Acknowledgement

I, Rajveer Singh Sengar do hereby declare that this project is my

original work and I
would like to thank Vijay kumar ram sir for his wholehearted
support and guidance for
making it possible to complete this project on time.
I would also like to thank my friends and family members for their
kind support and
guidance without which this project would not have completed.

Rajveer Singh Sengar.

 Certificate
This is to certify that Rajveer Singh Sengar of class “XII A”
of [Link]’s higher secondary school Rajhi has
successfully completed his chemistry investigatory
project on alloy analysis For the All India senior secondary
school certificate.

Signature of internal examiner

Signature of External examiner

 Introduction
An Alloy is a homogenous mixture of two or more metals or a non-
metal.
An alloy of mercury with another metal is called amalgam.
Alloys are usually harder than their components but very often
less ductile and less malleable. Thus, the hardness of gold is
increased by addition of copper to it. The melting point of an alloy
is always lower than the melting points of the constituent metals.
Other properties such as reactivity towards atmospheric oxygen
and moisture, mechanical strength, ductility, colour etc. also
undergoes a change when an alloy is made from its constituents
(metals). This change of properties is very useful and makes an
alloy beneficial.
Some of the alloys along with their composition is giveri below..
[Link]:
It consists of copper 50-90%, Zinc 20-40% and small amounts of
tin, lead and iron.
[Link]:
It consists of copper 60-90%, Tin 5-35% and also contains small
amounts of lead, iron and zinc.
3. Duralumin:
It consists of Al 95%, Cu 4%, Mn 0.5%, Mg 0.5%
[Link] Metal:
It consists of copper 85-90%, Zinc 1-3%, Tin 8-12%
The composition of alloys may differ slightly depending upon the
quality of the alloy through the main component remain same.
 Some common alloy
Amalgam
Any alloy of mercury is called an amalgam. Most metals are
soluble in mercury, but some (such as Ironjare not. Amalgams are
commonly used in dental fillings because they have been
relatively cheap, easy to use, and durable. In addition, until
recently, they have been regarded as safe. They are made by
mixing mercury with silver, copper, tin, and other metals. The
mercury content of dental fillings has recently stirred controversy,
based on the potentially harmful effects of mercury.
Mercury amalgams have also been used in the process of mining
gold and silver, because of the ease with which mercury
amalgamates with them. In addition, thallium amalgam is used as
the liquid material in thermometers, because it freezes at 58°C,
whereas pure mercury freezes at-38°C.

Brass
A decorative brass paperweight (left), along with zinc and copper
samples.
Brass is the term used for alloys of copper and zinc in a solid
solution. It has a yellow color, somewhat similar to gold. It was
produced in prehistoric times, long before zinc was discovered, by
melting copper with calamine, a zinc ore.
 The amount of zinc in brass varies from 5 to 45 percent, creating
a range of brasses, each with unique properties. By comparison,
bronze is principally an alloy of copper and tin.
Despite this distinction, some types of brasses are called bronzes.
Brass is relatively resistant to tarnishing and is often used for
decorative purposes. Its malleability and acoustic properties have
made it the metal of choice for musical instruments such as the
trombone, tuba, trumpet, and euphonlum. Although saxophones
and harmonicas are made out of brass, the saxophone is a
woodwind instrument, and the harmonica, a free reed aero
phone. In organ pipes designed as "reed" pipes, brass strips are
used as the "reed."

Aluminum makes brass stronger and more corrosion-resistant. It

forms a transparent, self-healing, protective layer of aluminum
oxide (A1203) on the surface. Tin has a similar effect and finds its
use especially in seawater applications (naval brasses).
Combinations of iron, aluminum, silicon, and manganese make
brass resistant to wear and tear.

Bronze
Bronze refers to a broad range of copper alloys, usually with tin
as the main additive, but sometimes with other elements such as
phosphorus, manganese, aluminum, or silicon. Typically, bronze is
about 60 percent copper and 40 percent tin. The use of bronze
was particularly significant for early civilizations, leading to the
name "Bronze Age." Tools, weapons, armor, and building
materials such as decorative tiles were made of bronze, as they
were found to be harder and more durable than their stone and
copper predecessors.
In early use, the natural impurity arsenic sometimes created a
superior natural alloy, called "arsenical bronze."
 Though not as strong as steel, bronze is superior to iron in nearly
every application. Bronze develops a patina (a green coating on
the exposed surface), but it does not oxidize beyond the surface.
It is considerably less brittle than iron and has a lower casting
temperature. Several bronze alloys resist corrosion (especially by
seawater) and metal fatigue better than steel; they also conduct
Heat and electricity better than most steels.
Bronze has myriad uses in industry. It is widely used today for
springs, bearings, bushings, and similar fittings, and is particularly
common in the bearings of small electric motors. It is also widely
used for cast metal sculpture and is the most popular metal for
top-quality bells and cymbals.
Commercial bronze, otherwise known as brass, is 90 percent
copper and 10 percent zinc. It contains no tin.

PREPARATION OF ALLOYS
Alloys are prepared from the techniques of fusion, compression or
simultaneous electrodeposition. Generally the components are
mixed together in proper properties in a fuse clay crucible, melted
and stirred with a piece of charcoal to avoid oxidation. The molten
mixture is now allowed to cool. When an alloy is obtained e.g.
brass is prepared by above melted.

ANALYSIS OF AN ALLOY
The complete analysis of an alloy involves two steps.
1. Qualitative Analysis:
This involves identification of the components of the alloys.
2. Quantitative Analysis:
 This involves determination of the components of the alloy. It
involves the separation of the components from the alloy
quantitatively followed by determination of percentage of each
component volumetrically or gravimetrically In this project we will
carry out qualitative analysis only

Objectives of Project:
In this project, our aim is to know the various metals present in
the given sample of alloy.
 Experiment:
To analysis a sample of bronze
AIM to analyze a sample of bronze quantitively
Requirements: China dish, test-tube funnel, filter paper and
common laboratory reagents.
Theory:
Bronze is an alloy of copper and tin with the following.
Composition:
Cu 88-96% and Sn. =4-12%.
Thus copper and zinc, form the main constituents of bronze. Both
these metals dissolved in nitric acid.
3 Cu+8HNO3=3Cu2+2NO+4H₂O
4Sn+10HNO3=4Sn(NO3)2+NH4NO3+3H₂O
(Cold and Dil. Acid)
Sn+4HNO3→H2O+H2SnO3+4NO2
(Conc. acid) (Metastannic Acid)
Excess of nitric acid is removed by heating the solution. The
resulting solution now would contain Cu2 ions and metastannic
acid. This solution is acidified with dil. HCI and H 2S gas is passed
when the sulphides of copper and tin are formed.
Cu2S+heat=CuS (Black ppt.)
H2SnO3+ 2H2S+SnS2(Black ppt.) +3H2O
 The sulphides are separated by boiling the ppt, with yellow
ammonium sulphide when SnS2goes into solution as thiostannate
whereas CuS is not affected.
SnS2+ (NH4)2S=(NH4)SnS2(Soluble)
Ammonium thiostannate.
(NH4)2S+ CuS (Unaffected) Black ppt.
The soluble black ppt. is tested for Cu+2 ions and the solution is
tested for Sn2+ ions as in elementary qualitative analysis.
 Procedure
1. Take about 1g. of small pieces of bronze in a china dish and
add to it 5-10 ml. 2 dil. HNO3
2. Heat the contents slowly to dissolve copper and tin
completely and then boil the contents to a paste to remove
excess of HNO3 All this is carried out in cup board.
3. Dissolve this dry mass in distilled water containing HCI (1:1)
to get a clear solution.
4. Transfer the solution in a test tube and pass H25 in excess
ie, till the precipitation is complete. Filter and reject the
filtrate.
5. Take the black ppt. in a test tube and add to it 2-3 ml of
yellow ammonium sulphide and heat. Filter the contents.
Black residue is tested for Cu+2 ion’s and filtrate is tested
for Sn+2 ions.
6. Analysis of black residue:

Transfer a little of the black ppt. into a test tube. Add to it 2-3 ml.
of 50%. HNO3 and boil the contents of the tube, A light blue or
green sol, indicates the presence of Cu+2. Divide this sol. into
two parts.

(a) To one part add excess of NH4OH a deep blue coloration

confirms the presence of Cu+2 lons.

(b) Acidify the second part with acetic acid and add K4 [Fe (CN)6]
Le. potassium ferrocyanide solution, A reddish brown ppt.
confirms the presence of Cu+2 ions.

7. Analysis of filtrate:
 Boil the filtrate with 1 ml. of dil, HCI. A yellow ppt. is
obtained. Dissolve in 1 ml. conc. HCI. To this solution add 0.5
g. of zinc, dust and boil it for 2-3 minutes. Filter and to
filtrate add 1-2 ml. of mercuric chloride solution, A white ppt.
turning grey on standing confirms the presence of Sn+4
ions.

Result:
The given sample of bronze contains - Cu and Sn as the main
constituents.
 Uses of Alloy
1. To modify chemical reactivity :-

When sodium is used as reducing agent it is too reactive to be

used but its allay with mercury, called sodium amalgam can be
safely used as reducing agent.

2. To Increase hardness :-

Hardness of gold is increased by adding copper to it. Also zinc is

added to copper to make copper hard in form of brass.

3. To increase tensile strength:-

Nickeloy, an alloy of Nickel (1%), Copper (4%) and aluminium

(95%) has high tensile

strength.

4. To lower the melting point:-

Solder metal which is an alloy of Sn(30%) and Pb(70%) has very

less meting point as compared to melting points of Sn and Pb.

[Link] resist corrosion:- Iron gets rusted and corroded, its

corrosion takes place with time but stainless steel, an alloy of iron
and carbon get not rusted the composition of stainless steel is:
Iron-98% Carbon-2

Bibliography
[Link] 12th chemistry NCERT book.

[Link]
3. 12th NCERT Laboratory Manuals

[Link] from google.

[Link] information from Wikipedia.

Table Of content
 Introduction
 Some common alloy
 Preparation of alloy
 Analysis of alloy
 Experiment
 Procedure
 Result
 Uses of alloy
 Bibliography