TANK WALL

OF WATER.

THE SCOPE OF WORK INCLUDES DETERMINING THE NECESSARY REQUIREMENTS OF

CATHODIC PROTECTION FOR THE TANK WALL BELOW 2,959 M3OF DRINKING WATER AND THE
WALL THAT IS OUTSIDE OF THE WATER LEVEL
DESIGN CONDITION:

FOR THE DESIGN OF CATHODIC PROTECTION OF THE TANK, A

RESISTIVITY OF WATER OF 100Ω, THE REQUIREMENTS OF PROTECTION CURRENT
THEY ARE ESTIMATED AT 20 mA / m2FOR THE TANK.

THE REQUIRED DESIGN LIFE TIME IS 10 YEARS FOR THE PROTECTION SYSTEM
CATHODIC.

PROTECTION MUST BE BASED ON THE USE OF A SACRIFICIAL ANODE SYSTEM

MAGNESIUM.

MAGNESIUM ANODE DESIGN PARAMETERS32D3 VALUE

TANK DIAMETER 20.86 M.
MAXIMUM WATER LEVEL (h) 8.66 M.
RESISTIVITY (ρ) 100Ω.cm.
DESIGN CURRENT DENSITY 20 mA / m2.
Lifespan of design. 10 YEARS.
WEIGHT OF THE ANODE 20.40 Kg. (45 LBS.)
CURRENT CAPACITY OF THE MAGNESIUM ANODE. 3.98 Kg./A. year.
CURRENT EFFICIENCY OF THE MAGNESIUM ANODE 95%
UTILIZATION FACTOR 65%
DIFFERENCE OF POTENTIAL FOR THE MAGNESIUM ANODE IN 120THE
mV.
DRINKING WATER (ΔE)
Width of the magnesium anode 8.9cm.
Length of the magnesium anode 114.9cm.
height of the magnesium anode 9.5 cm.
Density of the magnesium anode g/cm3
Dimensions representative of entire mould range.

TYPICAL STORAGE TANK ANODE

DOUBLE FLAT BAR WITH ANGLED HANDLE FOR EMBEDDING

DOUBLE FLAT BAR WITH HOLES FOR DRILLING

 THE ANODES TO BE INSTALLED ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE IN THIS IMAGE.

TYPICAL ANODES FOR TANKS.

CALCULATION:

1 lb = 0.453592 kg.

TANK DIAMETER: 20.86 M.

ENVELOPE WALL OF THE TANK: πDh

Sr = πDh = Π x 20.86 x 8.66 = 567.52 m².

TOTAL AREA = 567.52 m2.

TOTAL REQUIRED CURRENT ltotal= Sr x I

DENSIDAD DE CORRIENTE DE DISEÑO:

I = 20 mA / m2.

ltotal= 567.52 x 0.02 = 11.35 Amp.

REQUIRED WEIGHT OF ANODES:

Ñ Ó
W=

DESIGN LIFE = 10 years.

THEORETICAL CONSUMPTION = 3.98 kg / A-year.

CURRENT EFFICIENCY OF Mg ANODE = 90% (IT IS MAGNIFIED BY PROTECTION)

Vitrified

UTILIZATION FACTOR = 65%

CORRECTION FACTOR FOR THE VITRIFIED TANK = 0.50

W=10 11.35 3.98 0.50 386.09 kg.

0.90 0.65
AMOUNT OF ANODES REQUIRED:

N=386.09/20.25=19.066≈20.00 ANODES. (CONSIDERING THAT THE UPPER SPACE REMAINS)

WITHOUT SUBMERGING

AREA PROTECTED BY A CATHODE:

SANODE= STOTAL/N
SANODE= 567.52/20=28.37 m2.
Minimum distance between anodes. LMIN28.37/8.66=3.27 m.
CALCULATION RESULTS (MAGNESIUM ANODES) VALUE
AREA OF THE SURROUNDING WALL OF THE TANK TO BE PROTECTED
567.522 m2.
TOTAL CURRENT REQUIRED CURRENT DENSITY DESIGN 10.32 Amp.
TOTAL WEIGHT OF ANODES REQUIRED 386.09 kg.
CALCULATED NUMBER OF ANODES. 19.066
REQUIRED NUMBER OF ANODES "N" 20.00
AREA PROTECTED BY ANODE 28.37 m2.
MINIMUM DISTANCE BETWEEN ANODES 3.27 m.
ANODE MODEL TO BE USED 32D3
BRAND OF THE ANODE TO BE USED Galvotec, AMAC or similar.
Dimensions and Weights of the Anode

Type of Weight Weight Naked Packed

anode packed nude A B C D E
1R8 1 8 1-5/8" 8" 3-1/4 inches 10 inches
3D3 3 12 3-1/2 inches3-3/4" 5" 5-1/2 inches 10 inches
5D3 5 17 3-1/2 inches3-3/4 inches 8" 5-1/2 inches 14"
9D3 9 27 3-1/2 inches3-3/4" 13-7/8" 6 inches 17"
17D3 17 45 3-1/2 inches3-3/4 inches
25-1/4" 6-1/2 inches 29"
20D2 20 70 2-3/4 inches 3" 56-3/4 inches
5-1/2 inches 66"
32D5 32 70 5-1/2 inches5-3/4 inch 19-7/8" 8 inches 28 inches
40D3 40 100 3-1/2" 5-3/4" 60" 6-1/2 inches 66 inches
48D5 48 100 5-1/2 inches5-3/4 inches
30-1/8 inches 8" 38"
60S4 60 126 4-3/8" 4" 60" 7 inches 44"
 9.5 CMS.

ANODE GA-MG-32HP. mod. 32D3

114.9 CMS. 8.9 CMS.

CONCLUSIONS ON THE USE OF MAGNESIUM ANODES:

THE USE OF Mg AND ITS ALLOYS RESULT FROM THE RATHER REDUCED VALUE THAT IS
NOTE IN ITS DISSOLUTION POTENTIAL IN TABLE 10, WHICH IMPLIES A LOW
CURRENT YIELD AND A DECREASE, SOMETIMES QUITE LARGE, OF THE POTENTIAL
FROM THE STRUCTURE TO PROTECT.

MAGNESIUM CAN BE USED FOR CATHODIC PROTECTION OF PROTECTED STRUCTURES

OF COATINGS STILL OF POOR QUALITY PLACED IN A HIGH RESISTIVITY MEDIUM
10,000 OHMSXCM. AS IS THE CASE WITH A SANDY SOIL; IN SUMMARY, ITS BEST
FIELD OF APPLICATION IS IN HIGH RESISTIVITY MEDIA (BETWEEN 5,000 AND 20,000 OHMS)
CM.)

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GALVANIC ANODE.

IT MUST HAVE A SUFFICIENTLY NEGATIVE DISSOLUTION POTENTIAL TO POLARIZE

THE STEEL STRUCTURE (METAL THAT IS NORMALLY PROTECTED) AT -0.8 VOLTS. WITHOUT
EMBARGO THE POTENTIAL SHOULD NOT BE EXCESSIVELY NEGATIVE, AS THIS WOULD ENCOURAGE A
EXCESSIVE EXPENSE, WITH AN UNNECESSARY CURRENT FLOW. THE PRACTICAL POTENTIAL OF
Dissolution can be between -0.95 to -1.7 volts.

SUFFICIENTLY HIGH CURRENT, PER UNIT WEIGHT OF CONSUMED MATERIAL.

GOOD ANODIC POLARIZATION BEHAVIOR OVER TIME.

LOW COST.

MAGNESIUM ANODES HAVE A HIGH POTENTIAL RELATIVE TO IRON AND ARE

FREE FROM DEACTIVATION. THEY ARE DESIGNED TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM PERFORMANCE POSSIBLE,
IN ITS CATHODIC PROTECTION FUNCTION. MAGNESIUM ANODES ARE SUITABLE FOR
PIPELINES, WELLS, WATER STORAGE TANKS, INCLUDING FOR ANY
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE REQUIRING CATHODIC PROTECTION.
Battery cable terminal 4,20€
(VAT included)

Reference d D L

5064 8 mm 8 mm 47 mm

5065 10 mm 9,2 mm 49 mm

5066 10 mm 12 mm 60 mm [Enlarge image]