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Understanding Adjectives and Conditionals

The document explains the differences between gradable and non-gradable adjectives, highlighting their usage with specific modifiers. It also outlines distinctions between British and American English in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and spelling, and provides rules for using capital letters and apostrophes. Additionally, it covers various types of conditionals and how to link contrasting ideas using conjunctions.

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2 views3 pages

Understanding Adjectives and Conditionals

The document explains the differences between gradable and non-gradable adjectives, highlighting their usage with specific modifiers. It also outlines distinctions between British and American English in terms of vocabulary, grammar, and spelling, and provides rules for using capital letters and apostrophes. Additionally, it covers various types of conditionals and how to link contrasting ideas using conjunctions.

Uploaded by

yahyasassi81
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

1.

Gradable vs Non-gradable Adjectives


Gradable adjectives describe qualities that can vary in intensity or degree. Examples: a bit cold, very

tired, really happy.

Non-gradable adjectives describe absolute or extreme qualities and do not vary in intensity.

Examples: freezing, terrified, exhausted.

Use 'very', 'really' with gradable adjectives.

Use 'absolutely', 'completely' with non-gradable adjectives.

2. British vs American English


British and American English differ in vocabulary, grammar, and spelling.

Grammar example:

British: Have you done your homework yet?

American: Did you do your homework yet?

Vocabulary example:

British: flat, holiday, lorry

American: apartment, vacation, truck

Spelling example:

British: colour, organise

American: color, organize

3. Capital Letters and Apostrophes


Capital letters are used for proper nouns, days of the week, months, and the pronoun 'I'.
Apostrophes are used for:

- Possession: Sara's book, the dog's tail

- Contractions: I'm (I am), they're (they are)

Avoid using apostrophes for plurals: CDs, 1990s (not CD's or 1990's)

4. Conditionals: Zero, First, and Second


Zero Conditional: Used for general truths.

Structure: If + present simple, present simple

Example: If you heat ice, it melts.

First Conditional: Used for real future possibilities.

Structure: If + present simple, will + base verb

Example: If it rains, I'll stay home.

Second Conditional: Used for unreal or hypothetical situations.

Structure: If + past simple, would + base verb

Example: If I won the lottery, I would travel the world.

5. Conditionals: Third and Mixed


Third Conditional: Talks about past regrets or hypothetical past.

Structure: If + past perfect, would have + past participle

Example: If I had studied, I would have passed.

Mixed Conditional: Connects past condition with present result.

Structure: If + past perfect, would + base verb (now)


Example: If she had taken the job, she would be happier now.

6. Linking Contrasting Ideas


Use conjunctions to link ideas that contrast or oppose each other.

- Although + clause: Although it was raining, we went out.

- Even though + clause: Even though he was tired, he kept working.

- Despite + noun/gerund: Despite the rain, we went out. / Despite being tired, he kept working.

- In spite of + noun/gerund: In spite of the pain, she finished the race.

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