At the end of this discussion, students

must be able to:

 Analyze how scientific revolution is
done in various parts of the world like
in:
 Mesoamerica;
 Asia; and
 Africa
 Includes the entire area of Central America
from Southern Mexico up to the border of
South America.
 The following are some of the Mesoamerica
civilizations:
● Maya
● Inca

● Aztec
 One of the famous civilizations that
lasted approximately 2,000 years.

 Mayans are known for their works in

astronomy which they usually
incorporated into their temples and
other religious structures.
 Have an advance understanding about
celestial bodies.

 Predicting eclipse and using

astrological cycles in planting and
harvesting.
 Also known for
measuring time
using two
complicated
calendar systems.
 Useful for their life
especially in planning
their activities and
observing their
religious rituals and
cultural celebrations.
 Built hydraulics
system with
sophisticated
waterways to supply
water to different
communities.
 The Mayans built
looms for weaving
cloth and devised a
rainbow of glittery
paints made from a
mineral called mica.
 They are also believed
to be one of the first
people to produce
rubber products 3,000
years before
Goodyear received its
patent in 1844.
 They are also
famous as one of the
world's first
civilizations to use a
writing system
known as the Mayan
hieroglyphics.
 Made advanced scientific ideas
considering their limitations as an old
civilization.

 The following were scientific ideas and

tools that they developed to help them
in everyday life:
 Road paved with stones
 Stone buildings that surmounted
earthquakes and other disasters
 Irrigation System and technique for
storing water
 Calendar with 12 months used for
religious festivals and planting season
 The Inca were the
only ancient
American
civilization to
develop suspension
bridges.
 Quipu - a system
of knotted ropes
to keep records
that only experts
can interpret.
 Inca Textiles -
typical Inca textiles
were called tocapus
which had
chequered layouts,
filled with repetitive
geometric patterns.
 Made substantial contributions to
science and technology and to the
society as a whole.

 Some of their contributions are the

following:
 Mandatory Education
- The Aztec puts value
on education; that is
why their children are
mandated to get
education.
 Calmecac – school for
nobles
 Learn how to read and
write
 Boys are trained to be
warriors
 Women had to get good
education until married
 Telpochcalli – school for
commoners
 Received all their
instructions by spoken
word
 Boys are trained to be
warriors
 Women had to get good
education until married
 Chocolates - the Aztec
valued the cacao
beans highly and
made it as part of their
tribute to their gods.
 In Mayan culture, they
use it as currency.
 Antispasmodic
Medication - a type of
medication that could
prevent muscle
spasms and relax
muscles, which could
help during surgery.
 Chinampa - a form of
Aztec technology for
agricultural farming in
which the land was
divided into
rectangular areas and
surrounded by canals.
 Aztec Calendar -
enabled them to
plan their
activities, rituals,
and planting
season.
 Canoe - a light
narrow boat used
for traveling in
water systems.
 Host to many cultural, economic,
scientific, and political activities of all
ages.
 In the field of science, technology, and
mathematics, great civilizations have
stood out:
o India
o China

o Middle East
 India is a huge peninsula surrounded
by vast bodies of water and fortified by
huge mountains in its northern border.

 The Indians creatively developed

various ideas and technologies useful
in their everyday lives.
 They are known for
manufacturing iron
and in metallurgical
works. Their iron steel
is considered to be
the best and held with
high regard in the
whole of Roman
Empire.
 India is also famous in
medicine. For example,
Ayurveda, a system of
traditional medicine
that originated in
ancient India before
2500 BC, is still
practiced as a form of
alternative medicine.
 Ancient India is also notable in the
field of astronomy.
 Developed theories on the
configuration of the universe, the
spherical self-supporting Earth
 The year of 360 days with 12 equal
parts of 30 days each.
 Earliest traces of mathematical
knowledge in the Indian subcontinent
appeared in the Indus Valley Civilization.
 According to Bisht (1982), they tried to
standardize measurement of length to a
high degree of accuracy and designed a
ruler, the Mohenjo-daro ruler.
 Chinese civilization have greatly
influenced many of its neighbor countries
like Korea, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam,
Thailand, Cambodia, Myanmar, and other
countries that belong to the old Silk Road.
 Acupuncture, ancient
Chinese medical
technique for relieving
pain, curing disease,
and improving general
health.
 The compass is the
result of the ancient
discovery of magnetic
properties of objects.
One of ancient
China's great
inventions.
 Seismometer, an
earthquake detector
— was invented in 132
A.D., by Chang Heng,
a brilliant
mathematician and
scientist in the Han
Dynasty.
 Muslim scientists placed greater value on
science experiments rather than plain-
thought experiments.
 This led to the development of the
scientific method in the Muslim world, and
made significant improvements by using
experiments.
 A Muslim scientist
named Ibn al-Haytham
is also regarded as
the Father of Optics,
especially for his
empirical proof of the
intromission theory of
light.
 Muhammad ibn Musa
al-Khwarizmi gave his
name to the concept
of the algorithm while
the term algebra is
derived from al-jabr,
the beginning of the
title of one of his
publications.
 Ibn Sina pioneered the
science of
experimental
medicine and was the
first physician to
conduct clinical trials
(Jacquart, 2008).
 His two most notable
works in medicine, the
Book of Healing and
The Canon of
Medicine.
 Used as standard
medicinal text in both
Muslim world and
Europe in 17th century.
 The decline of this golden age of Islam
started in 11th to 13th century due to the
conquest of the Mongols whereby
libraries, observatories, and other
learning institutions were destroyed.
 Africa is blessed with
natural and mineral
resources. Science
also emerged in this
part of the planet long
before the Europeans
colonized it.
 Mathematics.
 Development of
geometry was a
product of necessity
to preserve the layout
and ownership of
farmlands along the
Nile River.
 Lebombo Bone.
 A tool for multiplication, division, and simple
mathematical calculation and is considered
as the oldest known mathematical artifact.
 Medicine.
 Egypt was known to
be the center of
alchemy, where they
tried to study human
anatomy and
pharmacology.
 Medicine.
 Applied important
components such as
examination,
diagnosis, treatment,
and prognosis for
treatment of
diseases.
 Astronomy.
 Documents show
that Africans used
three types of
calendars: lunar,
solar, and stellar, or
a combination of the
three.
 Metallurgy was also known in the African
regions during ancient times.
 North Africa and the Nile Valley imported
iron technology from the Near East
region that enabled them to benefit from
the developments during the Bronze Age
until the Iron Age.